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Expiration of the Agreement on Textile and Clothing, 2008.
An analysis of the implications of the expiration of the Agreement on Textile and Clothing (ATC).
2,381 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes the expiration of the Agreement on Textile and Clothing (ATC). The paper contends that the expiration freed the trade of textile and clothing of the quotas that had previously bound it. It discusses the history of the ATC and the implications of its expiration on the textile industry. The paper particularly focuses on the implications for China of the expiration of the ATC. The paper includes original source material at the end.
From the Paper
"In the final analysis, the termination of Agreement on Textile and Clothing will definitely produce a more volatile and competitive global market for textile and clothing manufacturers. The likeliest winners over the coming years will be countries whose textile and clothing industries have sharpened their competitive edge by adopting the latest technology, and which will most effectively interpret the rapidly changing trade patterns generated by the expiration of the ATC."
"Unless they immediately take steps to provide assistance to their clothing and textile industries so they can become more efficient and competitive, other textile and clothing exporting countries may only experience marginal benefits. The countries that will face the greatest challenges will be those that are unable to use up their full quotas, while countries not currently subject to restrictions on import markets will also have to prepare themselves for increased competition from countries whose exports are currently
restrained."
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Criminal V. Drug Courts, 2008.
This paper explores the differences between criminal courts and drug courts in the U.S. legal structure.
728 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 13.95
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Abstract
The paper offers a brief introduction to the U.S. legal structure and identifies the role of criminal courts and drug courts. The paper discusses the differences between the treatment of defendants in criminal courts and drug courts and explains that the success of drug courts in reducing recidivism is largely due to the application of justice with leniency and treatment.
Outline:
Abstract
Overview
Criminal Courts
Drug Courts
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Both criminal and drug courts fall within the legal apparatus of the U.S. court system but they do so with somewhat different imperatives. The criminal courts have as the main priority to provide a forum for the prosecution to make the case for the conviction of the accused while, for the accused, they are a venue in which he or she can establish his or her innocence. In the typical drug courts, or similar diversion type program, they have, by the participation of the accused, essentially established so degree of guilt in advance but in recognition of the accused individual's drug problems the courts seek an alternative to simple prosecution and incarceration."
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The NSA Wiretap Program, 2008.
This paper explores whether the National Security Agency wiretap program is constitutional.
776 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 15.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the United States government, through the National Security Agency, has monitored international cellphone calls without a search warrant. The paper looks at the Bush administration's arguments in support of this program vs. a federal court ruling that that the wiretap program is unconstitutional. The paper concludes that the Administration's belief in the President's inherent powers contradicts the Constitution.
From the Paper
"In conjunction with the appearance before the Senate Judiciary Committee of Attorney General Alberto Gonzalez, the Administration issued a 42-page defense of the program, "Legal Authorities Supporting the Activities of the National Security Agency Described by the President" ["Legal Authorities"]. This paper makes four arguments in support of this program: (1) inherent presidential power; (2) the resolution calling for use of military force; (3) consistency with the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act; and (4) consistency with the Constitution."
"The Administration contends that the President has inherent powers which he can use without specific congressional sanction to protect the United States. In support of this claim, the Legal Authorities cites The Federalist Papers, No. 23 and No. 41, in which Hamilton and Madison argued that the President, holding the entire executive power of the nation, may act to protect the United States. ("Legal Authorities" 6-10)"
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Censorship of High School Newspapers, 2008.
This paper discusses the issue of censorship as it relates to newspapers and reporting within high schools.
1,055 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that censorship in the United States has always been a controversial issue in journalism, television and print media. However, the writer points out, the past two decades have witnessed the growing concern of censorship at the high school level. The writer discusses that journalistic censorship in high school, in many states, has been supported by the Supreme Court, stating that educational institutions are accountable for the information released to the students. The writer maintains that the main issue is the importance of maintaining constitutionality and upholding the right to speak freely about social issues that impact everyone, adults and teenagers alike. The writer concludes that in many cases, allowing high school newspapers to report on issues that impact the young community can increase awareness on the general health of the student body. Further, the writer maintains that while educators feel morally responsible and accountable for the information that students retain, it is their duty to be facilitators of education, rather than editors of information.
