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Literature Review and Analysis: Culture and Development, 2008.
A review of literature regarding childhood development in diverse cultural contexts.
2,370 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the influences of cultural variations on childhood development, by looking closer at the research that already exists on the topic. It holds that existing literature does not pay enough attention to the impact of culture, especially regarding the parent-child relationship, on developmental psychology. While the role of parenting has been long recognized as an important component in development, this recognition has existed mostly devoid of cultural context. The paper argues that culture does have an influence on development, and will consequently have an influence on any planned intervention strategy. The paper concludes that what is critically needed is further research into the subject to demonstrate statistically viable methods for conducting important therapies and interventions in different cultural settings that are backed by legitimate theory and research.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review and Analysis
Current Limitations of Family Therapy Theory
Importance of Cultural Context
Emerging Picture of Culture's Effects
Conclusion
From the Paper
"On a theoretical level, developmental psychologists and theorists have been plagued by the same impulses that beset researchers in most disciplines: the desire to devise a single, all-encompassing theory. What dedicated researcher doesn't dream of a single theory that can provide all of the answers for all of the questions that have been (and will be) asked? This impulse has led to the creation of many theories, such as attachment theory, that strive toward a grand theory of development. But attachment theory has been exaggerated in its usefulness to explain actual instances of childhood development. Lamb (2005) concludes that development is much too complex, owing largely to the complicating effects of culture, to be easily reduced to a single theoretical approach. Contrary to the tenets of attachment theory, empirical data has consistently shown that there is more to development than just the parent-child relationship (though, admittedly, this is an important component)."
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Defense Mechanisms, 2008.
An analysis of the Freudian theory concerning defense mechanisms.
1,463 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper describes and critically evaluates the evidence for psychological defense mechanisms by examining Freudian theory in works such as "Civilization and its Discontents" and responsive works such as "Individual Differences" by Colin Cooper. The paper debates the issue of whether the evidence Freud provided on defense mechanisms is controversial, as are his theories about the id, ego, and superego. The paper contends that one's belief in the existence of defense mechanisms is dependent to a significant extent upon one's belief in Freud's theory of the mind as a whole, and upon one's view of the impact individual differences may have on human psychology.
From the Paper
"Freud (1989) theorized that through projection, when a person's unacceptable, forbidden urges intensify and break into consciousness, they are attributed to others. Likewise, unconscious rationalization eliminates anxiety or guilt by formulating perfectly reasonable reasons for the unacceptable behavior; displacement occurs when a natural urge cannot be vented and is then repressed and often displaced to another, disguised means of venting; and reaction formation occurs in order to fend off an anxiety-inducing and unacceptable impulse by replacing it with its over-emphasized, diametrically opposite impulse. "
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Families' Experiences and Life-Support Withdrawal, 2007.
An examination of families' experiences when deciding to remove life-sustaining interventions in the intensive care unit (ICU).
3,164 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the experience of family members who are engaged in decision-making related to the withdrawal or withholding of life-sustaining interventions from another family member. It explains that the methodology used consists of a sample of four to five families who are contacted through ICU family conferences in one or two hospitals in which the conferences are concerned with the withholding or withdrawal of life support from a family member. The paper looks at how certain factors may be identified from family members' experiences that help to determine why the decision-making process is subject to wide variation.
The paper also notes that it is expected that certain family members engage in more effective decision making than others and that particular families engage in more effective decision making than other families. The paper highlights the fact that family decisions are rendered easier or more problematic by such variables as the person's prognosis, whether an acute or chronic illness is involved, perceived quality of life, degree of suffering, and the presence of an advance directive. The paper concludes that preparation for death most especially needs to be based in a team approach, and the emphasis should be upon the relationship between nurses and families and that the future needs of the family should be proactively considered once death has occurred.
From the Paper
"Nurses and other healthcare providers normally initiate the discussion that lead to withdrawal of life-support but patients and families make the final decision. The experience of decision making is different for family members when an acute illness is involved from a situation of chronic illness. After a period of denial, families of patients with acute illness or injury can recognize the need for withdrawal of support much more quickly (McHale Wiegand, 2006). Certain behaviors by healthcare providers can increase the level of distress experienced by the patient's family."
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Marcello Rubini in Federico Fellini's "La Dolce Vita"., 2008.
This paper applies existential-humanistic psychology to the character of Marcello Rubini in Federico Fellini's film, "La Dolce Vita".
