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Theories of Social Psychology, 2008.
This paper discusses the attribution theory and the altruism and the bystander effect theory.
1,309 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper compares the attribution theory and the altruism and the bystander effect theory, which are both concerned about influences on behavior. The paper explains how the attribution theory is basically concerned with how other people as observers see the behavior, while the bystander effect theory focuses on the bystander who acts or who does not act. The paper shows how although these two theories are very different, they can be used together.
Outline:
Introduction
Attribution Theory
Altruism and the Bystander Effect Theory
Attribution Theory and Bystander Effect Theory Compared
Strengths and Weaknesses
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Attribution refers to assumptions about why people behave as they do (Rathus, 2007). Attribution is a matter of looking at other people's motives and traits for explanations of their behavior. There are two types of attribution. The first is dispositional attribution and sees people's behavior in terms of their personality and of these people having free will. The second type is situational attribution which sees human behavior as resulting from social factors (Rathus, 2007). In our society, people usually blame the person instead of social conditions so that dispositional attribution is the most common form."
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Poker Addiction, 2008.
A discussion on whether gambling activities such as poker provoke addictive behavioural responses.
1,296 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how gambling activities, such as the card game poker, have become increasingly popular forms of entertainment over the years and how, once a round-the-table household activity for men, poker games now constitute major attractions in casinos. It looks at how many individuals have developed patterns of gambling behaviour characterized by addiction and loss of control and how this has occurred to the extent that gambling addiction groups are sprouting up all across the world. The paper also contends that gambling activities such as poker provoke addictive behavioural responses, which should be recognized as such by society as a whole.
Outline:
Introduction
An Addiction
Research on Poker: Gender Differences?
Conclusion: Cause for Action - An Increasing Problem
From the Paper
"Poker is one of the most common forms of gambling, and one of the oldest. As a legalized form of gambling, many gambling addicts are poker addicts (or slot addicts, or horse betting addicts, etc). Pathological gambling is recognized as a disorder of impulse control in the DSM-IV, though it was first listed in the DSM III in 1980 (Black & Moyer, 1998, p. 1434). The DSM-IV criteria recognizes pathological gambling as a serious disorder whereby individuals: are preoccupied with gambling; need to gamble in increasing amounts of money; report repeated unsuccessful efforts to cut down or stop gambling; become restless and/or irritable when attempting to cut down on gambling; are tempted to return to gambling to "break even"; lie to conceal the extent of gambling; jeopardize their relationships with others owing to gambling; may lose their job owing to gambling; and rely on others to relieve their desperate financial situation caused by gambling (Petry & Armentano, p. 1022). "
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Theories of Carl Rogers, 2008.
A presentation of the arguments in support and opposition of Carl Roger's therapy methods.
2,329 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the psychology theories of Carl Rogers. It also presents the characteristics of the fully functioning person, according to Rogers. The paper provides arguments in favor of and in opposition to Roger's therapy methods. Finally, the paper shows how his methods have the ability of assisting many individuals throughout society, particularly within Irish society.
From the Paper
"This approach to counseling can be difficult because the therapist is not tasked with discovering a solution to the issues that pertain to the client's life, but is required to simple understand the person at that moment in time. Rogers (1946) contended that if the therapist were capable of accomplishing this task then the patient would complete the work needed to find resolutions to the issues surrounding him or her. In the process of understanding the individual, therefore, the therapist becomes open to accepting the situation at that point in time, rather than accumulating judgments that are the result of data gathered over the life span of the person. Furthermore, when the therapist focuses on only that moment, the therapist can empathize with the individual to a greater degree because the tendency to judge is erased. Only the situation is significant during the therapy session (Rogers, 1946, sec. 4)."
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The Psychiatric and Mental Health Nurse, 2008.
An analysis of the roles, responsibilities, attitudes and approaches of psychiatric and mental health (PMH) nursing.