From the Paper
"The constitution clearly states, as amended, that minors and adults alike are not to be subject to restriction of the Bill of Rights. Quite simply, censoring one type of journalistic media without monitoring another is a blatant double standard that does ignores the Supreme Courts ruling of the 1969 amendment. While educators argue that high school newspapers are part of the school curriculum and should be monitored and censored, reports indicate that the concepts of journalism taught in the classroom are not related to the real life issues that occur in the community. Controlling a newspaper's content also causes into the question the violation of constitutional liberties, and the notion that a high school newspaper's content is taught as part of a school's curriculum is off-base. Educational institutions are responsible for providing students with the necessary knowledge of fundamentals on a variety of topics. However, the Hazelwood School District vs. Kuhlmeirer clearly shows an attempt to trump the ideas resulting from the application of journalism fundamentals."
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Prostitution in Canada, 2008.
A discussion on whether prostitution should be legal in cases of adult choice in Canada.
1,274 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how prostitution is legal in Canada although living off the avails of prostitution remains illegal as does engaging in sex-for-money negotiations in a public place. It contends that when investigating the circumstances of most sex trade workers, one does see why at least partial criminalization remains desirable and why an inhibiting legal framework is needed.
Outline:
Introduction
Arguments Against Legalized Prostitution
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"Street prostitutes face extreme danger in random violence, sexual assault and abduction, risks that men and women probably would not take without the compulsion to finance addictions. Street prostitution, as the now prevailing form, is generally considered 10 times more dangerous than sex work in brothels of one kind or another, for the bona fide criminal preys upon vulnerable persons of which the sex worker is highly vulnerable for each client is usually a stranger of unknown potential. Sex workers are known to be less likely to report assaults or thefts to police, they often have access to cash, and are easily identified. (Summers 2006) Whereas other men or women are usually not accessible for one-on-one private meetings, the sex trade worker expects this situation and is thus highly accessible. "
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Letters of Credit, 2007.
This paper discuses letters of credit and the duty of the issuing banks to detect fraud in these transactions.
1,680 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the generally accepted rule for banks that have issued a letter of credit, is that they do not need to look beyond the face of the documents to determine if a transaction involves fraud. The author points out that, if the documents on their face appear to be conforming documents, the bank will draw down the letter of credit, paying the beneficiary or seller. The paper states that, if the buyer can show apparent fraud before the bank pays on the letter of credit, then the buyer can approach the bank to prevent payment and can seek an injunction from a court if necessary. The author stresses that the bank can insist that all documents necessary to fulfill the letter of credit conform strictly. The paper presents cases and includes quotations.
From the Paper
"This essay considers the following scenario: In an international sales contract, buyer and seller agree that payment will be made through the use of a letter of credit. The buyer obtains a letter of credit from the bank, designating the seller as the beneficiary, and specifying the documents the seller must present to satisfy the letter. The seller presents documents which are on their face sufficient to warrant payment. These documents are forged or otherwise contain falsified information. Based on the documents, the bank pays the seller pursuant to the terms of the letter of credit."
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Contract Law: Breach of Contract, 2008.
A discussion of the law of contract, and especially laws that apply to breach of contract.
1,347 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses laws that apply to breach of contract, related to an interview the writer conducted with Mr. James Pflanz (a lawyer specializing in small business issues). The writer explains how the law of contract is part of private law, and is designed to make sure that parties to a contract keep their promises to each other, and to provide remedies if parties do not keep their promises. The writer further discusses how in the case of partial or complete breach of contract, the wronged party may use contract law to try and get a remedy, which is usually damages. The writer asserts that it is very important in business to have a really good contract drawn up by a lawyer, so that a party does not suffer undue losses due to breach of a poorly written contract.
From the Paper
"One of the main purposes of contract law is to promote cooperation between parties, and make them keep their promises to each other. When parties cooperate and keep their promises, they can achieve success. However, if they do not work together and cooperate, or if they break their promise, then things can go very wrong. Money may be lost, and it may become a situation where the different parties blame each other for losses. Or else, it may be that a party does not do what they were supposed to do, or do it properly. In this situation, the law of contract lays down ways in which the wronged party can sue for breach of contract. This is the kind of situation I uncovered in a personal interview with Mr. James Pflanz, a lawyer specializing in small business issues."
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Genetically Modified Foods, 2008.
A personal viewpoint on the genetically engineered food debate, focusing on the "Monsanto vs. Percy Schmeiser" litigation case.
