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TV Violence and Aggression, 2008.
This paper discusses the effects of violent TV and video games on aggression in children and adolescents.
2,463 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the apparent effects of TV violence on aggression in children and adolescents have long been suspected. The writer points out that the effect of violent video games on children's aggression is not so well known. This paper explores the relationship between exposure to violent television and video games and the development of aggression in children and adolescents. The paper explains that this link is extremely important because in recent years in North America there has been a noticeable increase in children's violence. The writer maintains that if a strong link can be found between TV and video game violence, this could have implications for reducing and controlling the degree of violence that is presently witnessed in society. The writer concludes that the research into the effects of TV and video violence on child and adolescent aggression suggests that a certain child or adolescent under very specific conditions will very likely act out aggression after viewing a violent TV program or video game.
Outline:
Introduction
Violence in Television
Explanations of Media Impact on Aggression
Violent TV, Violent Video Games and Aggression
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Sherry conducted a meta-analysis of research into video games and found that the effect of violent video games on aggression in children is less than what results from violent TV programming. The video games studies ranged over the 25-year period from 1975 to 2000. An analysis was made of all the studies during that time by analyzing the results of those studies. The effects of the more violent and graphic games were compared with the less violent games. The most important finding from this meta-analysis was that the longer the children were exposed to violent video games, the less of an effect was produced on aggression. It appeared that the children and adolescents had to be already angered and aggressive before the video game began in order for it to produce any effect. Other researchers have also observed that video games are different in their effect on aggression from TV. According to Browne and Hamilton-Giachritsis, video games merely amplify the effect which already exists of aggressive feelings and thoughts in the child or adolescent."
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Sexual Abuse and Survivors, 2008.
This paper analyzes the book 'Counseling Survivors of Sexual Abuse' by Diane M. Langberg.
820 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses that the work 'Counseling Survivors of Sexual Abuse' authored by Diane M. Langberg is a powerful, daring and effective book. The writer presents her personal reaction to the treatment of sexual abuse and notes that the book opened her eyes to what treatments are used to assist an abuser and what foundations are used to get over the abuse. The writer concludes with a very favorable impression of Dr. Langberg's passion to aide, assist and help the survivors that have been sexually abused, especially in the theological framework of people that have been traumatized.
From the Paper
"Another eye opener is the fact that Dr. Langberg encourages survivors to write out Isaiah 53, which should assist with brining God closer into their lives since Jesus suffered on the cross and was resurrected.
"It seems that there are various factors that affect a child's reaction to abuse to include how the child perceives the abuser and distinctive things associated from the assault. Dr. Langberg observed and counseled symptomatic and asymptomatic victims; as part of treatment methods, reunification issues and cognitive therapy along with nondirective support therapy. Dr. Langberg uses individual therapy as opposed to group therapy."
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Counseling Scenarios, 2008.
A research analysis of issues related to counseling homosexual clients with addictions, conservative Christians and immigrant students in schools.
1,202 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and reviews three research articles that relate to counseling in different scenarios. The paper describes the content of each article and why that particular article is unique. It then provides a review of the discussion in the article according to the opinion of the writer of this paper. The paper discusses articles that relate to counseling behaviors associated with gay, lesbian and bisexual clients that are afflicted with additions, counseling behaviors in relation to conservative Christians in Louisiana and school counseling attitudes in relation to immigrant students in the United States.
Outline:
Counseling for Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Clients
Counseling of Conservative Christians
Counseling in Schools
From the Paper
"Constantine and Gushue (2003) discuss school counseling attitudes in relation to immigrant students in the United States (p. 185). The article is unique because it focuses on an area of counseling that is not often approached through research and that provides insight into an issue that is a growing concern in the nation. It is known, for example, that growing numbers of Hispanic and Asian students exist in the nation and that many of these individuals, as first generation immigrants, have special needs and complications that make their socialization difficult. One of the purposes of school counseling in this case is to provide for the services that the student needs in order to make the transition into American society more effective."
