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Gamma-Ray Bursts, 2006.
This paper defines and analyses gamma-ray bursts.
1,316 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that about once a day, somewhere in the universe a burst of gamma rays appears as if out of nowhere. It lasts a very short time, no more than a few seconds, and then disappears. The writer points out that during the event, the level of radiation from the gamma-ray bursts is so high that it overwhelms any other gamma rays coming from other cosmic sources. It has also been observed that most gamma-ray bursts have an afterglow in the x-ray, and sometimes even optical, wavelengths ranges. The writer maintains that the research into gamma-ray bursts will continue until their nature is finally understood. The writer concludes that while this research goes on, the accumulated information and the intermediate hypotheses are already helping astronomers and cosmologists to better understand the universe, particularly the time when it was just beginning to form.
Outline:
Definition and Description
Research Goals
History
Analysis
Future Research
From the Paper
"Despite the inconsistent nature of these bursts, some patterns have been identified. One prominent distinction is between long and short bursts, those over 2 seconds and those less than that. Analysis of almost 2,000 gamma-ray bursts recorded by the BATSE device on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory between 1991 and 2000 showed that each falls into one of two groups: the short bursts have closely-spaced high-energy photons; the long bursts' photons appear to have lower energy and are more widely spaced.
"Another pattern that was discovered is related to the degrees of brightening and fading that the bursts exhibit over time in various channels of the measured energy spectra over the life of the burst. This analysis showed that different bursts release their gamma rays at different rates in different energy spectra When plotted, these variations manifested themselves as 5 distinct patterns: flat, crescent (or double-crescent), loop, lobe and island."
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The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 2008.
A analysis of the political, sociological and physical implications of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
1,579 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the events prior to the explosion of the atomic bombs over Japan at the end of World War II. The paper discusses these events in political, sociological and physical terms and then describes the actual bombing of both Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Lastly, the paper discusses the American public's thoughts about the bombing and briefly looks at today's world of nuclear warfare.
From the Paper
"In terms of peace, the United States forced Japan into more negotiations as we saw in the Potsdam Conference and brought about the end of the war. Had we not used the atomic bomb, the cost of the war, the numbers of deaths on both sides, and destruction could have been considerably worse if we tried to invade Japan. Therefore, this was the best possible solution once the U.S. warned Japan over and over again, through different means of communication what they would bring about if they did not end the war on our respectable terms. The atomic bomb was not essential to ending the war and keeping U.S. causalities to a minimum but was justifiable in terms of world peace. Many weapons of killing were brought into action during this time and few soldiers would deny that they would have to justify it. It was the mere fact that the U.S. physicists learned how to split the atom, and store the energy into a bomb. The Nazi's in Germany would use a bomb like this on us and more than likely so would the Japanese if they discovered these scientific advancements. We did not have a major motive to enter World War II until after Pearl Harbor. This heightened production in the economy, unity as a nation, mobilization and developments in science. Dropping the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were justifiable if they were strictly military targets. Japan declared war on the U.S. after the attack on Pearl Harbor which was not a formal declaration. If we were at war with Japan, we would have been prepared and ready for an attack, that however, was not their intent as they surprised our nation."
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Nuclear Energy, 2004.
A discussion on the future of nuclear energy.
2,156 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how fossil fuels are running low on supply and renewable energy has yet to be realized, as well as developed. The paper then looks at the one power that is safe and abundant - nuclear energy. The paper contends that nuclear energy be realized as a fuel for the future and be developed enough so that the world can thrive in its abundant energy.
From the Paper
"It has been said that the power to regulate is the power to destroy. This has certainly been the experience of the nuclear industry. Regulation of many industries increased rapidly during the 1970s. In 1970 when Maine Yankee was being licensed, there were 91 permits to be obtained including, for example, a permit to discharge sewage. By 1975 this had risen to over 400 permits per plant (Duffy 165). But there are only two regulatory authorities of importance: the Federal Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the various state Public Utility Commissions. The NRC regulates safety, including radiation safety, although that is often delegated to the states. They are sensitive to public opinion and have often been very assertive of their power and their duty. "
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Bagasse Cogeneration in Belize: A Business Plan, 2007.
