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Drug Trial for Cancer Medication, 2008.
This paper discusses the drug Zometa that is used as a support medication for treating symptoms of cancer.
2,427 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the research and development on a new drug is expensive and time-consuming, followed by a lengthy trial and a lengthy approval process by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The writer points out that Zometa was approved for the treatment of hypecalcemia, a common metabolic complication associated with cancer. The writer discusses that research into the action of the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid (marketed as Zometa) was undertaken to gain FDA approval for use of the drug for the treatment of osteolytic bone metastases, and research is also under way for use of the drug for other purposes as well. The writer concludes that so far, approval has only been given for its use in treating cancer patients with bone metastases, though there are indications that it will be valuable for breast cancer patients facing other difficulties.
Outline:
Introduction
Medical Problems to be Addressed
Drug Action
Approval of the Drug
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Hypercalcimia of malignancy is considered the most common life-threatening metabolic complicastin of malignancy. It affects some 10 to 20 percent of patients with advanced cancer, varying widely with the type of cancer involved. It occurs most often in patients with multiple myeloma and carcinomas of the lung, breast, kidney, and the head and neck. Antihypercalcemic therapy is used, but median survival under these conditions has been found to be 30 days. Certain symptoms diminish the quality of life for these patients, such as nausea, vomiting, and altered mental states. HCM can also produce renal failure. Patients with bone metastases can also develop HCM. Factors that mediate hypercalcemia stimulate excess bone resorption and the release of calcium from the bone matrix, meaning that patients experience bone loss, a weakened bone structure, and higher circulating calcium levels. Bisphosphonates inhibit bone resorption and are the most effective therapy for HCM. Pamidronate has been one of the most commonly used treatments for HCM."
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Views on Death: Religion and Society, 2008.
This paper analyzes the social context of death in "Death: The Final Stages of Growth" by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross.
892 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
The paper examines Kubler-Ross' work "Death: The Final Stages of Growth" and her premise that denial of death is the central paradigm that creates the conflict between science and religion. The paper discusses how Kubler-Ross uses religious explanations of death to help unify her theory that more social and faith-based initiatives can help a death-denying society accept death as part of life.
From the Paper
"Kubler-Ross's analysis relies on varying different social backgrounds that define death through a religious perspective. In many cases, accounts from different religious organizations and belief systems are used to bring death to the forefront of American society and its denial of death. Kubler-Ross's background in the medical profession often elucidates this problem through the institutions of doctor, family, and social denial of death in her own experiences."
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Healthcare Insurance, 2008.
An analysis of the problem of the large uninsured population in the United States healthcare system.
1,107 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the unresolved issue of healthcare insurance in the United States. It analyzes whether and how to insure those who have no insurance now and the effects of the large uninsured population on the rest of the population. It describes past debates on the issue and the recommendations that were made then. The paper concludes that anything short of full coverage leaves a portion of the population outside the system and yet burdens the system in the long run.
From the Paper
"Insuring everyone may not solve these problems if the insurance plan itself includes requirements for more paperwork, showing that full insurance in and of itself is not the sole answer to the health care problem. However, it is a vital start and gives the public what it sorely needs, that being a better health care system and better health as well. So long as there is a huge uninsured population, health care costs cannot be contained because the insured population is absorbing the costs of the uninsured, whether they know it or not. It is true that a full insurance program for everyone would spread the costs as well, but it could do so in a more efficient and controlled manner and would thus provide better information to those seeking to reduce health car costs across the board."
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Iron Deficiency in Iran, 2008.
This paper discusses social determinations of health and measures to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency, concentrating on Iran.
1,338 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that iron deficiency is an issue for developing and industrialized countries. Iron deficiency involves both modifiable risk factors and the social determinants of health. The writer maintains that part of the problem is that measures of iron deficiency are inconsistent while another part of the problem relates to varying combinations of nutrients or just one nutrient being used in isolation. The writer discusses that Iran is a developing country where the prevalence has been heavily reduced, but it is possible that if the determinants of health were used as variables, the prevalence could be eliminated. The writer notes that the nutrition the mother and child receives during the period when the child is six to 12 months of age has implications for the entire life span but must be situated in terms of the overall conditions of socioeconomic position and the culture.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Rationale
Literature Review
Description of Methodology
References
From the Paper
"Iron deficiency is a problem in both developing and industrialized countries. The objective is to demonstrate that whether the issue of irony deficiency is located in the Third World or in affluent nations, it is based in modifiable risk factors. The hypothesis is that the problem with addressing iron deficiency is related to the determinants of health since, if nutritional supplementation is aimed only at the first priority, then entire aspects of the child's development will inevitably be neglected. The research question is: In a country such as Iran where prevalence has been reduced to a moderate level, can that prevalence of iron deficiency be further reduced by using the determinants of health as measures?"
