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Efficacy of Echinacea and St. John's Wort, 2006.
This paper explores the significant increase in alternative and herbal therapies, as opposed to conventional medical methods, while focusing on the efficacy of Echinacea and St. John's Wort.
1,721 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 19 sources, APA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the recent reports regarding the appearance of antibiotic resistant bacteria which has resulted in the alternative medicine field to gain popularity with both the general public and physicians. This growing trend in seeking therapies outside of the mainstream has resulted in the increased research of various alternative therapies. The use of herbs for therapeutic purposes continues to be on the rise, calling for the development of safety and efficacy measures to ensure their appropriate use. This paper details the benefits and available research on both Echinacea and St. John's Wort. Echinacea is a North American cone-flower that has become America's most popular herbal medicine. Typically used by Native Americans to treat upper respiratory infections, it continues to be used today as supportive therapy for colds and chronic infections of the respiratory tract. St. John's Wort, scientifically known as hypericum perforatum, is a common bright-yellow wildflower. Presently it is the number one drug for mild to moderate depression, its use is based on results from many solid and stringent clinical trials.
From the Paper
"The development of Prozac as an alternative to MAOIs signaled another possibility. Prozac prevents levels of monoamines, particularly serotonin, from going down by inhibiting the cellular receptors that would allow their uptake into the cells. Investigators have analyzed Hypericum preparations for their ability to act as a serotonin uptake inhibitor, and have found that the herb behaves more like Prozac than MAOIs. A recently published study tested a widely used German preparation of Hypericum, IL160, on astrocyte cells. These cells regulate the levels of neurotransmitters by regulating their uptake. The results showed an inhibition of serotonin and norepinephrine uptake fully dependent on the dosage of LI160 used. There was a 50% reduction of serotonin uptake and a 4.5 fold reduction of norepinephrine uptake."
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Pain, 2006.
This in-depth paper details the results of both focus groups and clinical studies which provide a framework for clinicians to better understand and treat pain, based on the race and ethnicity of the patient.
6,093 words (approx. 24.4 pages), 14 sources, MLA, £ 86.95
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Abstract
This well-researched, two-part paper examines the cause, effect and treatment of self-reported pain in patients of varying ethnicities and cultures. When healthcare providers are faced with patients who are experiencing pain, there may be a number of confounding factors that serve to constrain developing an effective treatment modality, including the clinician's own cultural bias, prejudice or ignorance. This in-depth research paper identifies the cultural factors that play a role in influencing healthcare providers' decisions to medicate patients based on their ethnicity. The writer of this paper also details which, if any, cultural influences within the patients themselves may serve to constrain their ability to adequately communicate their respective levels of pain in self-reports. This paper details the various focus groups and clinical studies and their results which provide a framework for clinicians to better understand the treatment of pain based on the race and ethnicity of the patient.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Part One: Development of a Pain Assessment Tool Relevant to Clinical Background.
Epidemiology of Pain
Ecological Perspective
Developmental/Temporal Perspective
Epidemiology Measures
General Pain Assessment Tool Considerations
Part Two: Application of Assessment Tool
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Although pain is a virtually universal phenomenon, it is also a highly subjective experience that is characterized by a wide range of epidemiological considerations that will vary according to the individual, of course, but the cultural setting within which the pain management experience takes place as well. In the increasingly multicultural society that characterizes the United Kingdom today, clinicians are hard-pressed to understand the complex relationship of how organic processes interrelate with cultural factors that may be unapparent or unknown to them. Furthermore, compounding the problem of developing an effective pain assessment tool that can be used across-the-board is the fact that occupational, socioeconomic, psychosocial, and possibly geographic, cultural, and cohort differences, as well as differences in lifestyle risk factors such as smoking may be so powerful for pain management purposes that the influences of other factors such as age and gender are difficult to identify."
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Dopamine System, 2006.
A review of Bruce G. Mockett's report "Dopamine D1/D5 Receptor Activation Fails to Initiate an Activity-Independent Late-Phase LTP in Rat Hippocampus".
1,560 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses a report by Bruce G. Mockett on research that focused on some key issues of the problem of the dopamine system. The paper describes the purpose of the research, theoretical assumptions underlying the research, the methods used in the research, the main findings of the research and its contributions.