This paper presents a business plan for sugar cane cogeneration in Belize.
1,954 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper outlines the plan for a sugar cane cogeneration plant to create an alternate energy source for the citizens of Belize. The paper explains how the sugar cane residue, bagasse, can be converted to electricity through cogeneration. The paper describes the company's goal to sell low-cost energy to Belize Electricity Limited, the sole electricity provider in Belize. The paper includes a diagram, maps and financial statements.
Outline:
Objective
Executive Summary
Company Description
Belize Background
Sugar Industry
Conversion of Bagasse into Electricity
The Market
Management Team
Production Plan
Action Plan
Financials
From the Paper
"One of the smallest countries in the world, Belize boasts agriculturally fertile lands. These lands are mainly used to grow sugar cane which is exported to the world. An untapped reservoir of energy is going unused from their sugar cane production. Sugar cane residue, called bagasse, can be converted to electricity through a process called cogeneration. Our team plans to build a cogeneration plant to generate electricity for the country of Belize using bagasse. This electricity will provide an environmentally safe and low cost alternative to all of the citizens of Belize while still allowing the sugar cane producers to export their product."
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The Atomic Bomb, 2004.
This paper discuses the development of the atomic bomb and the effects of dropping it on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the scope of the effect the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki had on modern warfare and science technology is visible only when taking into account the intense scientific processes to create these weapons of mass destruction. The author points out that, at the dawn of World War II, Albert Einstein sent a letter to President Franklin. D. Roosevelt about Nazi Germany's efforts to purify uranium-235, which he warned could result in the building of an atomic bomb. The paper relates that, soon after this letter, the U.S. government started the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans. The author states that the bomb was tested successfully on July 1945 and, a month later, the first bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. The paper concludes that the atomic bomb was considered a "quick" and economical way to win the war; however, it was a cruel form of punishment for the Japanese citizens resulting in slow and painful deaths for many innocent Japanese. The paper includes graphs.
From the Paper
"The most difficult part of the Manhattan Project was how to produce enough enriched Uranium to uphold a chain reaction. Uranium-235 was hard to extract. Only about 1/500th of Uranium ore mined ends up as Uranium metal. Of this metal, the fissionable isotope of Uranium is rare. Fissionable Uranium occurs at a ration of 1 to 139. Separating one part of Uranium-235 from 139 parts of Uranium-238 is challenging. Only mechanical methods could effectively separate the two. Scientists at Columbia University first figured out how. A facility to separate Uranium-235 was set up in Oak Ridge, Tennessee."
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Desalination Processes, 2008.
This paper explores Perth, Australia's reverse osmosis desalination plant.
1,278 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the three main mechanical processes of desalination commonly used today: electrodialysis reversal, thermal desalination and reverse osmosis. The paper discusses how the preexisting water supply was not enough for Perth, Australia to handle all the new people moving to the city. The paper describes how Perth began using the desalination process of reverse osmosis to treat its seawater. The paper examines the problems of costs and energy sources as well as their solutions. The paper concludes that Perth's new reverse osmosis plant has proven to other parts of the world that desalination can be a clean, efficient and cost-effective process.
From the Paper
"Desalination is a mechanical process by which saltwater from oceans can be converted into drinking water for human consumption by removing the salt. There are three main mechanical processes of desalination commonly used today; electrodialysis reversal, thermal desalination, and reverse osmosis.
"Electrodialysis reversal is the most intricate and cost effective desalination system of the three commonly used processes. Electricity is used to ionicly charge the salt in the seawater molecules, and then it is passed through an ion permeable membrane filtering the charged salt molecules. On the other side of the membrane, the water is clean and safe to drink. This process is problematic because of its extensive use of electricity, which is expensive and sometimes unavailable."
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Nuclear Power in Australia, 2007.
This paper explores the physics viability of nuclear power as an energy source for Australia.
2,585 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
In order to make a judgement of the physics viability of nuclear power as an energy source for Australia, this paper explains how nuclear energy is produced, disposed of, sourced, and maintained in light of Australia's unique environment and population distribution. The paper discusses the efficiency of using nuclear energy as well as Australia's huge availability of uranium and its ample waste storage space. The paper concludes that nuclear energy is definitely a viable method of energy for Australia but recommends that stringent laws and regulations be made to enforce adequate training of nuclear staff to minimise the risk of disasters. The paper includes a diagram of how nuclear power is produced and a map of mining locations in Australia.