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Learning and Development, 2008.
This paper discusses the interaction between learning and development.
2,564 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that teaching school-aged children is an involved and psychological process, involving a variety of problems that must be overcome in order to ensure success. The writer discusses that the underlying principles of this issue were initially expressed in three simple yet specific theoretical positions: the assumption that processes of child development are independent of learning; that learning is development; and that the relationship between learning and development subdues the conflicts of the other two principles by joining with them. However, the writer notes that more recent thinking has trended in a different direction - toward the notion of various levels of development relative to learning. The writer concludes with the opinion that no schoolchild can adequately be taught unless the curriculum focuses on zones of proximal development.
Outline:
Introduction
Early Thinking on Child Learning
Theoretical Position 1: Child Development Processes are Independent of Learning
Theoretical Position 2: Learning Is Development
Theoretical Position 3: The Relationship Between Learning and Development Counters the Extremities of the Former Two Principles by Joining Them
The Zone of Proximal Development Position
Conclusion
Reference List
From the Paper
"Such thinking seems to suggest that the human mind is not, as was once thought, a complex combination of general capabilities including observation, attention, judgment, memory and so on, but rather an extensive, largely independent set of separate capabilities. Learning does not affect one's overall ability to focus attention on subject matter, but rather it improves ones ability to focus better on the learnt matter.
"This thinking, made famous by Thorndike, has been opposed by both Koffka and the Gestalt School, proponents of the third theoretical position. Rather, these latter critics propose that learning is never specific, but is interactive and general. Learning of a specific operation, the researchers attest, stimulates a structural network of a kind that can be applied to other forms of learning. Learning is not simply the process of habit, acquiring skills, nor based on simple identity: it is complex."
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Working Mothers and Child Care, 2008.
This paper explores whether leaving children in a child care facility is detrimental to a baby's attachment to its mother.
1,892 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the concern of new mothers that leaving a baby in a child care facility will diminish its ability to recognize its mother. The paper explains that those who select a good child care facility have little reason for concern about attachment. The paper looks at the sociological research that has proven that high-quality child care is beneficial for babies and young children and does not diminish attachment to the mother.
From the Paper
"Many new mothers have deep concerns that returning to work shortly after giving birth and leaving their baby in a child care facility every day could have a detrimental effect on the baby's ability to recognize its mother. They have a tendency to believe that frequent contact with their baby is necessary in order for a mother-child bond to form, develop, and be maintained. Consequently, they wonder if child care is always bad for babies and young children.
"I can offer reassurance in response to these concerns, for many sociological studies have been conducted in order to identify the influence of childcare on babies and young children, and most of these studies indicate that there are no negative effects. For example, Bengt-Erik Andersson's (1992) research and analysis of this issue indicates
that child-care is beneficial for babies. He studied socioemotional behavior such as attentiveness versus distractibility, impulsivity and short temper, assertiveness, and interactions with others, and none of his study results "indicated negative effects of day-care during infancy.""
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Sexual Addiction, 2008.
A review of Patrick Carnes' book "Contrary to Love."
990 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the book "Contrary to Love" by Patrick Carnes, a well-known expert in the area of counseling and treating sexual addiction. The paper relates that the book provides an overview of sexual addiction for the layperson as well as the addict, and moves through the onset, growth and culmination of what Carnes calls "the addictive system." The paper also relates that the book discusses the role of family relationships and dysfunctions in contributing to an addict's problems. Additionally, the paper notes that in the final part of the book, Carnes moves into a thorough presentation and discussion of the process of recovery from sexual addiction.
From the Paper
"Patrick Carnes is a well-known expert in the area of counseling and treating sexual addiction, and is the author of several books on the subject of addiction and recovery. His 1989 book Contrary to Love provides an overview of sexual addiction for the layperson as well as the addict, and also moves through the onset, growth and culmination of what he calls "the addictive system." The book also discusses the role of family relationships and dysfunctions in contributing to an addict's problems, including the role of co-addiction within the family. In the final part of the book, Carnes moves into a thorough presentation and discussion of the process of recovery from sexual addiction. Like all forms of recovery from addiction, the paradigm presented is one of gradual self-understanding and slow evolution over an extended period of the addict's life, rather than one of "quick fixes" or cures. Carnes concludes with an analysis of the assessment and intervention / treatment process from an institutional perspective.
