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Rousseau's Doctrine of Natural Rights, 2008.
This paper discusses Jean-Jacques Rousseau's doctrine of natural rights in comparison to liberal, political, social and economic theory.
2,328 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the great philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau was one of the foremost proponents of the theory of the social contract and of ideas concerning the basic nature of human society. The writer discusses that according to Rousseau, human beings were born neither good nor evil; rather it was an individual's self-interest that determined his or her actions, actions that might be deemed either positive or negative in the eyes of others. As individuals acted naturally in their own interest, larger societies would be plagued by the conflicts that grew out of the conflicting demands of individual women and men. Rousseau proposed to solve this problem by a variant of the social contract - an ostensible agreement between the various members of society. The writer discusses that the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau contrasted strongly with those of other thinkers, such as John Locke, Adam Smith and Immanuel Kant, all of whom viewed humanity in far-more individualized terms.
From the Paper
"Cohesion equals the application of force or compulsion. Since human beings are individuals they view any combination of individuals as merely a means to serve their own personal ends. Coercion must be used if these disparate individuals are to act for the benefit of other individuals, and for the group as a whole. What Rousseau discovered in the idea of the Social Contract was a means to preserving individual happiness within the context of the necessary group. In accepting the General Will, the individual woman or man accepts the benefits of mutual cooperation along with the restrictions that such cooperation must impose. One surrenders some privileges in exchange for the greater security provided by group action and cohesion. If people do not pool their resources in times of adversity a few may survive, or none may survive. But, if all work together, hopefully most will survive. The same goes in the event of an attack on a region."
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'Economy of Grace', 2008.
This paper discusses the book 'Economy of Grace' by Kathryn Tanner, looking at the connection drawn between God and economics.
1,516 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in 'Economy of Grace', Kathryn Tanner approaches the fiscal side of Christianity. The writer discusses that Tanner begins by asserting that there is a unique relationship between economics and Christianity, primarily because a Christian is compelled to incorporate faith into daily life. The writer looks at examples in the work used to demonstrate why God should be a part of economics. The writer then points out that Tanner explains that the economy is missing an essential element when God does not play a role in it. The writer concludes that although it seems unlikely that the world will ever wholly embrace a theological economy, there are some promising signs that indicate that capitalism has been influenced by the principals of a theological economy.
From the Paper
"In other words, a theological economy is a win-win economy, where none of the participants are expected to act to their own detriment, but where they are also expected to consider more than personal bottom-line when engaging in economic transactions. The result is an economy that is unlike capitalism, because it is non-competitive, but also unlike communism, because it allows for personal property ownership and permits monetary success as a religious goal.
"Next, Tanner compares and contrasts her idea of a theological economy with traditional capitalism. To do so, she acknowledges that her interpretations of Christianity and how those interpretations have shaped her concept of a theological economy are not the only interpretations of Christianity."
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Lobbyists and White Collar Crime, 2008.
This paper discusses white collar crime, specifically in the case of
lobbyists and their politician allies.
1,948 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the white collar crimes of lobbyist, Jack Abramoff, former House of Representatives majority leader, Tom DeLay and California Congressman, Duke Cunningham. The paper paints a picture of how lobbyists act essentially as brokers between corrupt businesspeople and interest groups, and between the politicians who can make those persons still richer and more powerful. The paper therefore shows how lobbyists and their politician allies are true white collar criminals, bending the law in non-violent ways to serve their own selfish ends.
From the Paper
"Crime is not always violent or obvious; rather it often lurks beneath the surface of respectable activities and individuals. White Collar Crime is one of the most pressing problems in today's society, particularly within the realm of politics. Lobbyists and their allies frequently employ underhanded methods to gain influence and enrich themselves. American taxpayers are bilked out of millions of dollars and subjected to crooked policies, all at the behest of clever operatives who claim to work for the public good."
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The French Justice System, 2008.
A look at the justice system in France.
2,717 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper offers both an overview of France's geography and political structure and a profile of the economic, social, political and economic situation. The paper briefly looks at the nature and extent of France's crime situation and then examines the French justice system; the legal tradition of France, the police forces and the court system. Finally, the paper discusses justice relations between France and the US.
Outline:
France: An Introduction
Present Crime Situation
The Justice System
France and the United States: Justice Relations
From the Paper
"Republique Francaise (French Republic) is the official designation of the French nation, whose history and culture is known the world over. France as most people know it is a country that produces excellent wines and cheeses, has a language that belongs to the romantic languages, and whose capital city - Paris - is known as the city of lights and have been written about as one of the most quixotic and passionate cities in the world. Although ultimately a victor in World Wars I and II, France suffered extensive losses in its empire, wealth, manpower, and rank as a dominant nation-state."