From the Paper
"As it is well known catecholamines play an important role in the regulation of the vital functions. Understanding the mechanisms of the neuromodulation is a crucial point for the modern psychopharmacology, behavioral sciences, neurophysiology. One of the most urgent questions is clarification of the cellular mechanisms of the principal mental functions: memory, cognition and emotions. Explanations for multiple receptors with similar ligand specificity include subtype-specific differences in distribution or developmental expression (Lezcano N., Bergson C., 2002). Thus, dopamine transmission is mediated by G-protein-coupled receptors. They mark them out into five groups: D1-like (D1 and D5 subtypes) and D2-like (D2-D4 subtypes). The D1 subtype is the most prevalent dopamine receptor in brain. Recent researches gave evidence that the D1-like receptors take part in modulating motor, cognitive and reward behavior is well established. There is evidence that D1-like receptors can modulate various forms of synaptic plasticity, including long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), in the various cerebral structures including neocortex, hippocampus and striatum."
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Black Socio-Economic Underachievement, 2006.
An analysis of M. Kim Young's article: "Whites' Explanations of Blacks' Socioeconomic Underachievement: Individualism, Structuralism, and Status Inconsistency, Current Research in Social Psychology".
2,634 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 13 sources, APA, £ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines M. Kim Young's 2000 article entitled, "Whites' Explanations of Blacks' Socioeconomic Underachievement," which demonstrates that white individuals with different backgrounds perceive the lower social economic status of blacks from different perspectives. The paper looks at the methodology used, as well as the results of the study, amongst other things.
Paper Outline:
Methodology
Hypothesis
Dependent Variables
Independent Variables
Analysis and Statistics
Possible Problems with Methodology
Results of the Study
Discussion
Further Research Possibilities
Footnotes
References
From the Paper
"Kim Young states that most whites do not endorse that blacks are disadvantageous because of their inborn disability. On the other hand, he notes that slightly less than 60 percent of whites believe it is due to lack of motivation among blacks. Young's results show that whites are more likely to see unequal chance for education than discrimination as a major cause. They tend to see that lack of resources rather than differential evaluation of such resources is more important in determining blacks' crippled position. The study also indicates that underachievers are far more likely than overachievers to see that discrimination and unequal chance for education are the reasons for blacks' underachievement."
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Acid Rain and Freshwater Fish, 2006.
This informative paper examines the disastrous effects of acidic precipitation and aluminum toxicity on freshwater fish populations around the world.
2,360 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
This well-researched and detailed paper explores the effects of acidic precipitation (acid rain) which has been a major factor in fish kills throughout countries in the northern hemisphere. The writer of this paper cites numerous studies which have linked aluminum toxicity along with acid rain as the main cause of fish extinction. This paper stresses the urgency in developing a successful management tool in determining the viability of fish populations in various natural settings. This paper also contains detailed information and results of various case studies as well as two graphs that support the author's claims in this report.
From the Paper
"The fish used in this experiment were obtained from a trout farm which ensures the relative similarity of the fishes used in the experiment. They were acclimated to artificial soft water for 2 weeks before they were used in the experiment. They were then transferred to flux chambers for the experiment and given 24 to 48 hours to recover from the handling stress before they were exposed for 24 hours to low-pH water (pH 4.4, 4.8, or 5.2) A control group (N=36) for each of these pHs was left in these conditions for 10 days. The experimental group after this 24 hour exposure to low pH levels were exposed to concentrations of Al of 111, 333, or 1000 ug/L at the same pH (N=72)."
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Teenage Children of Alcoholics, 2006.
This paper is a preliminary research proposal to study the problems of teenage children of alcoholics.
1,885 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that teenage children of alcoholics are more likely than regular teenagers in the same population to suffer a variety of physical, mental and emotional health problems. The author points out that similar to ill-treated victims who believe that the abuse is their fault, teenage children of alcoholics feel culpable and accountable for their parent's drinking problem. The paper states that the research design criteria are to define critical links between parental alcohol or other drug problem and teenagers maltreatment, to identify the areas of cross-training professionals in the recognition and treatment of both problems and to discover prevention services.