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Child Sexual Abuse, 2008.
This paper discusses child sexual abuse and looks at possible effects of such a trauma on a child.
1,212 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that child sexual abuse results in numerous long-term effects on the victim's later functioning and those later effects are demonstrated in low self-esteem and maladaptive behavior. The writer maintains that sexuality cannot be regarded as confined to the genitals or reproductive process, but rather must be understood as one component of the personality which impacts on personal identity and self-esteem. The writer points out that child sexual abuse cannot be approached merely as an issue of sexuality nor as an isolated event. It is trauma which affects the child's view of the world and, without effective therapy, will affect the individual for the duration of his life. The outcome of sexual abuse has a wide range and is also subject to wide variation from psychiatric problems to suicide. The writer concludes that whatever form the actual abuse might take, it is always a traumatic event that has the potential to alter the child's development, and is approached as such by therapy.
From the Paper
"The victim is transformed in a negative way as a consequence of child sexual abuse. Until such an event occurs, the person normally has a sense of invulnerability or the idea that bad things cannot happen for them. After the traumatic event, however, the same individual as a consequence of having that illusion shattered will then expect victimization to reoccur. According to Gorran, the experience of sexual abuse inevitably leads to a pronounced inability to trust, which leads into later problems with interpersonal relationships which are associated with the same underlying mistrust that persists over the life span. A second effect of child sexual abuse is that it destroys the idea of a meaningful, stable, and predictable world. Prior to the event, the older child has a view of the world that some other person can be victimized but not herself or himself. It is when the victim is acquainted with the perpetrator of the sexual abuse that the world will no longer make sense and cannot be meaningful for the victim; this is also the defining feature of the whole psychological impact of traumatic stress disorder. Trauma can include the victim's conviction that there is something deeply wrong with herself or himself, and especially that in some way they have instigated the assault."
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Brain Cancer Rehabilitation, 2008.
This paper discusses the different treatments and therapies available to aid in rehabilitation following brain cancer.
1,933 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that brain cancer, unlike other cancers, possesses certain characteristics that make physical therapy treatment similar to that of treatments of other brain injuries such as strokes or trauma. The writer notes that while the prospect and dread associated with brain tumors is understandable, timely diagnosis, surgery, post-operative cancer eradication and expedient physical therapy can restore functionality, independence and productivity. The writer looks at the different kinds of brain cancer and then examines diagnosis matters and different types of treatment and therapy.
Outline:
Overview
Types of Brain Cancer
Pathogenesis
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Impairments, Functional Limitations and Disabilities
Physical Therapy Treatment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Clinical suspicion of a brain tumor and possible localization through clinical neurological physical findings should lead to a means of visualizing the central nervous system in the least invasive manner possible. The gold standard for diagnosis would ideally be biopsy of the tumor; however, such procedures may jeopardize the patient's life, if at all impractical for most tumors lying deep within the brain parenchyma. However, these may be indicated when diagnostic imaging fails to convey a definite impression and a biopsy, with all risks and benefits carefully weighed and preliminary medical treatment to prevent brain herniation undertaken. Moreover, a biopsy of the lesion must be able to show that in being done, it will affect subsequent medical treatment."
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Leadership Analysis, 2008.
A paper that looks at the leadership roles in health care organizations.
1,645 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the significance of leadership in relation to the health care profession. The author focuses on where leaders exist in the health care community, and on their significance. After providing a leadership analysis, the author concludes that leaders are significant to the health care organization, playing an important role in relationship to the people that function within the health care community.
Outline:
Introduction
Power
Leadership
Leadership Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Fabian (2004) states that leadership is a significant element within the organization because it serves to merge workers and managers into a cohesive team that will function for the benefit of the organization (p. 54). Leaders traditionally work with management in order to meet organizational goals that will assist the company with growth. Yet, leaders also work specifically with the concerns of the workers in mind, serving to motivate workers toward the accomplishment of those goals. Corrigan claims that leadership that is guided by ethics is essential if the leadership is to serve the needs of the people within the organization (p. 6). This is because leaders must consistently consider all stakeholders in the decision making process and make determinations that will benefit everyone within the organization. Hoffman (2000) contends that when leadership functions at its optimal level, leaders are the guiding force behind success in business (p. 22). Because leaders are concerned with people, leaders are always focusing on change that will benefit those people, with managers functioning as administrators over the rules and regulations of the company. Given the significance of leadership in relation to health care, therefore, this paper focuses on where leaders exist in the health care community, focuses on a leader of significance in health care and analyzes that leader as integral to the medical field."
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Electronic Medical Records and Security, 2008.
This paper looks at the subject of electronic medical records, focusing on security and confidentiality issues.
