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Low Carbohydrate Diets, 2008.
This paper argues that the only diet that strikes at the real cause of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus is the low carbohydrate diet.
2,175 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, for overweight people and people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the low calorie and low fat diets recommended by the government do not work well and actually worsen the condition. The author points out that low carbohydrate diets, such as the popular "Dr. Atkins Diet", are synonymous with a high-fat and moderate protein regime. The paper relates that, when carbohydrate intake is restricted, the insulin levels decrease and the levels of glucagon increase. The author underscores that the increased fats and oils keep the appetite under control. The author suspects that the mechanism of insulin resistance is not a disease but rather a mechanism of homeostasis used to keep the body's fat to muscle ratio in balance. The paper states that, when the body is out of balance, type 2 diabetes mellitus occurs to correct the epigenetic factors that caused the imbalance.
From the Paper
"Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are now associated with decreased expression of genes that regulate oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle. Uncoupling protein 3 (UPC3) is a protein transporter that uncouples oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle. Studies on UCP3 functions under various physiological conditions have suggested that the function of UCP3 is not limited only to regulation of whole-body energy metabolism but is also involved in regulation of lipids metabolism. Uncoupling proteins act to convert stored fat into thermal energy."
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Judaism and Dietary Patterns, 2008.
This paper accounts for and explains the dietary patterns prevalent in the Jewish religion.
3,748 words (approx. 15.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 57.95
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Abstract
This essay offers a nuanced historical account and explanation of why the Jewish dietary rule came to insist on the prohibition of the consumption of certain animals, while others were tolerated, with particular reference to the time when the rule came to be fleshed out. More specifically, the paper looks into the case of pigs or pork as an animal whose inclusion in the list of those unclean might strike as particularly odd to the modern reader. Given the similarities they had with oxen, sheep and goats as domesticated and herbivorous livestock, swine, it seems fair to say, had little reason to be excluded. But this short piece argues that their labelling as unclean had as much to do with the peculiar circumstances in which Leviticus and Deuteronomy were written as with the consistency of the religious doctrine based on an adherence to the tenet of separate spheres which pigs and other animals fell foul of.
Outline;
Introduction
Reasons for the Exclusion of Pig: Hygiene and Habit
Criticism of Hygiene and Habit Interpretation
Contextualising Dietary Law: Babylonic Exile and Anti-desert Mentality
Distinctive Categories and Aberrations
Conclusions
From the Paper
"That pork was unhygienic does not stand up to much scrutiny either. Criticising the hygienic rationale, Jean Soler for example, correctly makes the obvious point that the nomadic Hebrew tribes, who lived at the time when these rules were drawn up, did not possess sufficient medical knowledge to be able to pronounce the pig unclean based on the infectious dangers it posed to man. Even though it would be tempting to suppose that the kind of hot and arid climate in which the ancient Israelites lived was particularly hazardous for the transmission of diseases, the lack of even physicians to prepare for this possibility at that time points to the extent to which medical reasons could not plausibly be carted out to account for why pigs were expressly forbidden."
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Agricultural Bioengineering in India, 2008.
An analysis of the benefits of and objections to agricultural bioengineering in India.
1,314 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the development of food-resource advancements in India, due to its large population and high level of poverty. It discusses both the objections and the known benefits of genetic engineering of food. The paper then looks at the precedent for bioengineering in India and the benefits that are specific to that country. The paper contains an annotated bibliography.
From the Paper
"But the above referenced conference draws an important point in addressing not just the benefits of employing bioengineering methods to achieving agricultural robustness but in implementing such methods in order to improve our own understanding of their potential. The benefits of such technological advances in our ability to effectively reap sustenance from the earth are not only likely to outweigh the drawbacks but are also likely to contribute to an eventually diminishing of the drawbacks. Efforts which are now centered on opposing the graduation of our ability to defend against vermin, drought and other famine inducing natural disasters should instead be directed toward refining our effectiveness and education in reaching such ends. India provides an excellent example, in relationships such as that defined by Monsanto India, of the ways in which international support of bioengineering can both improve its effectiveness and advance our capacity to use it safely and optimally. The New Delhi conference provides evidence that such efforts are already underway, with America playing an integral role in the assimilation of bioengineering into the broader landscape of India's hunger and poverty fighting strategy."
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Living Large, 2008.
This paper discusses obesity; its causes and prevention.