2,312 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the roles and responsibilities of the psychiatric and mental health (PMH) nurse. It discusses the necessity of a team approach within this nursing field and describes the consumer and carer perspective. The paper also looks at the PMH nurse and society's general attitudes to mental illness and how this may affect the PMH nurse's role and responsibilities.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Qualities, Roles, and Responsibilities of the PMH Nurse
PMH Nurse and Society's Attitudes to Mental Illness
Need for Team Approach
Significance of the Consumer/Carer Perspective
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The significance of the consumer/carer perspective is most especially observed in cases of stigma when the person has been stigmatized by the health care system. In these cases, there are invariably abuses of human rights. Such abuses lead to inadequate care, as well as intolerable stress, exacerbation of physical illness, and in some cases mortality (Crisp, 2004). As a consequence, the psychosocial needs for such individuals are not understood or addressed. Many users of mental health services are beginning to reject traditional psychiatric ideas of mental illness and instead have chosen the concept of mental distress (Rogers & Pilgrim, 2005). The PMH nurse while acting as advocate may wish to point out to these consumers that the concept of mental distress is not adequate since it does not portray the experience or suffering involved in mental illness. The PMH nurse, when working with advocacy or consumer groups, makes use of a collaborative approach and must demonstrate expertise with the use of collaborative strategies (CNA, 2002). The nurse also participates in learning and teaching opportunities with consumer groups."
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A Client-Therapist Transcript, 2008.
This paper presents a psychology case study and an evaluation of the client-therapist transcript.
2,725 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper provides an assessment of the client, which includes her identifying information and history, the presenting problem of depression and the therapist's behavioral observations. The paper looks at the appropriate DSM Multi-axis diagnosis of Axis I and alternatively, Axis IV. The paper discusses the treatment plan of cognitive-behavioral therapy and examines five problem areas that exist and the interventions that will be utilized. The paper then evaluates the pros and cons of this plan and presents an overall subjective evaluation of the transcript.
Outline:
Assessment
Diagnostic Formulation
Theoretical Formulation and Treatment Plan
Evaluation of Transcript
From the Paper
"The client is a 52 year-old female, Emily Hoff. Emily has two children, ages 20 and 28 (both female) that live in the home. Both children attend college and rely on their parents for complete support. Emily is divorced from her first husband and is in the progress of divorcing her second husband, although the husband still lives in the family home. Emily was a teacher for 25 years, although she left her teaching position to remain in the home. She is now completely dependent on her second husband for an income and is seeking a job due to the impending divorce."
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Coping With a Disabled Child, 2008.
This paper focuses on the emotional support necessary for parents of a disabled child.
1,287 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
The paper refers to the article "Medical and Psychosocial Aspects of Chronic Illness and Disability" by D.R. Falvo and discusses the reaction of parents when a child is born with or develops some form of disability during childhood. The paper discusses the stress that can take the form of grief, denial, depression or guilt. The paper explains the positive outlook parents should have and discusses the benefits of support groups and grief counseling. The paper emphasizes the importance of parents understanding that they still have a whole, but different, child.
From the Paper
"When a child is born with or develops some form of disability during his or her childhood, the parents almost inevitably suffer significant feeling of loss and grief. The process that they undertake is similar to that of someone who has experienced the loss of a loved one, or of a special person in their lives. The totality of this grieving depends on a number of factors. It is influenced by 1) the condition itself, 2) the disparity between the individuals' personality pre- and post-disease or disability, 3) how the affected individual and his or her family perceive the new condition, 4) the resources with which the person can respond to the disease or disability, and 5) the amount of support that an individual can derive from his or her family or society at large (Falvo, 2005, p. 1)."
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Vocational Assessment for the Disabled, 2008.
This paper identifies the issues involved in assessing psychological and vocational factors for individuals with disabilities.
1,016 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
The paper explains how important it is to understand the difference between the terms "disability" and "handicap" when assessing individuals with disabilities. The paper further emphasizes the importance of diagnosing disabilities accurately. The paper then goes on to look at how the assessor evaluates the individuals' unique psychological and vocational abilities and determines how their various disabilities impact their vocational capabilities. The paper also discusses how the quantity and quality of client input is important to the assessment process.
Outline:
Issues in Psychological and Vocational Assessment
Types of Disabilities that Impede
Modification to Address Issues
From the Paper
"The person assessing the client must have a clear idea of the meaning of the term "disability." Although frequently used interchangeably, "disability," "impairment," and "handicap" all have different meanings. An assessor's perception of the client based on what some people might consider semantics can have a serious affect on that person's ability to accurately evaluate the individual being assessed. In strictest terms, a "disability" is a "physical or mental impairment that a) substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of an individual" (Power, 2000, p. 37)."
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Being a Good Consumer of Psychological Research, 2008.
This paper looks at the article "New Autism Study Shows Effective Treatment" by Adrienne Murphy published in the Irish Times.