From the Paper
"Nuclear energy is generated by the fission of the uranium 235 isotope. U-235 is the ideal fuel for power generation because it is able to sustain a chain reaction and release energy. Uranium for fuelling nuclear generators is mined in Australia as low-grade ore. Only 0.3% of this ore is pure uranium, and after crushing, chemical treatment and concentration, only 0.7% of this residual is the required U-235 isotope. In order to ensure an induced chain reaction is sustainable, this nuclear fuel needs to be enriched (i.e. concentrated) so that the U-235 concentration is approximately 5%. (Rapkins, Rossiter, Walding, 1999)"
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The Quantum Theory, 2007.
An analysis of Planck's procedure and its theoretical statistical meaning to quantum physics.
3,765 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the fundamental contribution of the quantum theory to theoretical statistics. The paper presents and discusses the key moment of the first quantization. It looks at the relationship of the mean and the variance to energy. It then describes and analyzes Planck's procedure. Finally, the paper discusses the statistical meaning of the procedure to quantum physics.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
First Example of Quadratic Variance Distributions
Introducing Correlations: an Interpretation of Quantum
Formal Description of the Quadratic Variance Ensembles
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The fact that statistical physics can be taken as a particular type of statistical inference does not seem to play too much of a theoretical role in physics today. It is perhaps the strong suggestion of subjectivity associated with the concept of inference that determines physicists to rely mostly upon kinetic basis of statistical laws. However, recognized or not, the statistical inference has played a very important part in such fundamental problems like building physical concepts. One illustrative example is the concept of quantum. Originally related to the frequency property of light, it was in time explained as associated with its particle properties, then with the temperature of light. All these properties can be traced logically back to the particular type of statistics which is fundamental for the ensembles characterizing the black body radiation. More than this, that very type of statistics is essential in the contemporary sophisticated descriptions of the squeezed states and their related concepts. This essay presents details of the statistics involved in the history of quantum, and the essential points of this history."
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The Life of Isaac Newton, 2006.
This paper describes the life and achievements of Isaac Newton.
1,657 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper provides a detailed biography of Isaac Newton, including his major accomplishments and their impact on society. The paper discusses how he revolutionized science, physics and celestial mechanics. The paper relates that he has proved to be one of the greatest scientists of all times.
From the Paper
"Isaac Newton is recorded as being born on Christmas day in the year of 1642, though with our current Gregorian calendar, which was not adopted in England until 1752, his birthday would be January 4th of 1643. Newton was born in Lincolnshire at the Hamlet of Woolsthorpe, a manor house near Grantham. Newton was born prematurely and therefore was a small child. Newton was named after his father, Isaac Newton. Newton's father, an ill-educated farmer who owned property (which made him wealthy) but could not sign his own name, was a sickly man. He died three months before his son was born, in October 1642."
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Newtonian Space-Time, 2002.
An analysis of the concepts of Newtonian space-time.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the metaphysics of Newtonian space-time, with the aim to discover the true meaning of Newton's three laws of motion. The common misconception is that the "universal" laws pertain to a universal and objective reality, whereas they pertain to nothing more than a certain method of setting up experiments, and this the paper aims to establish. It also shows how this throws light on the interpretation of quantum mechanics, and then draws significant parallels between classical physics and the modern philosophy of existentialism.
From the Paper
"Newton's laws of motion have a subtext that always escapes scrutiny at the first instance. This is Newtonian space-time, the metaphysical framework that underpins the laws. This framework consists of three spatial dimensions, chalked out as perpendicular to each other and emerging from a unique origin of coordinates. This is Cartesian space. If we add to this the extra dimension of linear time we obtain Newtonian space-time. The laws of motion make sense only when we assume them to be taking place in Newtonian space-time. And when we add the epithet "universal" to the three laws of motion then we have underhandedly made Newtonian space-time infinite in all 6 dimensional directions and have mapped this framework to reality."