Table of Contents
Statement of Research Problem
Research Study on Parental Alcoholic Hereditary Issues
Alcohol as a Gateway Drug - Importance of Study
Related Studies and Their Importance
Review of Literature
Supporting Excerpts of References
Teenage Children of Alcoholics
The Alcoholic Family
Parenting Styles of Alcoholics
Effects on Teenagers
Long Range Outlook for Teenagers
Research Objectives and Expectations
Research Design Criteria
From the Paper
"There is no archetypal alcoholic family. Inasmuch as, family life is inconsistent, perfidious, and unstable. There are many unspoken family rules in alcoholic households. Family roles are continually changing in reaction to the alcoholic situation in order to maintain the sense of balance necessary for survival. The home environment of alcoholic families is one of much conflict, divorce, unemployment, and poverty. There is also abuse and neglect associated with alcoholic families, as well as violent acts among siblings."
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Job Outlook and Training for Interior Designers, 2006.
An examination of the future prospects for interior designers.
3 words (approx. 0.0 pages), 878 sources, MLA, £ 10.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author highlights the field of interior design and how it has developed over the past decades. The paper looks at the education available for interior designers without having to gain a bachelors degree and the needs of the markets with respect to people with higher disposable incomes who can afford to spend more on their homes. In conclusion, the author estimates that the popularity of interior designers will grow as will their potential earnings.
From the Paper
"As such, courses in interior design cover not only interior design, but also art, architecture and technology. Also required are two years' minimum of post-graduate work experience in the field, followed by passing the interior design qualifying examination monitored by the National Council for Interior Design Qualification. In his or her first role, a new designer is generally hired as assistant to a more senior staff member. Some common tasks include being put to work updating research and sample libraries, performing project research and drawing plans."
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Environmental Marketing and the Hospitality Industry, 2006.
This paper examines the basic workings of the hospitality industry and the lack of strategic environmental marketing and policy needed to maintain a successful business.
1,970 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper defines a marketing environment as the external factors and forces that affect a company's ability to develop and maintain successful transactions and relationships with its target customers.
The writer of this paper details the importance of implementing a strategic environmental marketing plan and policy in the hospitality field as well as the various methods and strategies of launching such policies.
From the Paper
"For any individual in the hospitality field it is essential that he/she have a good knowledge about the implementation of the environmental policy to become successful future policy makers. Environmental policy is a vast area that although is important for the success of an organization, it is also involved with the various other fields of the business like Planning, Legal Law etc. the actual basic principles of environmental policy relates to the environmental issues in relation to the organization and the sustainability of the various resources. Planning is widely affected by the environmental policies and moreover there are various social issues also that actual affect the environment."
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The Benefits of Social Science Research, 2006.
This informative paper analyzes how social science research has long been used to gather crucial information to improve our way of life and influence our view of the world.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper examines the wide range of subjects covered in social sciences including: Women's studies, economics, political science, law enforcement, psychology, sociology and anthropology. This paper explains how the research gathered from these areas have had a deep influence on our view of the world. Also discussed is the new field of social geography which examines the affects of geographical factors and how environmental factors affect society.
From the Paper
"Perhaps no field of social studies has a more pervasive and important role on the way we live than the field of economics. Economics students must learn to think deeply and creatively about important economic concerns facing the country and the world as a whole. Because economists have such a wide and varied set of perspectives and political views, they often come up with vastly different conclusions. They in turn apply these varied perspectives to such issues as economic efficiency, economic growth, globalism, cultural values, and environmental concerns. One need only to look inside a newspaper on a given day to realize the importance of studying economics."
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Non-Human Communication, 2006.
This paper analyzes the experimental research results in determining animal communication.
1,175 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the various research and experiments being used to determine if animal communication in fact exists. Recent research on hummingbirds, songbirds and parrots has shown their ability to learn and continue learning new sounds and to use syntax to arrange them in ever more complex ways. In recent decades researchers all over the world have studied animal communication patterns that appear to approximate human communication. This paper also contains detailed research on the subject by various experts in the field of animal communication including Robert Manell and Marian Belsack.
From the Paper
"It is safe to say, based on these experiments, that there is some validity and correlation between this nonhuman communication effort and Hockett's criteria for language. Nevertheless, criteria and science aside, the basic question of why we need to turn other animals into a form of "human" has never been fully answered. We are at the stage that divides the overweight society dame with her little manicured poodle, all dressed in baby clothes to whom she coos in baby-talk from the serious scientist who tries to decipher some common means of understanding our lesser brethren."
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History vs. Memory, 2006.
The writer of this paper details the differences between historical facts and memory.