816 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 17.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer critiques an article published in the Irish Times on March 20, 2007. The title of the piece is 'New Autism Study Shows Effective Treatment' and it confidently asserts that applied behavior analysis can help autistic children overcome their condition. This refers specifically to children who receive ABA out-strip in behavior and, in cognitive performance, those who receive "eclectic" treatment.
The writer concludes that the article falls short of what it could be because it is uncritical, short on methodological specifics, and exhibits a general lack of concern about the notion that the individuals cited in its body may be individuals who have a vested interest in seeing ABA given more credit than it warrants. The article itself is appended to the paper.
From the Paper
"To begin with, there are some positives to the manner in which the aforementioned study is described in the article. For one thing, the article is lucidly-written, so novice readers will not find the text inaccessible or confusing. Further, the writer or writers of the report wisely eschew technical terms, thereby allowing the reader to focus his or her attention upon the important thing in the piece, which is that ABA intervention really does work. Finally, the article does a commendable job of capturing at length the sentiments of two scholars - study author and noted professor Bob Remington of the University of Southampton and Dr Geraldine Leader, chairwoman of the Psychological Society of Ireland's division of Behaviour Analysis - who staunchly support the idea that ABA intervention is the approach to take when dealing with autistic children. Unfortunately, this is where the good things to be said about the article draw to a close."
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The Short and Long Term Memory of Infants, 2008.
An analysis of the literature regarding the presence or absence of memory in infants aged 6-12 months.
1,461 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the literature regarding long term and short term memory in infants, focusing on infants aged 6-12 months. The paper hypothesizes that short and long term memory is evident in infants and that evidence of this will exist in some infants, while it will not exist in others. The paper also looks at the role that environment plays in determining the retention of memory.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Methodology
Literature Review
From the Paper
"Bergman, Mahler and Pine (2000) conducted research in relation to infant memory and have concluded that the events that occur within an infant's life not only can be recalled, but are the basis for personality development throughout life (p. 6). This information is based on a theory of the infant-mother relationship in which Bergman, Mahler and Pine (2000) stipulate serves as the foundation of all memory in infancy and supports cognitive development consistently (p. 6). The researchers have concluded that it is this relationship that will indicate whether or not the person has later psychological issues that must be addressed and this relationship that affects how the person will ultimately function in the world. This research, however, is limited because it only provides for a comparison of theories that are then evaluated to support the research concept and it draws conclusions about infant memory that are not based on actual data from the observation of participants."
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Helping the Mentally Ill Homeless, 2008.
An examination of possible solutions that could help the metnally ill homeless.
1,423 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of homelessness in the United States, particularly with regard to the mentally ill. The paper focuses on how the mentally ill homeless can be helped. It discusses the solution according tothe government, which is to de-institutionalize those who have mental illness and then looks at the problems associated with that solution.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
History of Mental Illness
The Problems of Homelessness
De-institutionalizing the Mentally Ill
A Study of Homelessness, Mental Illness, and Citizenship
From the Paper
"The solution according to the government is to deinstitutionalize those who have mental illness, but in reality many of these patients are released from the institutions and become homeless. The process of deinstitutionalization sounds easy and most professionals believe the mentally ill can adjust to the community (Zissi, 2006). Few people understand the problems of the mentally ill when it comes to social environment factors and living in the community. A major problem with the mentally ill adjusting to the community is the stigma of the labels they receive once they are diagnosed. "The stigma of mental illness remains a serious social problem and critical impediment to treatment seeking among diagnosed individuals" (Teachman, Wilson, and Komarovskaya, 2006, p. 75). People who have mental health problems have trouble adjusting to the community because it is not easy for them to make friends and even for family members to develop close relationships with them. Many homeless people who have mental health issues would rather return to the environment of being homeless because they have friends who are also homeless and they are not treated as abnormal."
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Child and Parental Depression, 2008.
A look at the evidence thats suggests a link between child and parental depression.
3,120 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper examines to what extent parents who suffer from depression pass this illness onto their children. To put it another way, the paper discusses whether parents that are suffering from depression are ultimately responsible - in a way other environmental factors are not - for the development of depression in their children. The paper concludes that while depression in children cannot be wholly linked to depression in their mothers and fathers it would seem that the confluence of genetic predisposition, parental neglect, and parental actions of the most negative sort (angry outburst, recriminatory behavior) conspire to make these children especially vulnerable to one of the cruelest of all mental illnesses.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Results/Data
Discussion
From the Paper
"A much more recent study confirms the general conclusions of Orvaschel insofar as it illuminates the troubling psychic burdens shouldered by the sons and daughters of clinically depressed parents. To wit, Alpert et al (2003) found that depressed parents suffering from "anger attacks" also tended to produce offspring given over to lower social and school competency scale scores and to higher levels of delinquency, aggressive behavior and attention problems. Additionally, Alpert and his team of researchers found that the children of depressed parents engaging in intermittent angry outbursts were more likely to have an elevated T score - a "global measure" of psychopathology. "
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Serial Killers and Possible Solutions, 2008.