1,995 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the "Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser" case and the decision of Canada's Supreme Court to give agricultural multinationals the power to penalize and to bring before the courts farmers who find themselves the inadvertent possessors of patented seed products. The paper argues that this case is an example of patent protections being expanded in ways that ultimately hurt farmers, endanger the environment, encourage greater genetic modification of foodstuffs and cause genetically modified foods to find their ways onto the plates of ordinary Canadians in ever-increasing numbers. The paper is of the opinion that the inability of the Court to appreciate the long-term consequences of its decision will cause hardship for many.
From the Paper
"The following paper will look at the ongoing debate about the genetic manipulation of foodstuffs with an eye towards exploring whether or not the expansive patent rights recently granted to plant seed developers such as Monsanto is an example of forward-thinking jurisprudence by the Canadian Supreme Court - or an instance of short-sighted legal reasoning that will create more problems than it will solve. Such a paper is important because genetically modified foodstuffs - courtesy of powerful multinationals - are more prevalent now than ever before and the likelihood that the foods we eat will be foods engineered in a laboratory somewhere is an issue which should be of the utmost concern to anyone who has reservations about eating such items and/or reservations about the ecological and environmental ramifications of introducing into an agricultural ecosystem a living organism that nature has not on its own seen fit to introduce."
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Workplace Discrimination, 2008.
A statement of company policies on discrimination Diversified Enterprises, Inc.
2,089 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper presents Diversified Enterprises, Incorporated's statement of discrimination policies. The company explains that they provide this handout as an outline of the requirements of Title VII, so that all employees are aware of their rights and responsibilities under Title VII. The company discusses their compliance with these requirements that outlaw any form of discrimination and sexual harassment. The company claims that they work aggressively to ensure that all anti-discrimination laws are fully carried out.
Outline:
Title VII Requirements
Good Faith Occupational Qualifications
The Law Forbids Retaliation
Ordinary Discipline Is Not Retaliation
Religious Discrimination Is Not Tolerated
The Company Will Try to Provide Reasonable Accommodations
Employee's Responsibilities
Sexual Harassment Is Not Legal
Policy Against Sexual Harassment
Prohibited Behavior
Monitoring
Discipline
Retaliation
Complaint Procedure
From the Paper
"The key law which we must follow is Title VII. Title VII is the most important federal law protecting against discrimination in the workplace, but it is not the only law. Other laws prohibit discrimination based on age, pregnancy status, citizenship, disability, or union membership. Because of its preeminence in the field of employment discrimination, the Company has provided this handout as an outline of the requirements of Title VII, so that all employees are aware of their rights and responsibilities under Title VII, and are aware of the responsibilities of the employee under this law."
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Sexual Harassment, 2008.
An analysis of the reasons for, issues involved in, and preventative methods for sexual harassment in the workplace.
2,576 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the most common types of sexual harassment and provides the federally accepted definition of sexual harassment. The paper further discusses important legal issues of sexual harassment in the workplace, particularly for employers. It also looks at the federal and state laws prohibiting sexual harassment and then analyzes effective prevention methods.
From the Paper
"Sexual harassment is an age-old problem that has entered the lime light in the past several years. Harassment is not new or necessarily changed, but individuals have become more aware of how their comments and actions can be offensive to others. Employees have the right to a workplace where they feel safe and free of sexual harassment. Comments and derogatory statements can affect the employee in a negative manner as well as the company. Sexual harassment suits have cost companies millions of dollars and could even risk the company's ability to remain open to the public. It is essential and legal to ensure that employers protect their employees from harassment and take the necessary steps to rectify any allegation of abuse. Employers can no longer turn a deaf ear to sexual harassment and are held responsible for the work environment that is created within their company. We as a society have an obligation to ensure that laws are followed and we do our part to not harass anyone as well, it is not only a moral issue but it is the law."
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The European Court of Justice, 2008.
An analysis of the roles and objectives of the European Court of Justice.
1,170 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
The European Court of Justice (ECJ) is a legal body within the construct of the European Union (EU) that handles legal disputes and defends the "Treaties of the European Union". This paper discusses how, up until now, the ECJ has played a central role in the ongoing development and evolution of the EU and how now it is taking a larger role within the context of EU commercial treaties and regulations involving both national and private entities.