2,906 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 15 sources, MLA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that advances in computer technology and the development of the Internet have enabled the healthcare community to maintain medical records electronically, which has been beneficial for patients and healthcare providers alike. The writer points out that there is also a downside to this system of electronic record keeping, for it also renders the private medical records of patients vulnerable to unauthorized access. The writer notes that the healthcare community has a professional and ethical responsibility to formulate and implement appropriate policies to deal with such risks. The writer discusses that the emergence of electronic medical records systems presents security challenges, for such records are far more vulnerable to unauthorized access by third parties than paper records kept in a doctor's office, a nursing station, or a clinic. The writer maintains that protecting the privacy of patients is essential, not only because of the vital importance of ethical medical treatment, but because of emerging confidentiality issues related to electronic medical records.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Discussion
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"The literature review clarifies that the healthcare community has a professional and ethical responsibility to formulate and implement appropriate policies to deal with the risks to confidentiality imposed by electronic medical record keeping. It is evident that the development and expansion of electronic medical records systems presents a wide range of security, ethics, and medical research interest challenges.
"The fundamental issue underlying all other issues is the fact that electronic medical records are far more vulnerable to unauthorized access by third parties than paper medical records were. Protecting the privacy of patients has always been essential because of the vital importance of providing ethical and confidential medical treatment, but it has also been essential to conduct medical research, which requires access to healthcare data on a general and individual patient basis. Consequently, everyone involved in this debate and affected by it must understand the implications of restricting electronic access to medical records."
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Narrative Therapy: A Case Study, 2008.
A discussion of narrative therapy and its application as a treatment strategy for anorexia.
1,774 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses narrative therapy, which is considered a post-modern therapy and mental health treatment that seeks to gain the cooperation and insight of the patient himself. The paper applies narrative therapy to an anorexic patient to illustrate how this therapy can be utilized in the patient's recovery.
Outline:
Narrative Therapy Overview
Characteristics
Narrative Perspectives
Narrative Concerns
Narrative Therapy in the Future
Narrative Therapy in Application
From the Paper
"Narrative therapy can be considered a post-modern therapy and mental health treatment that seeks to gain the cooperation and insight of the patient him or herself. It consists of the integration of individuals' expressions of their unique experiences in life, an account of the individuals' interpretive processes about those experiences, and in relating these unique experience sets to both the culture background of the individual and the treatment plan (Bull, Dettinger, Detwiler, Petersen & Propst, 2005, paras.1-12). It is the counselor's or therapist's duty to reconcile these experiences and, most importantly, the individual's interpretive perception of them, with the particular mental affectation that is manifesting itself."
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Gestational Diabetes and Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension, 2008.
This paper discusses gestational diabetes and looks at whether there is a connection with pregnancy-induced hypertension.
1,838 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that gestational diabetes affects only a very small percentage of all pregnant mothers. The writer further notes that pregnancy-induced hypertension is found in about the same proportion of pregnant mothers as is gestational diabetes. The writer points out that weight gain during pregnancy predicts very high risk for gestational diabetes, along with other problems such as pregnancy-induced hypertension, Cesarean section and stillbirth. The writer provides a literature review and discusses whether there is a link between gestational diabetes and pregnancy-induced hypertension so that they can be treated together. The writer maintains that the treatment of women with gestational diabetes, along with health teaching, which involves dietary advice, blood glucose monitoring, and insulin therapy, results in a reduction of serious perinatal outcomes such as death or bone fracture. Other benefits include improved health-related quality of life among women with gestational diabetes, both during the antenatal period and three months after birth, as well as a possible reduction in the incidence of postnatal depression.
Outline:
Introduction
Background
Literature Review
Analysis
From the Paper
"Haakova and Cibula found in their retrospective study with data obtained from medical records that women who have polycystic ovary syndrome, which is a common endocrine disorder, that there are no important differences in the prevalence of gestational diabetes or of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Even though the two groups in the study were matched for age, weight, family history, and patient history, both gestational diabetes and hypertension were similar for those groups. However, as these researchers note, a high incidence of pregnancy induced hypertension has been found in several other studies of women with polycystic ovary syndrome, so that there may be a link between hyperinsulinaemia and hypertension during pregnancy.
"Lifestyle interventions also constitute the primary treatment for gestational diabetes."
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Nursing Leadership, 2008.
This paper uses the author's own experience to exemplify the application of leadership theories to the hospital nursing environment.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the correction of a situation of poor morale within the author's nursing staff of a hospital telemetry team. The author attributes this morale issue to a very busy workload, to demanding physicians who mostly are non-collegial and especially to a high turnover rate of new people who leave within a year. The paper related that these resignations were because many nurses, including senior staff nurses, felt powerless in their daily work. The author states that her goal became to enhance the staff's personal level of empowerment. The paper explains that some sources of power were in the extensive experience (expert power) of the staff itself and in the legitimate and recognized leadership power of the author. The author comments that this legitimate type of power can influence, motivate and facilitate the direction of the author's staff.