"Carnes establishes sexual addiction as an illness early on (p. 4), then goes into a brief discussion of what he calls "models that don't work," including the model that sees addiction as a failure of morals (5) and models that attempt to interpret sexual addiction from various behavioral, cultural or environmental viewpoints (27-35), none of which he finds completely satisfactory. In a brief discussion of the biological model, he admits that some progress has been made in terms of treating sexual addicts (primarily criminal offenders) with drugs, but the two-page overview of this model is too brief to be considered complete, and Carnes is evidently not satisfied with this model either. One point which does arise as innovative and challenging is that Carnes notes that in many sexual crimes, alcohol or other drugs were found to have played a subsidiary or contributing role. The concept of "cross-addiction" thus comes into play, and is provocative if it can lead to new forms of treatment in the future."
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Suicide, 2008.
A comparison of the arguments of Immanuel Kant in "Suicide and Duty" and David Hume in "Of Suicide."
1,578 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper presents David Hume's argument against suicide as described in "Of Suicide." It discusses his arguments based on God's plan for human beings and the establishment of immutable laws that cannot be transgressed, although he does defend suicide in certain scenarios. It then discusses Immanuel Kant's argument against suicide in "Suicide and Duty" and his position that suicide can never be justified.
From the Paper
"Kant (1930) provides the strongest position on the immorality of suicide. Although Hume (1874) defends suicide in certain cases, he based his entire argument in God's plan for human beings and the establishment of immutable laws that cannot be transgressed. Those laws are, in fact, providence, designed to protect human beings and guide them. The problem with Hume's (1874) argument is that in a universe that is completely controlled and determined by God, there is no choice for the human being. All that anyone can do is to accept and observe the laws. The whole argument depends on whether has faith in God. Kant's (1930) argument focuses on the human being as having a great deal of worth and as a person who is a moral agent. The person can commit suicide but the choice is made on the basis of a higher purpose which is that person's own purpose."
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Mental Disorders in "Don't Say a Word", 2008.
An analysis of various mental disorders displayed by the character Elizabeth in Gary Fleder's film "Don't Say a Word".
1,220 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the movie "Don't Say a Word", directed by Gary Fleder, and focuses particularly on its deeply disturbed protagonist, Elizabeth. The young lady manifests a number of mental problems, so many and so variable that her psychiatrist becomes suspicious that she is faking. The paper points out that she is indeed partially faking her symptoms. At the same time, she is a troubled young woman and does suffer from depression and related problems because of certain traumatic events. The paper adds that the link between the events and her reaction is clearly made and serves to show her portrayal to be realistic. The paper takes a close look at how well she mimics certain problems so convincingly, enough to fool even medical professionals. Ultimately, she is diagnosed with counterfeit schizophrenia. The paper concludes, however, that the severe traumas in her life might have led to the onset of real disorders.
From the Paper
"Schizophrenia may be the most severe of the psychiatric disorders, and this problem leads to a disability resulting from negative symptoms and cognitive deficits, which may at times include delusions and hallucinations. These symptoms are in keeping with what psychiatrists in the film see when they examine Elizabeth. The modern conception of schizophrenia was made first by German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin at the beginning of the twentieth century, and in 1959, Schneider offered a set of first rank symptoms of the disease. These symptoms included audible thoughts, hearing voices arguing, hearing voices commenting on one's actions, the feeling of influences on the body, thought withdrawal, delusions, and the belief that one's feelings and volitional acts are influenced by others (Stefan, Travis, & Murray, 2002, pp. 12, 15)."
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The Case of "Jeffrey", 2008.
A case study of a young boy's developmental behavior.