973 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that obesity is the fastest growing cause of illness and death in the United States. The paper discusses the importance of physical activities and of a healthy diet that reduces consumption of fast food and soft drinks. The paper discusses the promotion of exercise in schools and the ban of school ground soft drinks that could protect the children of America from diseases related to obesity.
From the Paper
"It is now estimated that nearly two out of three Americans are overweight or obese. Statistics also show that the number of overweight teenagers has tripled in the past two decades (Greenblatt Online). Should we be worried? "Worrying" at this point is an understatement. Being overweight is now the most common medical condition of childhood ("Soft Drinks" Online). According to Surgeon General Richard Carmona, obesity is the "fastest growing cause of illness and death in the United States" (Qtd. in Greenblatt Online). Obesity is associated with more than 300,000 deaths each year because of all the health complication it induces. Over 30 different diseases can be developed because of it, ranging from strokes or/and heart-related diseases to arthritis and breathing problems. Obesity is defined as having a BMI (Body Mass Index) over 30.0 or more, and in 2001 the state of Mississippi reported that more than 25.9% of its population was obese. That is more than one out of four people."
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Campaign Targeting Kraft Foods, 2007.
An examination of the campaign against the Kraft Foods Company.
1,659 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the ongoing campaign targeting the Kraft Food Company and explains that the campaign is led by the Genetically Engineered Food Alert (GEFA). The paper discusses how the majority of Kraft products contain genetically altered ingredients and then looks at the steps taken by GEFA to convince Kraft to to discontinue the use of genetically engineered ingredients in all products unless adequate testing, labeling, and liability are established. The writer believes that the campaign has turned out to be somewhat and concludes that, although the scientific evidence against genetically engineered food was there, Kraft may have never felt the pressure to change their ways without this campaign.
From the Paper
"The campaign against the Kraft Foods Company has been in action since 2000, when it was discovered that Kraft was using genetically engineered ingredients in their food products. The campaign is led by the Genetically Engineered Food Alert, a coalition of health, consumer and environmental groups. It is generally accepted that genetically altered foods are safe to consume, however, there is mounting scientific evidence that these foods may be harmful to consumers' health, as well as to the environment."
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Obesity Epidemic, 2006.
This paper argues the case for an income tax for obese people in America.
800 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 15.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that $122.9 billion is the estimated annual cost of obesity in America. Directly related costs account for $64.1 billion, and indirect costs cover the remaining $58.8 billion. The writer points out that direct costs are associated with prevention, diagnostic, and treatment expenses. Indirect costs are attributed to lost wages, sick pay, and earnings lost due to premature death. The writer further notes that obesity is expected to soon surpass the number of deaths caused by tobacco and take the lead position as the number one preventable cause of death in the U.S. The writer maintains that it is time for the Federal government to take action and educate the public about the effects of obesity and to tax those that are obese. The writer concludes that the solution to obesity is education and prevention of excessive weight gain, and for funds that would be generated from a tax on obesity to be put towards preventative education programs and the national healthcare budget.
From the Paper
"The idea of a tax on fast food has recently been in the news. This ideal of taxing fast food if enacted, would have minimal effects on obesity and would be devastating to our economy. Fast food companies would be hit hard, plummeting sales would force them to close stores and layoff many people. The deep-pocketed fast food industry would also fight tooth and nail against any tax of this kind. Although this tax would slow down America's junk food purchases, this would only be short-term solution. Eventually people would get accustomed to paying the higher price for the food they desire and consumption rates would rise again. A tax on fast food also punishes those who are not obese. Almost everyone has stopped at a fast food restaurant at some point in their lives, including those that are not obese. People that are not obese should not have to pay for those that are. Many people will also blame fast food for solely causing obesity, but this is wrong. Anything in excess will cause health problems. For example, taking too many vitamins can cause health issues like poisoning and organ failure. A fast food tax is a misplaced solution to America's obesity, and the U.S. government should shift their attention towards prevention and education."
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Childhood Obesity, 2006.
This paper discuses the prevention of childhood obesity.
1,970 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, if the trend continues at the current rate, nearly 34% of the U.S. children will be obese, which indicates that childhood obesity has become a nationwide epidemic. The author points out that the arrival of advanced electronic technology in the last thirty years, such as television, video games and the Internet, is now devouring time once spent doing physical activities, such as playing tag or basketball. The paper urges the federal government to take the leadership role by make the prevention of childhood obesity a top priority on the national health agenda, such as the past public safety movements. The author suggests that all levels of government coordinate programs that include nutritional education focusing on proper eating habits and physical activity training.
