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Immunobiology and HIV, 2008.
An analysis of the mechanisms involved in HIV infection and the role of chemokines in suppression of HIV replication.
2,060 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the relationship between immunobiology and HIV. It analyzes the research in an attempt to understand the mechanisms involved in HIV infection and in the operation of various related biological effects. The paper then addresses the role of the chemokine MIP-1 beta, among others, in T cell mediated suppression of HIV replication.
From the Paper
"Patke, Green, and Shearer examine the role of beta-chemokines and their chemokine receptor on HIV B lymphocyte function. To test this interaction, the researchers used highly purified normal human B cells from seronegative donors, isolating them by adherence to CD19-coated beads. They then treated IL-4 plus anti-CD40-activated B cells with recombinant gp120 (10 ng/ml) before exposure to beta chemokines or receptor. At that stage, cyclic nucleotide generation was assessed at six hr, DNA synthesis at day threem and IgM production on day seven. Also, cell surface marker expression was determined by flow cytometric analysis using the Coulter EPICS-XL. What the researchers found was that there ia a role for MIP-1 beta and RANTES on the early B cell events of proliferation, cyclic nucleotide generation, and cell surface marker receptor modulation in opposition to the beta chemokine receptor, CCR5. the researchers also note that the ability to regulate early B cell events might be a targeted area in the development of novel designer molecule therapeutic approaches to AIDS, though further research is needed finally to demonstrate this possibility."
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The Nursing Shortage, 2008.
A discussion of the nursing shortage in the United States.
1,930 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper identifies the factors affecting the supply of nursing personnel in US health care organizations today. The paper discusses how the consequences of this shortage are most evident in the quality of health services delivered to patients and in the future of nursing as a profession. The paper asserts that efforts must be made to make not only nursing graduates stay within their chosen profession, but also to encourage and support promising individuals who want to pursue an academic career as nursing faculty.
From the Paper
"The nursing shortage in the United States and elsewhere is not a new phenomenon. This shortage can be traced to several factors, including those pertaining to personal and financial equity, the presence of more lucrative career options, high attrition rates of new graduates and personal satisfaction. Obstacles such as insufficient enrolment and nurse population growth rates, faculty shortages, an aging nurse population, apart from job dissatisfaction and subsequent career changes are still prevalent and unaddressed (American Association of Colleges of Nursing [AACN], 2004). With the coming realization that the health care infrastructure of the Unites States is less than satisfactory and more and more in danger of collapse as the "baby boomer" generation retires, health care professionals, particularly nurses, face an even bigger dilemma."
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Adult Onset of Schizophrenia, 2008.
This paper examines the psychological disorder of schizophrenia.
1,386 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that schizophrenia is a psychological disorder from an underlying brain disorder and that individuals diagnosed with acute schizophrenia have hallucinations and delusions. The paper then relates that individuals having lesser symptoms experience withdrawal, social isolation, and unusual speech, thinking or behavior. The paper also points out that although there are many mental disorders, schizophrenia is more complex yet it affects approximately 1 percent of people globally. The paper then explores the etiology, characteristics, assessment, and treatment of schizophrenia.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Etiology
Characteristics
Assessments
Treatment and Management
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Schizophrenia, a complex mental health disorder, involves a harsh, persistent, and hindering interruption of the brain. There is no specific cause of obtaining schizophrenia. However research has suggested that it develops from a chemical imbalance in the brain from inherited factors such as genetics, behavioral, and environmental conditions. Schizophrenia affects men and women however the symptoms are more prone to men in their late teens and/or early 20s, women between 20s and 30s. Individual diagnosed with severe schizophrenia may have hallucinations or delusions. Lesser symptoms include individuals with disordered thinking. A licensed psychiatrist usually diagnoses schizophrenia. Treatment is given to individuals with schizophrenia by many factors i.e. age, health, medical history and therapy."
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Bellevue Medical Center, New York, 2008.
An overview of Bellevue Medical Center, its services, its organizational structure, its nursing and its quality of care.
3,184 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an organizational critique of Bellevue Medical Center, New York. It describes the history and background of the establishment and how it has grown over the years. It describes Bellevue's teaching program for New York University's medical students and lists its emergency services. The paper also focuses on nursing, organizational structure, policies and programs, as well as quality of care issues at Bellevue.