1,574 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 101 sources, APA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This is a paper on the subject of child development which reviews the case of a young boy who, although quite bright, lags significantly behind other children his age. The paper reviews his psychosocial, biosocial and cognitive development and provides a lengthy assessment of the boy and his actions. The author also explains his behavioral predilections, his background, the responses of those adults in his life and notes what can possibly be done to rescue an otherwise promising child from future troubles and under-achievement. The author has also included the research sources used in the paper.
From the Paper
"There can be little question that children are the most valuable (and malleable) human resource in any society; they are, after all, the future of any society. With that in mind, it is essential to come up with a means of dealing with these behaviors in such a way that classroom learning and child development are not both hampered any further than they have been already. The case of "Jeffrey," a troubled child attending a local Calgary elementary school, is proof of just how important early, fast, effective treatment can be to the successful amelioration of a problematic situation.
"To begin with, "Jeffrey" is eight years old and in the third grade; he was born March 1, 1999 and grew up in home with parents who separated when he was three. As it turns out, Jeffrey's father was quite abusive to Jeffrey's mother and the family struggled financially; it is also worth noting that Jeffrey's mother was an adolescent when he was born. Finally, the parents are Caucasian and Jeffrey was/is an only child. According to his teacher - and according to the impressions recorded by this writer - Jeffrey's cognitive skills are quite strong; in fact, he is best described as exceedingly bright - a bit of an anomaly considering neither of his parents has much formal education. In all of the scholastic activities this observer witnessed, Jeffrey was always among the first done with his work and he consistently scored near or at the top of the class in both language arts and in arithmetic evaluations; indeed, Jeffrey appears to possess an unusually high aptitude when it comes to problem-solving. Overall, this writer came away with the sense that Jeffrey's cognitive skills were not - are not - the issue; rather, the issue for him is his bio-social and psycho-social development."
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Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, 2008.
This paper explores lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and the damage it causes to the central nervous system.
1,664 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on the central nervous system and focuses on the body of research about the link between its interaction with serotonin receptors and the onset of hallucinations. The paper discusses how although one receptor in particular is believed to be the key, the lack of research on the subject in general precludes a definitive determination at this time.
From the Paper
"Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) causes hallucinations and detachment from reality. Since neuro psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia present very similar symptoms, these profound if episodic perceptual distortions can be viewed as symptoms of temporary damage to the Central Nervous System. Serotonin receptor activation has long been thought be directly affected by LSD, yet after 30 plus years of research, the precise mechanism by which LSD bonds with which of several serotonin receptors, remains a matter of conjecture."
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Social Class and Mental Illness, 2008.
This paper argue that there are problems in connecting mental illness specifically with social class, ethnicity and gender.
1,250 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the association of mental illness with social class contains implications resulting in stigma for the patient, errors in psychiatry approaches, and misinformation about mental health policies. The author points out that the belief that mental illness was associated specifically with the lower social classes and certain ethnicities began in the 19th century; however, today, the conclusion is that mental illness is manifested across all social classes and ethnicities. The paper relates that the fundamental research problem remains that, whatever means are used to measure the association of mental illness with social class are still not standardized. The author states that another problem is that, when social class is linked to mental illness, the real meaning is easily distorted. The paper concludes that the more common mental disorders such as stress are not the result of social class but of social disadvantages.
From the Paper
"In Song and Biegel's (1997), there is an assumption that the family caregiver of the mentally ill is also likely to have mental illness. The symptoms the caregiver experienced were caused by the care giving burden, the patient's behavior, and lack of social support. However, lower social class and race were presumed to be factors in the appearance of mental illness symptoms. The reason is that caregiver burden differs between the white middle class and lower classes which are not white. The link between care giving and developing symptoms is based in patient impairment and behavior which results in severe caregiver stress."
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Literature Review and Analysis: Culture and Development, 2008.
A review of literature regarding childhood development in diverse cultural contexts.