From the Paper
"Many schools in America no longer offer physical education as part of their curriculum. A 2000 survey found that only 8 percent of elementary schools, 6.4 percent of middle schools, and 5.8 percent of high schools require daily physical education.. Schools should begin requiring daily physical activities. The Surgeon General recommends at least 60 minutes of physical activity per day for children. By following recommended guidelines on physical activity, schools will be supporting the prevention of childhood obesity. The efforts of schools are just as important as the individual efforts at home."
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The Obesity and Anorexia Epidemic, 2006.
This paper is a literary review of problems pertaining to weight control and self-image in adolescents: obesity and anorexia.
3,310 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 22 sources, MLA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that often patients with anorexia nervosa do not know they have it and must be urged by a friend or family member to get diagnosis and treatment. The author points out that there really is no treatment, therapy and rehabilitation is lengthy and some victims die. The paper relates that, on the other side of the dietary spectrum is obesity, the most common and costly nutritional problem in the United States. The author states that, like anorexia nervosa, no cure is available for obesity; however, surgery for the morbidly obese may become necessary to prevent major complications from taking their toll. The paper includes an annotated bibliography.
From the Paper
"With anorexia, there are certain risk factors to take into consideration. Gender plays a part in the disorder because 90 percent of those affected are in fact girls/women. Athletes and several professions are also risk factors. This includes modeling, gymnastics, ballet, and other similar occupations. Those under too much stress and pressure from school and who are high achievers also are more likely to develop anorexia. Ethnic background plays a role as well. Many more people in America develop this disease such as those that are more concerned with their self-image. "
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"Sex, Diet, and Debility in Jacksonian America", 2005.
An Examination of Stephen Nissenbaum's "Sex, Diet, and Debility in Jacksonian America: Sylvester Graham and Health Reform".
976 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
In the early 20th century, Sylvester Graham developed a dietary regimen that sought to strike a balance between emotions, naturalism, and spirituality. While many of his concepts, particularly concerning sexual excesses contributing to ill health, have since been debunked, some of these approaches to health maintenance have been refined and expanded in the years since and remain influential today. This paper provides a review of Nissenbaum's book, "Sex, Diet, and Debility in Jacksonian America: Sylvester Graham and Health Reform:", as well as the peer-reviewed and scholarly literature, to determine what Graham's concepts involved, the social reform efforts that emerged during this period in American history, and the impact that these trends had on the American consciousness. A summary of the research and salient findings are presented in the conclusion.
Outline:
Introduction
Summary
Evaluation
Extension
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The main purpose of Stephen Nissenbaum's book is to describe Sylvester Graham's impact on the healthcare reforms taking place during this period of American history. In this book, Nissenbaum links the beginnings of physiological theory and the new commercial economy of Jacksonian American with the later Victorian healthcare reforms. Like his Kellogg cereal counterpart in the movie, "Wellville," Graham was responsible for bringing the wholesome graham cracker snack to the American public, and ultimately creating a multi-billion dollar cereal industry in the United States. The American obsession with "six-pack abs" did not start with Graham, but he was the creator of the graham cracker and believed that dietary and sexual excesses were the primary causes of disease. "
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Teenagers and Fast Food, 2007.
This paper explores the role of young people in our fast food nation.
821 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 16.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that although all Americans effect the huge growth of fast food, adolescents play more of a vital role than the average consumer. The paper discusses how teenagers consume fast food, work in fast food restaurants and steal from them too.
From the Paper
"Our country loves fast food; there is speedy service with cheap tasty food in over one million restaurants world wide. Though we all love it, we do not like the stories behind it. In 2004, Americans spent over 110 billion dollars on fast food, that's more than higher education, computers, computer software and new cars combined (Scholosser, 3). Teenagers provide a huge role in the fast food industry. Teenagers work at these restaurants, eat at these restaurants, are objects of advertisements by these restaurants and steal from these restaurants more than any other age group. Ever since the age of three more than 75 percent of American children can recognize the face of Ronald McDonald. Since our nation is currently being raised around fast food it is only inevitable that as children grow, they only become more of a part of it everyday."
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Gastric Bypass Surgery, 2005.
This paper explores whether gastric bypass surgery is a safe alternative to diet and exercise.
3,138 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the universal struggle with weight and why it is happening. The paper focuses on gastric bypass surgery as an option for the severely obese, whose weight has a direct effect on their health. The paper describes the types of gastric bypass surgery available and includes two diagrams. The paper looks at the effects, dangers, benefits and costs of the surgery. The paper provides interviews with people who have undergone the procedure and maintains that gastric bypass surgery is clearly a reasonable solution to extreme obesity.