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Unified Paternalism, 2008.
This article looks at the argument for unifying vice enforcement legislation with regards to alcohol, tobacco and marijuana.
1,351 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that government paternalism refers to the governmental exercise of legislative or regulatory authority over the individual for his benefit rather than for the benefit of others in society. The writer notes that in the United States, paternalistic legislation currently regulates certain aspects of the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages, and completely prohibits recreational drug use. This writer discusses that a strictly paternalistic approach to regulating conduct would prohibit use, even in private, to protect the individual from the harms of his own vices. The writer then points out that a less paternalistic approach would permit the private indulgence of virtually any substance of choice, regulating only the resulting behavior that affects others. The writer concludes that either position is defensible for different reasons, provided that it is applied equally in a manner appropriate to the actual risks at issue.
From the Paper
"In the United States, paternalistic legislation currently regulates certain aspects of the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages, and completely prohibits recreational drug use. To those opposed to paternalism in principle, private adult use of all three are not rightfully the subject of prohibition by law. However, even many of those who appreciate the need for some degree of paternalistic regulation object to the arbitrary nature of the legal status of certain equivalent conduct that permits some vices that do not affect others in society while imposing serious legal consequences on other conduct that is indistinguishable in degree of harm. "
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Religious Fundamentalism, 2008.
This paper refers to the works of Karen Armstrong, Mark Juergensmeyer and Malise Ruthven on the issue of holy wars and crusades.
1,635 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper examines Karen Armstrong's "Holy War", Mark Juergensmeyer's "Terror in the Mind of God" and Malise Ruthven's "Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning". The paper discusses Armstrong's theory that fundamentalist religion is essentially a response to and a product of modern culture, Juergensmeyer's belief that cultures of violence, and not the religion itself, cause terrorism within fundamental believers and Ruthven's explanation of fundamentalism. The paper shows how the three authors each offer important insight into understanding both the history and current status of religious fundamentalism.
From the Paper
"In Holy War: Armstrong argues that it was the historic crusades against the Byzantine empire overrun by Muslim Turks by the Christian warriors summoned by Pope Urban II. During this period, the Christian fundamentalist took up the cross and the sword against the Turks with the sole purpose of recovering the holy city of Jerusalem from Islam. It is this initial battle that is still today raging, as the sides of Christians, Jews and Muslims continue to fight against the modern holder of the holy lands, whether the ownership be actual or theoretical."
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Communism in the USSR and China, 2008.
A discussion of the survival of the Communist Party in China as opposed to its demise in the USSR and Eastern Europe.
2,589 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the factors which led to the different developments of the two most important communist powers of the Cold War, China and the USSR. The paper looks at how the communist ideology came to be implemented in both states and shows how the role of the national identity of the people was clearly underestimated by the soviets, while the Chinese managed to cater to the nationalistic needs of its people. The paper also discusses the lack of a strong connection between the Soviet led bloc of states while the Chinese used Confucianism that allowed people to identify their nation and their leader with a perennial system of thought.
From the Paper
"The 20th century saw some of the most interesting political evolutions in the history of humanity. Throughout the one hundred years, the world lived the disastrous experience of the total war, it came to realize the power of the atomic bomb, but, most importantly it went through what came to be labeled as a "cold war", a political confrontation between two ideological systems, whose proponents, the US and the USSR never came in direct and face off contact. However, along these historical lines, the event that drew the most attention, due in part to its recent developments and its effects that are visible to this day was the unexpected yet imminent fall of communism in the USSR."
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Pharmaceuticals Industry, 2008.
This paper looks at the pharmaceuticals industry and discusses the political and social context of innovation.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer covers the background and development of the pharmaceutical industry in the United States. The writer discusses the social facts and institutions, political actors, economic forces and environmental realities of this issue. In addition, most importantly, the writer looks at the demographics and income levels which have driven pharmaceutical innovation in the United States. The writer maintains that the high regulatory pressures, price pressures and lack of future such blockbuster markets dictates that pharma companies will have to innovate a lot more in niches, more products, smaller markets. The writer concludes that large pharma companies which grew up in a time of plenty will therefore have to radically change how they do business, from increasing acquisition, cooperative agreements, exemptions from regulatory approval and other such measures.
