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| Essay # 105229 |
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The Human Papilloma Virus, 2008.
An exploration of the etiology of human papilloma virus (HPV) and whom it affects in the general population.
1,511 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper summarizes three articles on the topic of the human papilloma virus (HPV): "Quadrivalent HPV Recombinant Vaccine (Gardasil) for the Prevention of Cervical Cancer" by Angie L. Goeser, "The Effect of Prophylactic Human Papillomavirus L1 Virus-Like-Particle Vaccine on Risk of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Grade 2, Grade 3, and Adenocarcinoma in Situ: A Combined Analysis of four Randomized Clinical Trials" by S. Kjaer M. Lehtinen G. Perez and L. Villa and "Efficacy of a Quadrivalent Prophylactic Human Papillomavirus L1 Virus-Like-Particle Vaccine Against High-Grade Vulval and Vaginal Lesions: A Combined Analysis of Three Randomised Clinical Trials" by Mauricio Hernandez-Avila and Elmar A. Joura, Sepp Leodolter and Cosette M. Wheeler. The paper
discusses the articles' tremendous implications for health care and community health education. The paper then explains that cervical cancer is the second most common cause of cancer and resulting cancer death in women worldwide. The paper explains further that since the yearly Pap smear given to women cannot detect certain types of cancerous cells or lesions, the need for this type of vaccine to prevent HPV-related diseases is sorely needed.
Outline:
Three Literature Reviews:
Article One
Article Two
Article Three
Implications for Health Care and Community Health Education Based on the Studies' Conclusions
From the Paper
"Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has been "identified at a higher rate in the tissue of women diagnosed with cervical cancer than among nonaffected controls (citing Salmeron et al, 2003; Balmes, Ritz, & Tager, 2005, p. 245). The disease can cause pathologies including, but not limited to, pain during intercourse, chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, genital warts, and penile, anal, cervical, and vulvar carcinoma (Immerman & Mackey, 1997, p. 443; Lytwyn & Sellors, 1997, p. 113). The disease is believed to be sexually transmitted and is the "second most common cause of cancer and cancer death in women worldwide, with 80% of cases occurring in the developing world...95% of cancers of the uterine cervix are caused by certain types of human papillomaviruses" (citing Franco 1994; Lytwyn & Sellors, 1997, p. 113). Although Papanicolaou (Pap) tests have led to the decrease in mortality rates caused by cervical cancer, approximately 230,000 women per year die from the disease worldwide (Kjaer, Lehtinen, Perez, & Villa, et al, 2007, p. 1861)"
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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Study, 2008.
An analysis of the study "Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Due to Childbirth- The Aftermath" by Cheryl Tatano Beck.
1,060 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes a study "Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Due to Childbirth- The Aftermath" by Cheryl Tatano Beck that investigates post-traumatic stress disorder in relation to childbirth. The paper looks at the design, purpose, variables, hypotheses, sample and setting and the study instruments used.
Outline:
Problem
Study Purpose
Research Question
Hypotheses
Study Variables
Conceptual Model/Theoretical Framework
Review of Related Literature
Study Design
Sample and Setting
Identification and Control of Extraneous Variables
Study Instruments/Tools
From the Paper
"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is classified as a mental disorder by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). It commonly occurs in individuals who had extremely traumatic experiences. The disorder is most commonly reported among war veterans.
"Problematic childbirth can also be a traumatic experience for mothers that can lead to PTSD. It is estimated that worldwide, there is a 1.5 to 6% prevalence of childbirth-induced PTSD. Manifestations of PTSD have been reported as recurring nightmares, depression, interpersonal relationship problems, suicidal tendencies, and sexual avoidance."
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Mental Health Therapist, 2008.
An explanation of the work of mental health therapists.
841 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 17.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the role and ethics of a mental health therapist and the importance of putting the needs of the clients first and allowing them to maintain dignity at all times.
From the Paper
"Proceeding further, an ethical counselor will recognize that he or she is in a position of power relative to his or her clients. As a result, fostering dependency or using someone's vulnerability to exploit him or her in some way - sexual and/or financial exploitation are the two things that come to mind immediately - is repellant and not at all what counseling should be about. To put it another way, an ethical counselor will put the needs of his or her clients first and will not use a respected professional position for self-aggrandizement that comes at the expense of others."
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Bar-Codes in Nursing, 2008.