From the Paper
"Nearly two-thirds of adults in the United States are overweight, and over thirty percent are obese, according to the data from the1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition and Examination Survey (NHANES). The difference between overweight and obese is overweight refers to excess body weight compared to set standards and may include muscle, bone, fat, and body water; where obese refers specifically to having an abnormally high proportion of body fat. A bodybuilder might be considered overweight because they have a considerable amount of muscle, but little to no body fat. In most instances however, people who are overweight are also obese."
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Playing with Food: Hidden Sugars, 2006.
A study on sugars hidden in so-called sugar-free samples, as scientifically detected by the Benedict's Test.
1,604 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at our health-conscious society, which indulges in the use of sugar-free foods and beverages that have steadily dominated the market. The paper discusses how recent controversies that question product credibility have circulated, thus prompting various analyses on food content. By using the principles behind the Benedict's test, this study employs techniques used to test the presence of chemical compounds in food, particularly in sugar-free samples.
From the Paper
"While the Benedict's reagent can analyze the sugar content of most food products, the conducted experiment focused on sugar-free samples alone. Presenting novel results, this smaller scope diverts from previous experiments involving pure sugar concentrates."
"For the experiment, distilled water, small samples of selected sugar-free food, and a small bottle of Benedict's solution were prepared. Along with test tubes equivalent in number to the samples tested, the experiment required laboratory equipments inclusive of a Bunsen burner, a tripod, a dropper, and a beaker."
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Strength Training for Endurance Athletes, 2007.
An analysis of the physiological advantages to strength training in endurance athletes.
2,155 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 15 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the positive effects of strength training for endurance athletes. It suggests that an endurance athlete who is optimally strength-trained has a distinct competitive advantage compared to the athlete who trains only for endurance. The paper details many of the physiological changes that can be expected with endurance training and with strength training.
From the Paper
"There are several adaptations associated with an athlete performing endurance training exclusively. Aerobic endurance training produces increases in VO2 max, but has no hypertrophy effect on muscles (Holloszy et al, 1984) (Hickson et al, 1988). In fact, in prolonged endurance training, muscle fiber size has actually been shown to decrease (Terados et al, 1986), presumably to allow more efficient transfer of O2 to working muscles though this hasn't been proven (Yessis, 2000). If an athlete is attempting to increase their ground forces while running, then obviously muscular atrophy would be detrimental to this goal, unless the strength of the smaller diameter muscles was greater than that of the relatively more hypertrophied muscle group. Therefore, the concept of an endurance athlete performing endurance training exclusively would be disadvantageous to running faster times, as the limitations inherent in a given athlete's ability to increase stride frequency, stride rate and ground force creation would be limited once a certain level of proficiency is reached. That level is different for every athlete, but the point is that once running mechanics are sufficiently advanced that the athlete has maximized his/her performance, further improvements are limited by the inability to further increase the associated factors that contribute to that performance."
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Student Recreation Center Attendance, 2007.
This paper provides an analysis of factors that affect student recreation center attendance.
3,190 words (approx. 12.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the gradual decline in activity within the college community sets the stage for a lifetime of negative lifestyle factors that contribute to the onset of obesity as well as diseases such as diabetes, myocardial infarction, and coronary artery disease. The writer conducts research among students in order to determine if a correlation exists between the following independent variables: motivation factors, nutrition factors, fitness background, lifestyle factors, and student recreation center (SRC) attendance. The writer concludes that in contrast to previous research, the results show that lifestyle factors, namely smoking and hours of sleep per night, are not prominent in relation to how often the students attended the SRC.
Outline:
Introduction
Methods
Results
Tables 1-4
Discussion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In an effort to eliminate this problem, the Healthy People 2010 initiative includes goals that attempt to eliminate many of the sedentary lifestyle factors that lead to a decreased health status - namely obesity. Unfortunately, these goals completely overlook the college population and are only directed at adults already in the workforce and grade school children; perhaps too young to fully grasp the concept. In another effort to combat lifestyle factors, the Phat Exercise approach, is attempting to implement various methods that will function to boost intrinsic motivation in an effort to increase activity within the college population. The researcher's state four psychological concepts: vision, mastery, flow, and energy, all of which are aimed at helping individuals increase their level of activity enjoyment and thereby increase exercise frequency."
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