Outline:
Introduction
Where Pharmaceuticals are Today
Components of Pharmaceutical Innovation
Demographics
Social Institutions
Cultural Beliefs
Economic Forces
International Relations
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Since the US is largely a private-insurance country, there is a sort of free market for pharmaceuticals. Medicare sets prices through the CPT mechanism, but the prices for new drugs which are set by Medicare, and observed by other third-party players, are high as compared to other countries.
"Part of the reason that US prices are higher than elsewhere is that the government takes a much larger role in other major OECD countries, such as France, the UK, Canada and Germany. In those countries, the health ministry negotiates and publishes prices--generally much less than those in the United States. In developing countries, such as Mexico, a larger private-pay market and low incomes dictate that local branches of the pharma companies charge lower prices in order to stay in the market."
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Anticipatory Self-Defence Laws, 2008.
A comprehensive exploration of the laws of anticipatory self-defence in international law.
8,973 words (approx. 35.9 pages), 43 sources, APA, £ 118.95
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Abstract
The paper highlights the reservations the international community has had over the years towards the phenomenon of anticipatory self-defence within the international law structure. The paper looks at certain cases, namely the Nicaraguan case, the Six Day War between Arab states and Israel, the Israeli raid on Iraq, the America-Cuba issue and 9/11 attacks and the international community's and the UN's reactions to all these events. The paper examines the impact of Article 51 of the UN Charter and the limitations of anticipatory self-defence. The paper concludes that international legislators need to realize that they must reform the anticipatory self-defence laws in accordance to the changing times.
Outline:
Introduction
The Various Interpretations of the International Law on Anticipatory Self-Defence
A Small Illustration of the Use of Anticipatory Self-Defence
Understanding the Limitations of Anticipatory Self-Defence
The Impact of Article 51 of the UN Charter
The Complete History of the Application of UN Charter on Anticipatory Self-Defence
The General Restrictions on Use of Force
Discussion on This Issue
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The concept of anticipatory self defence in international law has become more prominent and has grown to be a dominant topic of discussion in recent years. The attacks on American soil on September 11, 2001 can be said as the primary reason behind the growing importance of anticipatory self defence. The event saw the passenger airlines being hijacked and used to target the destruction of important and strategic New York and Washington buildings i.e. the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. It wasn't a surprise that the U.S. reacted with aggression and force by initiating the war on terror under the reign of President Bush."
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Government Agencies and Ethics, 2008.
This paper argues in favor of the statement "Any agency which works in secret can behave in a scandalous manner, and the CIA is no exception to this rule."
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer analyzes the following statement on two grounds: "Any agency which works in secret can behave in a scandalous manner, and the CIA is no exception to this rule". The writer first discusses whether it is true that agencies which act in secret behave in a scandalous manner and then if so, whether the CIA is an exception or a demonstration of this rule. The writer then makes the argument that all agencies, throughout history and in whatever country, region or empire, that act in secret are inherently prone to dishonesty and unethical acts. Next, the writer maintains that the CIA must act, to some degree, in secret with some of its operations. Finally, the paper argues that the CIA will always be prone to dishonesty and unethical actions, which requires more regular oversight.
Outline:
Introduction
First Hypothesis: There has been an ethical agency in history
Second Hypothesis: The creeping moves toward professionalism have reduced ethical inhibitions
Ethics, the CIA and Recent History
Politics by Innuendo: Contributing to Unethical Conduct?
Conclusion: Is the CIA Inherently Untrustworthy?
From the Paper
"All agencies throughout history and across nations are prone to act in a dishonest and unethical manner. The proof to this hypothesis is the null hypothesis: that is, if the author has been unable to find a government agency which acts in secret, which over time has not acted in an unethical manner. A second null hypothesis would be to find a spying operation which has operated in an ethical and honest manner over a long period of time, therefore disproving the above statement.
"One can argue that any government agency requires power in order to be effective. Power comes through the purse--ability to fund, through coercion--ability to force, or through persuasion--ability to convince. None of these methods is, in and of itself, inherently unethical. One can persuade, coerce or bankroll activities in an open and above-board way."
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau's "The Social Contract", 2008.
An analysis of the views of Jean-Jacques Rousseau as defined in his "The Social Contract".
2,599 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 0 sources, MLA, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, in his book, "The Social Contract", Jean-Jacques Rousseau explains the relationship of the individual to society. The paper relates that Rousseau emphasizes the natural law of personal rights and sovereignty and argues that any government derives its legitimate power only from the collective choice of many individuals to allow government to act as a proxy for their personal exercise of those rights directly. The paper also examines how, for similar reasons, Rousseau opposed the concept of "rightful" ownership of slaves, especially those who did not choose to become slaves. Finally, the paper discusses how Rousseau questions the legitimacy of some forms of democratic.