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John Buridan, 2007.
An overview of the work of John Buridan towards the birth of Western science.
1,425 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the career and accomplishments of John Buridan the fourteenth century genius who imbued the philosophy of nominalism and applied it towards fundamentally groundbreaking discoveries in science. Two underlying themes are explored. First, that nominalism is the philosophy that opens the doors to science, and not the opposing stance of realism, that which stakes claim to science entirely. Second, that Buridan did in fact lay a critical foundation stone of Western science, even though he suffered rejection and oblivion at the hands of immediate posterity.
From the Paper
"The contempt shown by orthodoxy to John Buridan displays itself in the fact that his fame is limited to a deliberately misnamed anecdote called "Buridan's ass". The origin of this anecdote can be traced to a commentary on Aristotle's De Caelo, but the animal used in this anecdotal example was a dog, not an ass. By turning the dog into an ass the whole point of the example is being mocked by the proud determinists of later days. And with it the name of Buridan is being summarily dismissed as a medieval eccentric who somehow had made a big name for himself in those ignorant times."
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The Nature of Light, 2001.
A historical overview of the nature of light.
2,803 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the quest to understand the nature of light and presents it as the greatest scientific quest of all. It shows how breakthroughs in the understanding of light triggered vital advances in science as a whole. The field covered is from Epicurus of Samos in the fourth century B.C. to the quantum mechanical understanding in the 20th century.
From the Paper
"Science in the proper sense began in the eighth century within the Moslem sphere, and scientific experimentation became a refined process with the Cairene physicist Alhazen, whose primary subject of study was light. But the practice of science in the Moslem sphere was a short-lived explosion. After 300 years of fruitfulness there was a sudden abandonment of the whole thrust. The twelfth century Syrian mystic and polymath al-Ghazali initiated a comprehensive eradication of scientific endeavour from the sphere of Islam, something that can be said to have been achieved with finality within two centuries from the date of his death in 1111 AD."
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Natural Philosophy, 2007.
This paper discusses the methods and approaches of natural philosophers to modern science.
2,574 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the lives of six of the most notable philosophers: Francis Bacon, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, Rene Descartes, William Harvey and Robert Boyle. The paper discusses how the discoveries and teachings of these natural philosophers in the seventeenth century was the beginning of a scientific revolution that opened the door to the technology used today. The paper shows how by means of experimentation, observation, rational and educated calculations these men managed to discover many truths in the world in the early 1600s that are still held to be true today.
From the Paper
"The early 1600s was a time of scientific research, discovery, and innovation, taking place primarily in Western Europe. This development in science spanned many years, and was responsible in it's entirety by the brilliant minds of the era. These scientists were known as natural philosophers; however the work done by many of the scientists was an early form of physics, although physicists did not exist at that time. Natural philosophy was the study of the nature and physics of the universe from a scholarly point of view to explain the causes, effects, and events that occur. The philosophers of the time focused their interests on things that they interacted with regularly, such as astrology, biology, chemistry (or alchemy), and the forces of motion. Natural philosophy was paving the way throughout this era, though it was characterized differently as time passed."
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Quantum Cryptography, 2007.
An overview of the use of and the theory behind quantum cryptography.
1,906 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how quantum cryptography is a fast growing form of encryption that is not based upon the difficulty of mathematical algorithms and instead employs quantum physics to encrypt information on the physical level. It emphasizes the need for an innovative cipher as well as the need to inform the IT community regarding the commercial application of quantum cryptography. It also provides a broad overview of the quantum cryptographic protocol and operation using fiber optic media.
From the Paper
"The integrity of information between sender and receiver relies upon secure channels and more importantly the ability to protect the information from unauthorized recipients. The transmission of information can be compromised when a third party listens in on the transmission media measuring the physical object. Consequently, the eavesdropper can effectively intercept the contents of a communication. Certain types of classical cryptography have proven vulnerable to the interception of data and the incident can remain undetected during the entire transmission. This idea of a man-in-the-middle attack on communication media using quantum cryptography is not possible due to the laws of quantum mechanics. Quantum superposition's and quantum entanglement are two properties of quantum physics used to detect eavesdropping. "
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