Table of Contents:
Overview of the Organization
The Fourteen Forces of Magnetism
Leadership: Nursing, Organizational Structure, Policies and Programs
Quality of Care
Professional Development: Nurses as Teachers, Interdisciplinary Relationships and Professional Development
Synthesis of Assessment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Finally, because Bellevue has repeatedly demonstrated the willingness to listen to the concerns of nurses and institute policies that support their beliefs, the institution functions in a manner that values its staff. When workers in an organization understand that they are valued, workers desire to support the goals of the organization, creating a working system that is successful over the long term. At Bellevue Medical Center the system not only supports the individual, it supports all community groups and focuses on populations that would otherwise be incapable of receiving health care. For nurses that desire to make a significant difference in the lives of people, this incentive alone demonstrates a positive draw to the nursing professional that supports the reasons that many nurses entered the field in the first place."
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Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 2008.
An in-depth marketing audit of the Bristol Myers Squibb Company (BMSC).
2,486 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 15 sources, APA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that Bristol Myers Squibb Company's (BMSC) recent history can be summed up by its battle with Pfizer to gain control of the cardiovascular drug market. The paper provides an overview of Pfizer and offers a competitor profile matrix. The paper then discusses the industry rivalry and includes a SWOT analysis. The paper concludes that BMSC has developed a very integrated manufacturing and distribution network that has allowed it to capitalize on its brand image as a leading pharmaceutical company. The paper provides recommendations and includes an appendix detailing the company's background.
Outline:
The Competitive Environment
BMSC in the Marketplace
Conclusions & Recommendations
From the Paper
"The degree of industry rivalry in the pharmaceutical industry is high and potentially debilitating even for the larger competitors. Proctor identifies five levels of competition that most enterprises face in today's hyper-competitive marketplace: direct, close, similar products, substitute products and indirect competition (2000, p.103). These levels of competition vector with Porter's five forces model of competition whereby he models the relationship in the marketplace between competitive forces that together form a core of rivalry that is measured in degrees of intensity (Proctor, 2000). For the pharmaceutical industry, the degree of intensity in competitive forces is extremely high because the risks at stake are considerable; often in the 100s of millions to the billions."
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Tsunami Club Critique, 2008.
A critique of the Tsunami Club's physical exercise program with recommendations for improvements.
1,756 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper critiques a program of the Tsunami Club, which specializes in karate, Japanese judo, and Brazilian jiu-jitsu for children aged 3-17 of both sexes. The paper focuses on this club because of its comprehensive programs involving judo that has been developed coast to coast and because the children's entire physical activity centers on them. The paper describes the program and concludes with recommendations for its improvement. a copy of an advertisement for the Tsunami Club is appended to the paper.
Table of Contents:
Introduction/Description
Program Critique
Recommendations
From the Paper
"Judo can be used effectively with children who have emotional, developmental and behavioral problems because they learn the power of concentration. The program should be expanded over the Toronto area as a teaching strategy for such children. Mannion (5) states that "the kicks, stances, punches and grappling of martial arts are a good way for children with behavioral problems to channel their aggression". At the same time, judo is not about the external so that teachers need to ensure that students are internalizing the lessons."
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Nursing Interventions for Diabetes, 2008.
This paper discusses the importance of an approach to diabetes management that emphasizes patient empowerment through self-care.
2,267 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper explores how quality of life in patients with diabetes is a large concern for nurses. The paper discusses how complications associated with diabetes are the main contributors to disability and death rather than the disease itself. The paper explains that one type of intervention that can greatly decrease the likelihood of complications is preventive self-care activities.
Outline:
Statement of Issue
Concern to Professional Nursing
Intervention
Implementation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Quality of life in patients with chronic illnesses such as diabetes is a large concern for nurses. Unlike acute disease processes, chronic disease in patients, while therapeutic relations between nurse and patient can strengthen over time, they must also be evaluated to determine the effectivity of treatment. Interventions to improve the quality of life of these patients have significant value. DeSouza and Nairy (2003) reported a significant improvement in quality of life parameters with nurse-directed intervention. Some of these interventions involve patient empowerment through teaching of self-care activities that not only aid both health care provider and patient to jointly participate in managing diabetes, but also impart to both patient and family a sense of control over this chronic disease."
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The Roles of the Advanced Practice Nurse, 2008.
An analysis of the roles of the advanced practice nurse and an interview with a nurse practitioner regarding two particular competencies of the profession.