Outline:
Overview
ECJ Objectives & Processes
ECJ Procedures
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Another method of access to the ECJ are the proceedings for failure to fulfil an obligation or similar. These proceedings are nothing more than the ability of the Commission or even a member state to start the proceedings within the ECJ's jurisdiction that will require another member state to comply with a relevant EU law or treaty (Tallberg 76). One example of this regulatory role of the ECJ is the ECJ's ruling that instructed France to accept British beef following the denouement of the mad cow scare several years ago (Tallberg 77). "
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Protecting Home Buyers, 2008.
This paper looks at agencies and laws dealing with the protection of home buyers.
3,412 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 14 sources, MLA, £ 53.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses the various agencies and laws which exist to protect home buyers in the real estate transaction process, from securing the necessary credit to dealing with real estate agents. The paper devotes a great deal of time looking at what rights new home purchasers have with regards to gaining access to credit, for it is credit that ultimately determines whether any such purchase will be possible in the first place. Furthermore, the paper also peers into the legislation geared towards protecting those who wish to buy homes from others, but who may have to deal with antiquated racist attitudes in the process. Lastly, the paper offers a brief critique of the available literature and what it appears to suggest about the measures presently in place to protect home buyers in America.
From the Paper
"Other organizations contribute in other ways. For example, Wood reports in a 2005 study he also conducted on behalf of the Government Accounting Office that the Department of Agriculture and Urban Development's Federal Housing Administration and the Department of Agriculture's Rural Housing Service guaranteed roughly $136 billion in mortgages for multi-family rental housing, for various health care facilities and, most importantly for our purposes, for single family homes. Apparently overgenerous to a fault, both organizations have also had to suspend their issuance of guarantees in the past because they went over the dollar amounts they were permitted to spend under their commitment authority or, in a closely-related vein, because they went over the dollar limits prescribed to them under their credit subsidy budget authority for a given year. Needless to say, the result of these suspensions is that many families which rely upon the aforementioned loan guarantees find themselves faced with unexpected financial hardships. Wood reports that, while both programs have many things which commend themselves, the simple fact of the matter is that the FHA and RHS loan guarantee programs operate on a first-come, first-served basis - a practice which can easily discriminate against poor families who lack knowledge about the programs."
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No Child Left Behind Act, 2008.
A critical analysis of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2002.
702 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 13.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act, which was signed into law in 2002 by President George W. Bush. The paper describes the rationale governing the Act as well as the desired outcomes. It also describes criticism of the Act by various parties, both before and after its passage and then briefly describes the success of the Act in achieving its desired outcomes.
From the Paper
"Others, however, maintain that NCLB does precisely what it is designed to do. Representatives from the U.S. Department of Education stress NCLB's successes, noting that the fourth anniversary of NCLB has come with increased student performance in all domains assessed by the testing process. Schools and teachers are also conforming to the increased emphasis on certification and are engaged in improving student performance. The criticisms of funding are dismissed on the grounds that the money has come in different venues to the states, or that it will be reimbursed in the future. Finally, the testing process continues to be refined and doing so is a work in process: the initial phase of NCLB is concluding and after this point, the previously-stated beneficial outcomes of the testing process can be realized (Hess & Petrilli, 2006)."
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Equity in Canada, 2008.
An examination of the controversial R. v. Gladue decision of 1999 and what it portends for Canadian justice.
1,190 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at a prominent Canadian Supreme Court case and explores what social issues it raises. In particular, it focuses on the "R. v. Gladue" verdict of 1999. It analyzes the specter that the case raised, that the Court is prepared to put group affiliation ahead of other mitigating or aggravating criteria when assessing the length of time a wrong-doer should spend behind bars. The paper suggests that Canada is moving towards a legal approach that expressly discriminates against some groups while privileging others.
From the Paper
"Taking into account these articles, it is clear that the Supreme Court's enthusiastic support for 718(2) signals judicial recognition of the idea that treating natives differently than non-natives is somehow acceptable - and if one group can be permitted this indulgence, then why not others? The social implications are that, in the hands of unscrupulous or incompetent jurists, a sort of racial (or gendered) apartheid before the law may take place whereby "historically disadvantaged" groups may find themselves the happy beneficiaries of a legal system that grants them concessions not available to others. While this sort of approach may seem just to some, it essentially means that the courts are no longer color-blind but are, instead, unelected and unaccountable lobbyists for some groups rather than for other groups. The articles therefore shed light on the implicit dangers of traveling down this path and they are persuasive for no other reason than that justice which refuses to treat those who come before the courts equally is scarcely justice at all."
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