This paper discusses the use of bar-code technology and medication observation within the medical field.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer provides a critique of the article "Using Bar-Code Technology and Medication Observation Methodology for Safer Medication Administration" by Paoletti RD, Suess TM, Lesko MG, Feroli AA, Kennel JA, Mahler JM et al. The writer notes that the use of technology as an adjunct to hospital unit administration is a relatively recent trend that is slowly becoming a standard among hospitals that can afford the shift to these technologies with minimal resistance from personnel. The writer discusses that these technologies have a demonstrated preventive benefit particularly in terms of detecting medication errors and in deterring erring nursing personnel from bad practice habits. The writer notes that the article discussed details the benefits of one such technological innovation already in use in many hospitals.
Outline:
Introduction
Analysis of Research Report
Problem Statement
Study Purpose
Research Hypotheses or Questions
Conceptual Model/Theoretical Framework
Review of Related Literature
Study Design
Target Population and Sample
Data Collection Methods
Findings and Implications for Practice, Education or Future Research
Summary
From the Paper
"The research paper did not pose any research questions, nor did it assert any hypotheses to that effect. The lack of these elements in this paper did not detract from comprehending what the research intended to report primarily because of the simplicity of the primary purpose of the study, i.e. to reduce medication errors. A possible research hypothesis would be to the effect of: the implementation of BCMA would significantly lower the number of medication errors committed compared to handwritten medication administration and EMAR."
"The study's independent variable was the method of medication administration through one of three means: BCMA, EMAR and manual, handwritten medication administration. The dependent variable measured was the number of errors."
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Substance Abuse, 2008.
This paper discusses drug trends on college and university campuses.
1,062 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that it is a fact that college students and their alcohol and drug use are almost inevitably linked, at least in the minds of the general public. Prospective students rate educational institutions not only for their value in terms of academics, but also in terms of their reputation as being "party" schools. The writer maintains that as a result, alcohol and drug use are an ever present force in college students' lives. The writer discusses that even though the presence of drugs on campuses might be a constant, the manner in which they are present is inconsistent. The trends that are seen in student drug use can lead to policy changes, both on and off campus. This paper is used to examine some of these trends, as well as the policy changes that might have resulted from them.
From the Paper
"This trend seems to be consistent on a national basis among college athletes. A report on Infofacts states that a study run in 2001 indicated that 81% of student athletes used alcohol in the preceding year. This figure had dropped from the 89% that had been reported in 1989. The percentage of student athletes abusing alcohol was almost twice that of students in the general population. Interestingly, this trend seems to be contradicted in Williams which indicates that student athletes report less frequent drug and alcohol use over their non-athlete peers. It is possible that these results are due more to the National Collegiate Athletic Association's drug testing policies, however, rather than from any voluntary trend of use. It is also possible that this trend is a result of under reporting the use of drugs and alcohol."
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Personal Philosophy of Nursing, 2008.
This paper discusses the writer's beliefs about nurses and the nursing profession.
1,026 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer relates her ideas about the major concepts of the nursing profession and about nursing theory, research and practice. The writer then explains her position on the topic of a specialized clinical focus and then describes in detail the role and function of a family nurse practitioner.
Outline:
Beliefs about the Major Concepts of the Profession
Beliefs about Nursing Theory, Research and Practice
Beliefs about a Specialized Clinical Focus
Beliefs about Advanced Nurse Role Practice in Nursing
Position Description
From the Paper
"Human beings, their environment, health and the nursing profession possess a complex relationship where each cannot be neglected nor overemphasized. The author believes that the nursing profession is both an art and a science. Both of these are manifested in the humanistic, yet scientific grounding of interventions that aim to produce the best available evidence. Humanistic is used in the sense that many diseases can be explained by the many disciplines in the health sciences and treated accordingly; however, the nurse professional must bear in mind that it is not always sufficient to address the physical illness apart from the patient's social environment and mental state."
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Parents' Lifestyles and Type 1 Diabetes, 2008.
A proposal of three research methods to identify whether parents' backgrounds can be associated with the emergence of Type 1 diabetes in children.
3,436 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 20 sources, APA, £ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that genetic predisposition to Type 1 diabetes alone cannot explain the overall rate of increase of this disease among children. The paper proposes three research methods in which the lifestyle backgrounds of parents with children who have Type 1 diabetes can be addressed. The paper explains that the purpose of this research is to identify a methodology that best assesses the parents' lifestyle choices to see if there is evidence of behaviors that may influence the onset of Type 1 diabetes in children.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Paper
Part I: Qualitative Case Study Method
Part II: Qualitative Action Research Method
Part III: Qualitative Critical Literature Review Method
From the Paper
"Research into diabetes in children is a health care issue, a family care issue, and can emerge into a social issue if the child's status as a diabetic affects his or her personal health outcomes (Neumark-Sztainer et al, 2002; American Diabetes Association, 2006; Becker & Goldfine, 2006; Eppens et al, 2006). Incidences of Type 2 diabetes have increased dramatically over the last three decades due to environmental factors that predispose adults, adolescents, and children to acquire a disease typically referred to as "adult-onset diabetes" (American Diabetes Association, 2006; Becker & Goldfine, 2006; Eppens et al, 2006). However, Type 1 diabetes has been almost exclusively linked to genetic factors in humans, as this is a genetic disease that is passed along from the parents to the child within the child's genome (American Diabetes Association, 2006; Becker & Goldfine, 2006; Eppens et al, 2006)."