1,666 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper explores how humanistic and existentialist psychology could help Marcello, the lead character in Federico Fellini's film, "La Dolce Vita". The paper shows the unhappiness inherent in Marcello's lifestyle and discusses how Marcello needs a father figure or a stern therapist that could authoritatively guide the boy towards manhood.
From the Paper
"In Fellini's 1960 film classic, La Dolce Vita, Marcelo Mastroianni plays a wandering play-boy journalist (Marcello Rubini) who seems unable to commit to anyone or to anything. For example, he threatens throughout to write a novel, but never really makes any substantive process on the matter. In terms of his personal relationships, Marcello appears to move from one woman to another without any great enthusiasm for establishing a meaningful relationship with any one of them."
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Development and Life Span, 2008.
This paper discusses aspects and stages of human development.
2,454 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that A. Grob, F. Krings and A. Bangerter describe human development in terms of an interaction between biological, socio historical, and social factors, as well as individual developmental tasks. Further, the writer points out that they also view the overall purpose of development as the person constructing his or her own biography by formulating personal projects and goals. The writer maintains that along with physical, cognitive, emotional, and psychosocial aspects of development, growth and development consist of developmental tasks and, even though they are interrelated, one task must be successfully mastered before the next can be begun. The same is true for the key aspects of development because barriers to development can interfere with growth and adaptation in later stages of the life span.
From the Paper
"Ongoing conflict and a subsequent divorce can cause the child also to be conflicted so that they do not have the emotional capacity to cope with the event. Academic work will suffer and their entire personality development may be affected. The results of such an event can continue into adulthood so that the former child becomes insecure about the idea of marriage and has trouble with relationships in general."
"The child's growth and development at any life stage can be influenced positively or negatively. With the young child, the environment and family context determine not only the child's physical and cognitive development but their future healthy adaptation as an adult. In terms of cognitive development, for example, if the child is not given the stimulating environment or the motivation to learn, they will not feel that they are capable of learning."
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"Code of the Street", 2008.
This paper provides a sociological analysis of "Code of the Street" by Elijah Anderson.
1,211 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
The paper examines "Code of the Street" where Elijah Anderson researches the lives of people in Philadelphia's inner city neighborhoods, in order to identify how prevailing conditions caused by poverty combine to produce pervasive drug or alcohol abuse, violence and broken families. The paper discusses Anderson's sociological approach and his evidence that living in poverty and being subjected to racism produce a vicious, recurring cycle of cause and effect. The paper is of the opinion that this book provides important and conclusive insights into the flawed and destructive culture of America's inner cities.
From the Paper
"Reading Chapters 3 and 4 of Code of the Street confirms that Anderson's sociological methodology was based upon extensive personal observations and interviews, which provide convincing evidence that living in poverty and being subjected to racism produce a vicious, recurring cycle of cause and effect. Using the ethnographical research he conducted in Philadelphia during the 1990's, which entailed studying African Americans in poverty-stricken areas of the city, Anderson reflected upon the information he obtained from informants and from his own observations, and concluded that a fundamental cause and consequence of crime in inner cities is the code of the street that prevails in these neighborhoods. (Anderson 107-110)"
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Bowen Family Systems Theory, 2008.
This paper provides an assessment of the applicability of the Bowen family systems theory (BFST) through a case study methodology.
1,365 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that the Bowen family systems theory (BFST) regards the family unit as a single entity; if there are malfunctions with the family, BFST identifies that there are problems inherent within some aspect of the family. The paper identifies four components of BFST and addresses a case study in which these components are applied and used to asses the status of an affected individual from a troubled family background.
Outline:
Introduction
Four Components of BFST
Analysis of the Case Study
From the Paper
"Bowen Family Systems Theory (BFST) regards the family unit as a single entity; much like the components of the body form the whole of the person, in BFST the individual family members form the whole of the family (Searight, 1997; Titelman, 1998). If there are problems or malfunctions with the family, BFST identifies that there are problems inherent within some aspect of the family (Searight, 1997; McGoldrick, Serson, & Shellenberger, 1999). This could be indicative of problems held by one family member that is beyond the scope of immediate family life (e.g.: conflict for a parent in the work environment) or could suggest issues that are localized within the immediate family setting itself."
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Observing Children Play, 2008.
This paper applies Piaget's theory of stages of play in the observation of a young child.
1,334 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Piaget's theories about what we can learn from formal play observation. The writer observes a young child at play and comments on her play, using Piaget's developmental theories of stages of play, namely functional play at a younger age followed by symbolic play at a later age.