Outline:
Introduction
Rousseau on the Origin of Legitimate Power
Rousseau on Political Representation, Democracy, Law, and the Need for Legislators
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to Rousseau, legitimate governmental authority can only come from the voluntary will of many people, and those forms of governmental authority that derive their power elsewhere are fundamentally illegitimate. Rousseau acknowledges that allowing the collective will to establish rules that govern individual conduct might be a form of relinquishment of individual rights. He takes the position that this apparent contradiction is resolved by the fact that it is in the interest of every individual to give the power of social policy and rule enforcement to the government, because without some form of collective power, the individual cannot enforce any legitimate social concerns at all. Finally, Rousseau questions the legitimacy of some forms of democratic representation and suggests that affiliation or allegiance to sub-groups or representative political parties cancels out some of the main benefits of the principle of individual expression in political choice."
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American Healthcare and the American Government, 2008.
This paper looks at the American healthcare system and the American government healthcare agenda.
1,024 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in generations gone by, medical treatment in America was little else than a local doctor, while small, regional hospitals existed to take care of surgeries and major medical issues, but in both cases, the options for treatment were limited, and in many cases, patients did not fare well. Luckily, as technology has advanced, so too has the American medical system to the point where many consider the American medical system to be among the best in the world. The writer discusses that this progress has come with a heavy financial burden, however, turning American medicine into an industry, and like most industries, the federal government has taken up a role. In this paper, the federal healthcare agenda is discussed and explored from several points of view in an effort to better understand the many facets of the topic. The writer concludes that American healthcare has in some respects been the barometer of social and economic change in the nation.
Outline:
Introduction
Healthcare Becomes Part of the Federal Agenda
Proposed Alternatives to Address the Issue
Successful and Potentially Successful Alternatives/Who Developed the Alternatives?
Concessions in Developing the Alternatives
Conclusion
From the Paper
" Introducing this paper, the assertion was made that American healthcare has become an industry and part of the federal agenda. Better understanding of how this came about requires an explanation of the evolution of the American healthcare "industry", and to look at that requires a glimpse into post Civil-War America, of the late 1860s. In that period, two very important events took place-one in America itself and another in Europe- which set the pace for the birth of the American healthcare industry. Domestically, America entered into a period of economic and commercial advancement that would in retrospect become known as the Industrial Revolution, attracting millions of people from rural areas to urban areas in search of work, which led to the demand for organized healthcare in the cities where industrial accidents and the disease associated with large numbers of people living in cramped areas became commonplace. In Europe, scientific discoveries into the nature of germs helped to develop more medicines which could be offered to the sick- at a price, of course."
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NATO Vs. United Nations, 2008.
An argument for the use of NATO and other alliances to counter international terrorism.
1,047 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that because the United Nations has proven itself an ineffective peacekeeping force and has exercised zero ability to confront terrorism, NATO and other alliance forces should be charged with preventing and combating world terrorism. The paper points out that Europe and the United States must be prepared to seriously deal with global terrorism through NATO and only then will NATO take on a useful role in the modern world.
From the Paper
"The increased use of terrorism to attack foreign nations has increased during the last decade at an alarming rate and on an even more alarming scale of destruction. Following the September 11, 2001, attack on the United States by organized terrorists, and because the United States' response to that attack has since itself come under world scrutiny and criticism, the time has arrived for the world community to take decisive action in coming to agreement on how, and by whom, action should be taken to prevent and to respond to acts of terrorism."
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Domestic Terrorism and the Ku Klux Klan, 2008.
This paper explains why the Ku Klux Klan can be considered a domestic terrorist group.
2,282 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the Ku Klux Klan uses violence and different subversive means to promote their beliefs and racial convictions. The paper refers to the FBI definition of a domestic terrorist group and shows how in the light of their means used and their motivations, the Ku Klux Klan can be considered one of the first domestic terrorist groups of the US.
From the Paper
"Terrorism has become in recent decades one of the most important phenomena affecting the society, both inside a state and at the international level. The events that took place in the US on September 11, 2001 represented an alarm signal for the world that terrorism is a flagellum that would influence the evolution of international relations to a degree never met before.
"There are other forms of violence manifested inside a country which do not receive the same international attention. Domestic terrorism is one of them. Taking into account the fact that in most cases domestic terrorism is a matter which must be dealt with by the exercise of a state's sovereignty over its territory it rarely becomes the focus of international attention."
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