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Breastfeeding, 2008.
This paper studies the article "Breastfeeding Among Low-
Income Women with and Without Peer Support" by Jean Penrose Arlotti.
1,319 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines Jean Penrose Arlotti's article, "Breastfeeding among Low-Income Women with and without Peer Support", which discusses the effects of peer support on breastfeeding among low-income women during the first three months after giving birth. The writer notes that the problem identified in the article was the busy lifestyle of women that interfered with breastfeeding and the lack of prenatal education and support regarding breastfeeding given to low-income women. The writer concludes that the study is clear and concise and could be replicated sufficiently with the proper sample group and support participants.
Outline:
Purpose of Study and Identify Problem
Examine Literature Review
The Study Framework or Theoretical Perspective
Research Objectives, Questions, or Hypotheses
Sample Setting
Measurement Instrument Used in the Study
Procedures for Data Collection
Statistical Analyses Used
Researcher's Interpretation of Findings
Study Limitations Identified by the Researcher
Researcher Generalization of Findings
Implications of the Findings for Nursing
Suggestions for Further Study
The Study is Sufficiently Clear to Replicate
From the Paper
"The independent variables that were operational within the study included whether the participants belonged to a group with a peer counselor or a group without a peer counselor; whether the women belonged to a breastfeeding class; whether the women knew others who breastfed; and whether each woman was given support for breastfeeding. The conceptual independent variable was the mother's career plans after birth. The operational dependent variables in the study dealt with the actual amount of time the women in the study breastfed their babies, while the conceptual dependant variables included peer support, family support, and the effects of breastfeeding education. The research variable, both conceptually and operationally was the time frame that the study was conducted within. The demographic variables used in the study were age of the breastfeeding woman; her education level; marital status; race or ethnicity; her career plans after the child's birth; and whether she planned to breast or bottle-feed her child, or both."
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Myocardial Infarction and Pulmonary Edema, 2008.
An case study assessment and diagnosis of a patient with anteroseptal myocardial infarction (MI) and pulmonary edema.
2,445 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper summarizes a patient's condition of anteroseptal myocardial infarction (MI) and pulmonary edema. The paper discusses the medications currently being administered to the patient and details the more pertinent drugs. The paper also outlines the short and long-term care of the patient, particularly in terms of nursing management. The paper then explains that this patient has a life-threatening chronic illness and concludes that future complications as well as another MI will only be avoided by strict compliance with health teaching about medications, diet and lifestyle.
Outline:
Introduction
Assessment and Medical Diagnosis
Pathophysiology
Medications
Nursing Interventions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The medical diagnosis for Patient 00-065 is anterial MI and pulmonary edema. Myocardial infarction is defined by Fenton and Stahmer (2006, p. 1) as "the rapid development of myocardial necrosis caused by a critical imbalance between the oxygen supply and demand of the myocardium". The cause usually is thrombus formation in a coronary vessel. To assess the patient and to identify and categorize the MI that can range from unstable angina to ST-elevation MI, doctors use cardiac markers. ST-elevation and other categories will be identified from the electrocardiogram."
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Youth Crime, 2008.
This paper examines Orem's self-care theory in relation to teenagers who instigate crimes.
875 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Miami, Florida's trend of attacks on the disabled, elderly and homeless by teenagers. The paper looks at Orem's nursing model and demonstrates how community health nursing interventions might be used for this vulnerable population. The paper explains that community nurses will need to advocate for change and collaborate with agencies such as the Miami-Dade County Youth Crime Task Force (YCTF). The paper shows how through use of the model, youth can enlarge their options for decision-making, can begin to be empowered and to enjoy improved quality of life.
From the Paper
"Miami, Florida is the site of a most disturbing trend of attacks on the disabled, elderly, and especially the homeless. What makes these crimes so socially significant is that they very often are committed by preadolescent children who are influenced by teenagers. In a recent highly publicized case, a Vietnam veteran who was both disabled and homeless was severely beaten with bricks by a teenager and two ten-year-old boys. In another case, a homeless man was beaten to death by two teenagers; the crime was captured on a bank security tape."
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Breastfeeding Duration, 2008.
This article provides a critique of the article "Breastfeeding duration in an Australian population" by Blyth, et al, which discusses the impact of modifiable risk factors on breastfeeding duration.