From the Paper
"Piaget believes that children's play is very important, because as they play, they develop cognition (Wyly, 1997). When we talk about cognition, we mean the mental process in which people gain knowledge by looking at things, or reasoning about them, etc. Children do a lot of this when they are playing. This is why observing play is an important way to learn about child development. For in play, the child interacts with the environment and learns how to control and understand the environment. For example, the child learns to throw objects, and from this the child learns about the weight and feeling of objects, and about gravity. The child also learns about cause and effect - for example, when the child shakes its rattle, a sound comes out. From this, the child learns that the rattle sound is caused by shaking the rattle (Wyly, 1997)."
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Toronto Youth Gangs, Rationales and 'Moral Panic', 2007.
An examination of youth gangs in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA).
2,044 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 12 sources, APA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the youth gang problem in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). The paper explains that governmental, academic and media sources tend to discuss the gangs only in a social context, ignoring profit motivations centred on the crack cocaine industry. The paper also looks at how youth gang activity in the GTA is more entrenched than a decade ago. The paper stresses how most sources fail to identify the central factor of a crack economy that is most lucrative, notably in academic sources that may present theories and models which fail to consider differences in the crack industry supporting gangs. In conclusion, the paper shows that persons supplying millions in crack to Toronto each year are not victims of troubled identity and membership, bad housing, educational failure or the results of bigotry, but people motivated by profits.
Outline:
Introduction
Extent of Gang Activity
Varied Perceptions
Significant Crime
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"Educated opinion indicates a liberal position equating gang membership with poverty, low opportunity or other disadvantage in a now usual rationale given minority members to engage in criminal youth gangs. The public can be unaware of 'white' gang members or gangs without particular ethnic origin or members by no means from deprived backgrounds. The culture of delinquency involves profiting from a deadly dug, as stressed later, though the educated public can seem more concerned by police approaches to youths arrested at younger than 14 or arrests made more often within one community than another. When the Toronto Police Service cracked down on the Crips-back New Born Assassins in the Keele-Eglinton area, in response to violent planned muggings, critics noted that those arrested were mainly 14 to 15 years old, charged with conspiracy to commit an indictable robbery, robbery and disguise with intent to commit an indictable offence; the public can be unclear as to why arrests are made when youths are 'not guilty' of an actual offense."
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Criminal Justice Issues, 2008.
An analysis of criminal justice issues in the United States and an explanation for criminal delinquency.
3,334 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 15 sources, APA, £ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews several criminal justice issues. Specifically, it looks at how crime is measured in the United States, the intersection between criminological theory and the social contract theory, the various key standards of insanity which have persisted in America over time and the evolving role of victims in criminal matters. The paper then concludes by offering up the writer's eclectic theoretical explanation for criminal delinquency and how this can be proved.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Criminal Justice Issues
Issue One
Issue Two
Issue Three
Issue Four
Issue Five
From the Paper
"Punishment and/or treatment programs which should best assist those who have already committed wrongful acts (under my multi-pronged approach) would include remedial education programs, drug treatment programs (where applicable); perhaps programs which teach young people about anger management and relationship skills; and out-reach and mentoring programs with those who have gone down a similar path and turned their lives around. In terms of punishment, I would argue that those who seduce young people into prostitution, who lead them into gangs, and who compel them to engage in felonious conduct are people who should be dealt with most severely."
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Research, the Belief Engine and the Internet, 2008.
An analysis of the human belief engine and the Internet as viable research tools.
2,596 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how it is almost impossible in today's age to trust any form of research implicitly. However, it is part of human nature to gather information as a form of research, connect it with our preexisting ideals, thoughts, and memories, and then form beliefs based on this new perception or "knowledge". There are, however, some forms of research that are generally considered more "true" or reasonable than others. It contends that although the Internet is becoming increasingly acceptable as a research domain, users must be intelligent and skeptical when deciding upon the reliability of Internet research.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction: The Belief Engine
Units of Belief
Belief and Research
Research on the Internet
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Internet is also a forum where bad research can be particularly harmful because a number of Internet "hoaxsters" deliberately plant wrong information which can appear quite respectable or even scientific at first glance. Many websites post hoaxes about famous people, politics, productions or organizations - sometimes in the sake of satire or humour, but other times simply to be misleading. There are also a number of "mirror websites" designed to deceive users into believing they have accessed a real, reputable site; the "mirror" site design can be so believable that many users have trouble determining its fakeness (Internet Detective, 2006). The Internet also publishes a lot of urban legends (incorrect stories or rumours that are presented as truth), scams, frauds, and Hate sites that perpetuate malicious, untrue information about an organization, person, religion, or political viewpoint (ibid). "
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Depression in Modern Society, 2008.