2,160 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the term 'advanced practice nurse' and four distinct roles involved in being such a nurse. The paper points out that all of these roles are based on six core competencies besides the central competency of direct care. The paper includes an interview with a nurse practitioner, focusing on two of those competencies which are derived from Ann Hamric's "Model of Advanced Practice Nursing". The paper concludes that the most important core competency on the basis of this interview is collaboration.
Outline:
Introduction
Advanced Practice Nurse: Four Roles
Interview
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The nurse practitioner acts as a primary care or specialty care provider and also as a consultant to individual patients, families, and communities (AANP, 2002). The nurse practitioner is concerned with medical as well as nursing issues, health promotion and maintenance, prevention of disease and acute and chronic disease diagnosis and management (AANP, 2002). Advanced practice nurses work in a variety of settings such as neonatal, pediatric, gerontology, women's health, school and occupational health, adult critical care or family care, and specialize in illnesses such as AIDS (Becker & Kaplow, 2006; AANP, 2002). The advanced practice nurse is not only a skilled nursing clinician but a practice leader who is able to create a significant impact on care across a wide range of settings. Advanced practice nurses work to optimize outcomes for patients, the family, health care providers, and the health organization/system (Becker & Kaplow)."
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Transformational Leadership in Nursing, 2008.
An analysis of the impact that the transformational leader can have on the nursing environment and on organizational commitment.
2,059 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the role of transformational leadership in response to change within the nursing profession. It describes the important impact that leadership can have both on the nursing environment and on organizational commitment. The paper suggests that the transformational leader should have the ability to transform the image of nursing and to resolve the nursing shortage by inspiring and motivating followers.
From the Paper
"Transformational leadership is especially important at the present time since it inspires and supports nurse who work under heavy workloads and with numerous sources of stress. Because of transformational leadership, nurses realize that a new image and model of nursing is possible. Even under such strenuous conditions, the leader with inspirational motivation is able to energize the members of the organization (Beugre, 2006). This is possible because the transformational leader is able to impact on others' perceptions of themselves and also on their degree of trust and job satisfaction. The result is seen in a correlation between transformational leadership and organizational performance (Boerner, 2007)."
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Nursing and Therapeutic Communication, 2008.
A case study emphasizing the importance of using therapeutic communication in dealing with patients.
980 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
This paper is a case study, based upon a nurse's experience with a particular patient suffering from dementia. The purpose of the study is to illustrate how therapeutic communication, greater sensitivity and cultural awareness, may help increase patient trust and the efficacy of nursing care in difficult situations. The paper concludes that it is very important in any situation to put the patients and their perspective first. It suggest developing a plan of care that integrates empathy for the patient, background knowledge of the illness, and awareness of the patient's cultural backgrounds.
Outline:
Looking Back
Analysis
Revision
New Perspective
From the Paper
"Although we knew Helen was very frightened and could not understand the situation, there was no attentive listening to her needs and concerns (Grover, 2005). We both knew that Helen was beginning to suffer from dementia. Dementia refers to "a progressive illness of cognitive, functional, and physical deterioration" (Helton & van der Stern, 2006, p. 222). On reflecting on the situation, I came to understand how ethical issues are involved. One of these issues is respect for persons because we were so taken with our efforts to stop the bleeding that we ignored the person and her needs. Another ethical issue is beneficence or doing good because the panic she felt may have worsened her dementia. Another issue is cross-cultural. Helton and van der Stern (2006) found that when dementia is involved both patients and family members have painful emotional needs take priority over everything, even decision making."
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Risk Management and the Nursing Shortage, 2008.
A discussion of the worldwide nursing shortage and its negative effect on patients.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the problem that health care risk management has not been utilized effectively in relation to nurses, who were once valued as the pivotal health care providers in the medical field. The paper claims that, as hospital systems began to feel the competition associated with globalization, administrators sought to obtain funding that would allow them to become conglomerates and have a dominant strength in the health care system nationwide. In order to obtain this funding hospitals and health care centers believed that the most effective method was to reduce staffing and equipment costs. Nurses were primarily affected and, over time, the situation was further impacted by nurses that left the field out of frustration, retirement, or migration to other countries. This nursing shortage, consequently, has had a negative effect on patients and the risk of increased patient injuries. The research maintains that this nursing shortage is one of the most significant issues that exists in health care today. Risk analysis indicates that there are no positive factors associated with the nursing shortage, but that there are solutions to the issue that all health care facilities can consider in changing their environments. The paper concludes that the most important method of addressing the issue is clearly altering the hospital system to demonstrate greater appreciation for professional nurses and to focus on personnel rather than on funding.