1,523 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses an article "Breastfeeding Duration in an Australian Population: The Influence of Modifiable Antenatal Factors." by Blyth, R., M. Mid, D. Creedy, C. Dennis, W. Moyle, J. Pratt, S. De Vries & Healy, G. The writer maintains that the modifiable factors discussed in the article have implications for nursing interventions, and all of the researchers who conducted this study are nurses. The writer notes that even though almost all mothers initiate breastfeeding, the current trend around the world is that one-half of those mothers discontinue the practice by one month postpartum and very few are breastfeeding at a later time. This critique assesses the value of the modifiable factors isolated by the researchers, along with the validity of the findings. The writer concludes that modifiable factors do not actually predict breastfeeding duration but they are a reliable source of nursing information about breastfeeding behavior.
From the Paper
"The authors include a literature review that focuses on the decline of breastfeeding and on factors identified in other research which affect the duration of the practice. Among the non-modifiable factors is being economically deprived, or being a member of an ethnic or racial group with inadequate language skills. The modifiable factors include the presence of social support, being provided with essential information, the intention to breastfeed, and confidence with breastfeeding. One of the most formidable obstacles to effective breastfeeding and its duration is lack of needed information by the mother. Most research suggests that when information is provided, breastfeeding will be initiated and its duration will be extended. The authors point out that there is no real consensus about the effectiveness of health teaching, however. The researchers also note the significance given by previous studies to social support. Support from family members can result in three times the likelihood of breastfeeding and a support network also is influential."
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Nursing Regulatory and Accreditation Bodies, 2008.
This paper looks at nursing regulatory and accreditation bodies that ensure the quality and professionalism of the nurses' care for the patient.
1,034 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that professionalism in the field of nursing demands strict self-regulation and continuous improvement of the standard of care through evidence-based recommendations and quality research. The writer notes that professionalism also demands a multi-disciplinary approach in order to arrive at comprehensive, individualized treatment options for the patient. The nurses' roles as researcher, planner, policy-maker, educator, leader and collaborator testify to the ethical responsibilities they share towards patients, colleagues and the populations they affect through their decisions. In practice, the writer maintains that it is the nurse that plays a large part in formulating and implementing patient care plans, evaluating their outcomes and continuously enforcing and improving the quality of care. The writer concludes that accrediting and regulatory bodies are different levels of professional accountability in the nursing profession that protect consumers from unnecessary harm and employers from the legal consequences of the malpractice of individual employees.
Outline:
Introduction
Regulatory Body: Purpose and Scope
Accrediting Body: Purpose and Scope
Similarities and Differences
Conclusion
From the Paper
"From the above, it can be seen that both regulation and accreditation provide different strata of professional accountability as they relate to the practice of safe, comprehensive and competent patient care. Accountability can also be seen in terms of institutional and individual accountability. Institution accreditation, while accountable for educating its graduates according to its own set of mission objectives, philosophy and goals, is no longer directly accountable for any shortcomings of the individual nurse in terms of clinical practice and continuing education. As the nurse enters individual practice, jurisdiction falls to the state nursing boards to determine individual accountability. Another difference is that (in the case of the U.S.), accreditation is done through a nationally recognized agency. This is advantageous in that accredited institutions adhere to a uniform set of accreditation prerequisites, which in effect standardizes core education competencies. Regulatory bodies, in contrast, have a more narrow authority, determined by governmental jurisdiction and specialization. This is advantageous in that individual registered nurses, irrespective of higher education, can be restricted in terms of area of practice and prosecuted according to state law if necessary. Additionally, individuals, rather than institutions, can more easily be restricted in practice and monitored."
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Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting, 2008.
A report on research analysis on the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV).
1,045 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a report on research carried out on the prevention and management of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). The paper explains that the purpose of the study was to identify contributory patient predispositions, nursing factors and events leading to PONV. The paper further explains that the researchers also sought to identify preventive and management interventions that could be used in the development of future research. The paper then goes on to describe other aspects of the study, including the literature review, research questions, study variables, data collection and analysis and its conclusions and recommendations.
Outline:
Problem and Purpose
Study Framework
Research Questions
Study Variables
Study Design
Population, Sample and Setting
Method of Measurement
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Interpretation of Findings
Conclusions
Recommendations
Implications for Practice
From the Paper
"The authors elaborated on the problem of PONV in terms of observations of increased and unneeded length of stay, increased costs as a result and the lack of a regular and formal post-operative assessment for nausea and vomiting, giving the purpose of the research adequate rationale for being conducted. The scope of the problem was sufficiently delimited, the purpose narrowed and clarified and is relevant to nursing. No gender bias was apparent in this section of the article."
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