An analysis of depression in modern society and the problems surrounding the increased use of anti-depressants.
2,310 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines depression as stemming from the highly stressful, intensely competitive nature of modern society. It points out that the physical, mental, and social state of well-being of millions of people is being harmed because of the destructive aspects of the natural, social, built, and economic spheres in which they live. The paper particularly examines the problems surrounding the increasing use of anti-depressants to treat depression, such as dependence, abuse, the drugs' possible harmful side effects, and exploitation by drug companies. The paper concludes that too many people turn to "wonder drugs" for help when they cannot deal with the emotional and psychological stress induced by society.
From the Paper
"In recent years, depression in young adults has been increasingly treated with prescription drug anti-depressants such as Prozac and Paxil. The increasing use of these prescription antidepressant drugs has several implications, for recent studies have shown that more than twenty percent of young adults in the general population have emotional problems and one-third of young adults attending psychiatric clinics suffer from depression. Just as troubling, depression in this age group is greatly under-diagnosed, which presents even more implications."
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Legalization of Drugs, 2008.
An analysis of methods to decrease illegal drug use in Canada and whether prohibited drugs should become legal.
1,992 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the problems of illegal drug use in Canada and other industrialized countries. It looks at harm reduction frameworks and how they are applied to injection drugs. It particularly discusses the harm of the reduction technique at an individual level, particularly of the safe injection sites (SIS) and whether they have achieved their aims or not. It finally discusses whether illegal drugs should continue to be prohibited or not.
Table of Contents:
Introduction: Drug problems in Canadian and Industrialized Societies
True Harm Reduction?
For Or Against Continued Prohibition Of Illegal Drugs?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Illegalizing drug use indicates that policy-makers believe that drug problems are not a health issue, but a moral issue. Such legislation links criminality with drug use - that those who use drugs "are destroying, in some manner, the social fabric of our country and communities" (Boyd, 2005, pp. 48). The Canadian government, on the other hand, argues that criminalization is a health issue - that prohibition of marijuana, cocaine and other drugs is, in fact, the result of concern over the mental and physical health of Canadian citizens. Criminalization of illicit drugs is also justified by policy-makers in terms of protection against the perceived risks of dependence, both psychological and physical. However, this mentality does not correlate with current drug legislation. Though tobacco is freely available and marijuana is illegal in most countries, the former is much, much more addictive than the latter - in fact, tobacco is even more addictive than heroin (ibid, p. 49). Also, tobacco has far worse consequences for public health than does marijuana. So how can the government justify illegalizing marijuana and other drugs, whilst tobacco, a damaging drug, is freely available? And how can the government continue to pump money and attention into enforcing prohibition of drugs such as marijuana when all evidence suggests that the drug's very availability decreases its use?"
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Stockholm Syndrome and the Case of Shawn Hornbeck, 2007.
A discussion of the Stockholm syndrome with a focus on the case of Shawn Hornbeck and a research proposal for studying this syndrome.
1,833 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the case of a kidnapped boy who suffered from the Stockholm syndrome. The paper explains Stockholm syndrome and then looks at what researchers and psychologists have to say about this syndrome. The paper discusses how Shawn Hornbeck was just 11 years old at the time he was abducted (an age when most children still require parental figures) and, as a survival technique, bonded with a man who was not his father but his kidnapper. The paper also notes that the term Stockholm Syndrome was coined in reference to events that happened to adults who were held hostage for just six days. Yet these adults had become emotionally bonded to their captors within those few days. The writer then proposes a method for conducting a meta analysis on existing research of Stockholme syndrome, using a boarding school for field research. The writer concludes that physically removing children from their parents for boarding school causes them to establish a bi-directional emotional bond with the parental substitutes, which tends to confirm the theory that Hornbeck's failure to escape was caused by Stockholm Syndrome, as has been speculated in the media.
From the Paper
"Thus, in terms of this theory, Hornbeck would actually have bonded with Devlin. This bonding would likely have been motivated by his unconscious or conscious assumption that such bonding would increase the chances that Devlin would not kill him. Certainly, the hypothesis that Hornbeck bonded with Devlin is borne out by news reports that the boy had identified himself as Shawn Devlin on internet sites. Taking someone's name is surely a powerful sign of bonding - after all, the most usual time when this occurs is on marriage, which is one of the most significant types of voluntary bonding."
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