From the Paper
"I began to empower my subordinates by first utilizing the human resources at hand. The senior staff was a promising starting point primarily due to their accumulated experience within the telemetry unit. This initiation of distribution of power started with the recognition of senior staff that see the opportunity to assume greater responsibility and accountability, influence and direct others, participate in planning, decision-making and implementation. This also went hand-in-hand with the examination of personal motivations for seeking and exerting power."
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Medicare and Medicaid Programs, 2008.
This paper discusses the two health care programs, Medicare and Medicaid.
954 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Franklin D. Roosevelt's financially recuperative "New Deal" and the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921 during the Great Depression helped the American public back on the road to health. The writer points out that the Social Security Act of 1935 was sadly Roosevelt's last efforts to establish universal financial and health security. The writer discusses that another try at providing universal health came in 1965 with Medicare/Medicaid, but by this time until the present, however, history, economics and politics would be complicit in impeding a utopian vision of "affordable health care for all." This paper describes each program in terms of eligibility criteria, funding approval process, appeal procedures and scope of devices and services funded.
Outline:
Medicaid
Medicare
Medicare vs. Medicaid
From the Paper
"Franklin D. Roosevelt's financially recuperative "New Deal" and the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921 during the Great Depression helped the American public back on the road to health. The Social Security Act of 1935 was sadly Roosevelt's (and all those who succeeded him) last efforts to establish universal financial and health security. Another try at providing universal health came in 1965 with Medicare/Medicaid; by this time until the present, however, history, economics and politics would be complicit in impeding a utopian vision of "affordable health care for all." This paper will describe each program in terms of eligibility criteria, funding approval process, appeal procedures and scope of devices and services funded.
"Medicaid is a federal program administered at the state level that aids individuals with low-income, insufficient or no health insurance. Health care needs are paid directly to care providers, in whole or partially subsidized."
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Dissociative Identity Disorder, 2008.
An analysis of the aspects of dissociative identity disorder (DID) that make it difficult to diagnose.
1,821 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes whether dissociative identity disorder (DID), also known by its older designation to lay people as multiple personality disorder (MPD) or split personality, really exists. It discusses the disease's diagnosis and pathogenesis and the problems with differential diagnoses. The paper suggests that the diagnosis of DID should be guarded, preferably made as a diagnosis of exclusion. The paper also contains an annotated bibliography.
From the Paper
"However, Merckelbach, Devilly and Rassin's review of the alters in DID effectively challenge the prevailing support for DID in calling into question the very nature of the claimed multiple personality. The authors sought a better definition of the multiple identities associated with DID. They assert that, as opposed to unconvincing evidence of the existence of alters ranging from acceptance due to their mutually exclusive memories to distinct documented physiological profiles (fMRI, EEG), these personalities can alternately be seen as emotional metaphors and escapist thought (Merckelbach, Devilly and Rassin 486-490). Needless to say, there is very little consensus among the psychiatric community on what the alters actually are, in large part due to the lack of a control group and a further lack of knowledge regarding memory function (Merckelbach, Devilly and Rassin 492). Furthermore, their research supports the claim in showing that there can be no absolutely reliable diagnosis of DID because the "personalities" themselves cannot be proven to be real alter-identities."
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A Study Analysis: Physical Fitness and Drug Recidivism, 2008.
This paper analyzes the study "Drug court Interventions and the Role of Physical Fitness programs in Client Treatment Outcomes" by Eric R. Thompson.
877 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the study "Drug court Interventions and the Role of Physical Fitness programs in Client Treatment Outcomes". The paper explains that the subject study was conducted in the Orange County Drug Court to see if the well accepted benefits of a physical fitness program would have a positive influence on the relapse and recidivism rate that is usually very high among drug offenders. The paper concludes that due to limited participation, the results were inconclusive.
Outline:
Part One - Is This A True Experiment?
Identify the Independent and Dependent Variables
Internal and External Validity
Cross-sectional versus Longitudinal
Identify the Study and Control Groups
Does the Study Meet the Requirements of Randomness?
Will the Study be Generalizable to the Broader Population?
Part Two - Ethical Issues
From the Paper
"The requirements that a true experiment have are three elements, those being two comparison groups, variations in the independent variables before assessment of the dependent variables and random assignment of the groups (Schutt, 2006, p.201). In the assessment of the fitness programs in drug courts, the researcher made a good faith effort to establish the requisite elements to have a true experiment. However his efforts were hampered due to low funding and low participation (Thompson, 2006, p.84). As detailed below, the study did have independent and dependent variables, variations in the independent variables, however the randomness of the participants was lacking due to an extreme lack of participation in the experimental group. Therefore although the experiment was set up with the best of intentions, the actual scientific value of the experiment is questionable because of the weakness of the third element."
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