2,370 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the influences of cultural variations on childhood development, by looking closer at the research that already exists on the topic. It holds that existing literature does not pay enough attention to the impact of culture, especially regarding the parent-child relationship, on developmental psychology. While the role of parenting has been long recognized as an important component in development, this recognition has existed mostly devoid of cultural context. The paper argues that culture does have an influence on development, and will consequently have an influence on any planned intervention strategy. The paper concludes that what is critically needed is further research into the subject to demonstrate statistically viable methods for conducting important therapies and interventions in different cultural settings that are backed by legitimate theory and research.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review and Analysis
Current Limitations of Family Therapy Theory
Importance of Cultural Context
Emerging Picture of Culture's Effects
Conclusion
From the Paper
"On a theoretical level, developmental psychologists and theorists have been plagued by the same impulses that beset researchers in most disciplines: the desire to devise a single, all-encompassing theory. What dedicated researcher doesn't dream of a single theory that can provide all of the answers for all of the questions that have been (and will be) asked? This impulse has led to the creation of many theories, such as attachment theory, that strive toward a grand theory of development. But attachment theory has been exaggerated in its usefulness to explain actual instances of childhood development. Lamb (2005) concludes that development is much too complex, owing largely to the complicating effects of culture, to be easily reduced to a single theoretical approach. Contrary to the tenets of attachment theory, empirical data has consistently shown that there is more to development than just the parent-child relationship (though, admittedly, this is an important component)."
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Defense Mechanisms, 2008.
An analysis of the Freudian theory concerning defense mechanisms.
1,463 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper describes and critically evaluates the evidence for psychological defense mechanisms by examining Freudian theory in works such as "Civilization and its Discontents" and responsive works such as "Individual Differences" by Colin Cooper. The paper debates the issue of whether the evidence Freud provided on defense mechanisms is controversial, as are his theories about the id, ego, and superego. The paper contends that one's belief in the existence of defense mechanisms is dependent to a significant extent upon one's belief in Freud's theory of the mind as a whole, and upon one's view of the impact individual differences may have on human psychology.
From the Paper
"Freud (1989) theorized that through projection, when a person's unacceptable, forbidden urges intensify and break into consciousness, they are attributed to others. Likewise, unconscious rationalization eliminates anxiety or guilt by formulating perfectly reasonable reasons for the unacceptable behavior; displacement occurs when a natural urge cannot be vented and is then repressed and often displaced to another, disguised means of venting; and reaction formation occurs in order to fend off an anxiety-inducing and unacceptable impulse by replacing it with its over-emphasized, diametrically opposite impulse. "
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Families' Experiences and Life-Support Withdrawal, 2007.
An examination of families' experiences when deciding to remove life-sustaining interventions in the intensive care unit (ICU).
3,164 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the experience of family members who are engaged in decision-making related to the withdrawal or withholding of life-sustaining interventions from another family member. It explains that the methodology used consists of a sample of four to five families who are contacted through ICU family conferences in one or two hospitals in which the conferences are concerned with the withholding or withdrawal of life support from a family member. The paper looks at how certain factors may be identified from family members' experiences that help to determine why the decision-making process is subject to wide variation.
The paper also notes that it is expected that certain family members engage in more effective decision making than others and that particular families engage in more effective decision making than other families. The paper highlights the fact that family decisions are rendered easier or more problematic by such variables as the person's prognosis, whether an acute or chronic illness is involved, perceived quality of life, degree of suffering, and the presence of an advance directive. The paper concludes that preparation for death most especially needs to be based in a team approach, and the emphasis should be upon the relationship between nurses and families and that the future needs of the family should be proactively considered once death has occurred.
From the Paper
"Nurses and other healthcare providers normally initiate the discussion that lead to withdrawal of life-support but patients and families make the final decision. The experience of decision making is different for family members when an acute illness is involved from a situation of chronic illness. After a period of denial, families of patients with acute illness or injury can recognize the need for withdrawal of support much more quickly (McHale Wiegand, 2006). Certain behaviors by healthcare providers can increase the level of distress experienced by the patient's family."
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