From the Paper
"Although it has been a trend over the last few decades for health care systems to ignore the needs of their nurses, according to McCormick (2006) this philosophy is changing (sec. 1). This is because it is becoming evident that while nurses may feel a connection to nursing or have worked in the profession for a long time, they also realize that they have other career choices that are less stressful and that will meet their economic needs. Yet, McCormick (2006) suggests that this belief will cease among nurses when the health care systems of the country do all that is within their power to protect the qualified nurses that exist today."
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Daily Nutrition, 2008.
This paper discusses the importance of daily nutrition and its personal significance to the writer.
821 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 16.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that one's daily nutrition is an important part of maintaining personal health and well being. Nutrition, the science of food, informs our understanding of how we can best achieve optimal health and ward off disease. The writer points out that numerous studies have confirmed that proper nutrition is paramount to achieving excellent health and therefore should be a basic part of all preventative medicine. Unfortunately, eating often has very little to do with dietary needs. The writer maintains that being self aware about one's nutritional needs and dietary habits is an important first step in improving one's overall health and long-term well being. The paper also discusses the writer's personal dietary intake.
From the Paper
"My own feelings about my recorded dietary intake were overall positive. For breakfast I had oatmeal with raisins and coffee with creamer and Sweet 'n Low. Raisins comprised a midmorning snack, followed by a lunch of a grilled chicken salad. Dinner was carrots with a small serving of fish. In addition, I drank roughly 96 ounces of water during the course of the day. The day in question was a fairly ordinary day in my diet as of late, which I found to be especially positive since I exceeded or just barely missed the minimum requirements for all of the categories in the Food Pyramid except for one. Dairy was the only recommended minimum that I completely failed to achieve. Since this dietary intake represents a fairly typical day for me, the implication is that I need to increase my intake of healthy dairy in order to better meet my basic nutritional requirements."
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Pharmaceutical Chemistry: Levofloxacin, 2008.
A discussion of the levofloxacin antibiotic and its use in the treatment for pneumonia.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 15 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper focuses on levofloxacin, an antibiotic that has been used to treat pneumonia, sinusitis, urinary tract infections, bronchitis and exposure to anthrax. The paper describes the drug and how it is effective in the cure for pneumonia. The paper provides a description of its discovery, an evaluation to assess its efficacy and a discussion of the artificial route used in its dynamics. The paper also looks at clinical trials, post-launch market information and at comparisons to other drugs used for pneumonia in terms of suitable treatment.
Outline:
Introduction
Explanation of the Disease that the Drug is involved
and its Effects
Description of Discovery
Evaluation Used to Assess Efficiency
Artificial Route Used in its Dynamics
Information from ADME and Toxicology
Clinical Trials Date and Data
Post-launch Market Information
Comparisons to Other Drugs
Conclusions
From the Paper
"In the previous years, the development of consecutive generations of antibiotics have been elevated and dissected to deter specific diseases. For example, fluoroquinolones with lesser generations such as "levofloxacin, grepafloxacin, sitafloxacin, sparfloxacin," (Ball, 2003, p. 647) has been formulated to deter various infections. Specifically, levofloxacin, an antibiotic has been used to treat an array of bacterial infections such as pneumonia, sinusitis, urinary tract infections, bronchitis and exposure to anthrax. It has also been used as an antidepressant and heartburn. This drug sternly damages the cell walls of the infecting bacteria avoiding any multiplication."
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Living with Terminal Illness, 2008.
An analysis of the importance of a well-trained, empathic health force and modern facilities in supporting a patient with terminal illness.
2,235 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 0 sources, APA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the difficulties that may be associated with having a terminal disease, in terms of a patient's contentment with life. It describes the resources and support that Canadian patients with terminal disease are fortunate in possessing. It discusses how these resources of a well-trained, empathic health force and modern facilities support social well-being. The paper provides examples from the literature.
From the Paper
"Quality of life in patients with terminal illnesses such as terminal cancer is no doubt a large concern for nurses. Unlike acute disease processes, terminal diseases in patients, while therapeutic relations between nurse and patient can strengthen over time, must also be evaluated to determine the effectiveness of treatment. In this case, it is the preparation of the patient and family in body, mind and spirit for that inevitable transition from life to death. Interventions to improve the quality of life of these patients have significant value as portrayed in the previous articles."
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