An examination of the sociological and psychological theories behind serial murder and suggestions for possible solutions to the problem.
2,190 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 13 sources, APA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the phenomenon of the serial murderer, considering the definition and the many sociological and psychological theories that have been offered for the fact that such persons kill repeatedly, often in sadistic ways. The paper finds that there are certain common features among serial killers, that is most are male, age 25-35, and have a background that includes trauma and abuse. The paper also finds that there are many exceptions to this rule. In conclusion, the paper recommends continuing coordinated studies to try to track down such persons.
Outline:
Upbringing
Psychological Contributions
Serial Murder and the Social Control Theory
The Neutralization Theory and the Desire to Kill
The Labeling Theory: A Social Cause
From the Paper
"The neutralization theory examines the ways in which people such as serial murderers rationalize their behavior. In order for murderers to rationalize their violent actions, they apply various techniques to mitigate their own guilt. These include denial, denying both the injury and the legitimacy of the victim, condemnation of those who condemn them, and an appeal to higher loyalties. This amounts to dehumanization, common among serial offenders. This theory has been essentially beyond verification because it would require a showing that the murderer neutralized a set of moral beliefs before killing. However, the available data suggest that serial offenders who rationalize their behavior generally do this after the fact, after they have already killed their victims. (Hickey 1991)"
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Communication Systems for Autistic Children, 2008.
An analysis of the methodology of two studies discussing augmentative and alternative communication systems that can assist language development in autistic children.
1,566 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes two studies that deal with augmentative and alternative communication systems that can assist language development in autistic children. It first reviews "Effects on Communicative Requesting and Speech Development of the Picture Exchange Communication System in Children With Characteristics of Autism," by Jennifer Ganz and Richard Simpson. It then looks at "Effects of a Computer-Based Intervention Program on the Communicative Functions of Children with Autism," by Orit Hetzroni and Juman Tannous.
From the Paper
"Subjects were taught to present a picture of the desired object and later to create picture sentences by placing strings of pictures on a Velcro strip. At first teachers presented students with the pictures, but the goal was for subjects to independently locate the desired items and string them to form sentences. Pictoral sentences were then to be accompanied by the appropriate verbalization. Each subject had his/her own book of pictures, which were expanded to include photographs of desired objects and sentence starters such as "I want" over time. In this way gradually more complex verbalization could be required. While the beginning pictures dealt primarily with objects themselves, gradually comments on qualities of an object or action as well as objections could also be verbalized. Sessions were videotaped, and independently and holistically scored by observers who agreed when a subject met the specified criteria for non-verbal and then verbal communication."
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Ordeal Therapy, 2008.
A review of the process and outcomes of ordeal therapy.
728 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 14.95
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Abstract
This paper describes ordeal therapy which was developed by Jay Haley. More specifically, the paper describes the principles behind the ordeal therapy process and provides examples of how it could be used. The paper also looks at the stages of ordeal therapy and then discusses how a therapist would decide which patients would benefit from this form of therapy.
Table of Contents:
Overview
Stages of Ordeal Therapy
Applying Ordeal Therapy
Which Clients will Benefit from Ordeal Therapy
Families, Children, or Individuals?
Scenario/Exercise using Ordeal Therapy
From the Paper
"In ordeal therapy the therapist begins with the identification of "triangular, intergenerational relationships or "perverse triangles" ("Family", n.d.). When this occurred the patient and therapist could then focus on the "incongruence" of these relationships in relation to communication. Next the client is then directed toward taking control of these relationships, or the individual's participation in them. This is accomplished through the patient being given scenarios in which the individual must respond to that are at a higher level of concern than the issues currently plaguing the relationships. The situation and the response allow the person to understand that if he or she can resolve the higher level issue, then the problem at hand can also be resolved and the person is then empowered to take control over life. Haley believed that in accomplishing this task the individual was involved in the therapeutic process, as well as the therapeutic relationship with the therapist. This is what Haley referred to as the "therapeutic paradox"."
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