2,833 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper defines history as presenting facts without expressing any opinion or analysis of the events whereas memories are comprised of emotions that can have a great influence on the actual event. This paper examines the various mistakes of researchers who may take a piece of primary documentation as the absolute truth about an historical event. This paper probes the effects of emotion on memory which is important in evaluating primary sources for inclusion in factual research projects. The writer also explores the vast responsibilities of historians to preserve events in the most accurate manner possible, as well as the various methods of researching history.
Topics covered in this report include:
Emotion and Memory
Politics and Expression of Opinions
The Question of Personal Viewpoint
Historiography - Bringing History to Life or a Piece of Historical Fiction
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"The historiographer treats the person as a character and tries to devote equal time to historical accuracy and building the person as an interesting character. The historiographer is the middle ground between and strict historian and a historical fiction writer and many tend to lean one way or another. The purpose of a historiography is to give depth to a historical event. A straight history presents the facts in an often-dry manner and places more emphasis on what happened. It does little to answer the question of why it happened."
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Drugs and Terrorism: The Unwinnable Wars, 2005.
A research proposal to show that the American government's fight against drugs and terrorism are wars which cannot be won.
1,488 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 15 sources, APA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that much of the hatred for narcotics stems
from media horror stories and alleged scientific research which paints drug usage as the culprit in issues ranging from crime to poverty to deteriorating mental and physical health. Now, the latest attack stems from government officials who are working to establish a sinister link between drug trafficking and terrorism. The paper presents a research design to assess the similarities between the American government's two declared "wars" and whether the results of both wars have justified the costs.
Paper Outline:
Goals
Objectives
Methods of Assessment
Reference List
From the Paper
"For my second objective, I will examine the long-speculated connection between the illegal drug trade and terrorist organizations. I will determine whether the evidence suggesting such a connection is credible. If the evidence is deemed as flimsy, what justifications might the government have for promoting such a connection? Money, fear, and intimidation are suggested factors for endorsing a connection between drugs and terrorism. I will assess these accusations and develop a theory about their justification."
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The Hospitality Industry, 2005.
This paper discusses the use of statistics in the Canadian and American hospitality industry.
1,360 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although the gathering, collating, reviewing and study of statistics, usually freely available from governmental agencies, are vital to any industry; Canada comes up woefully short of information applicable to the hospitality industry in comparison with the quality of the information available from United States agencies. The author points out that the information or data presented by the Canadian Tourism Commission, the Canadian Tourism Research Institute and the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Division is highly suspect, is totally incomplete and generally pertains to tourism within Canada thus giving little recognition to international travel, tourism and hospitality industries. The paper demonstrates the use of U.S. government highway development information by the hospitality industry to expand hotels and other leisure attractions in Nashville and Memphis as an example of the use of statistics to create high-yield investments.
Table of Contents
Thesis Statement
The Canadian Viewpoint
The American Resources
A Widely Used Planning Strategy Seldom Mentioned
The Overall Benefits to Tennessee from Hospitality Statistics
From the Paper
"In the Knoxville area, Interstate 75 - a north to south major artery - and Interstate 40 - a coast to coast east to west artery - intersect are right now in the midst of a half-billion dollar downtown re-development program to enhance their economy. As with most cities of its size in the south and elsewhere, the downtown section was in fast rate of decline because of urban sprawl. By the use of strategic data from TDOT, the city fathers decided that they could bring the downtown area back to life and add tremendously to the tax-base by means of the re-development plan. It was found that travelers from east to west that normally drive through can be attracted to spend the night in the "new downtown," by redeveloping the waterfront and making it an attractive tourist destination. The anchor businesses, of course, are reasonably priced, yet luxurious hotel/motel type accommodations."
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The U.S. Dollar and the Metal Industry, 2005.
A research proposal to determine the impact of a weak U.S. currency on European products within the metal industry and a synopsis of competition in China.
953 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines a research proposal whose intent it is to examine the impact of the U.S. dollar on European products, particularly with regard to the metal industry, and an analysis of the competitiveness of the U.S. with China.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Background to the Problem
Significance of the Study
Objectives
Methodology
Conclusions/Recommendations
References
From the Paper
"The researcher intends to conduct a qualitative study of the literature currently available with regard to the economy and the US dollar vs. the European euro. The intent will be to develop a well thought out and grounded theory that explains the exact relationship between the US dollar and the European market for metals. Specifically the researcher will attempt to determine what if any action is necessary to help boost the US economy and stimulate a more productive metal industry. Studies suggest that the metal industry has been in decline for a number of years. This study will attempt to determine what action need be taken if any to reverse this trend."
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