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The Decriminalization of Prostitution in Toronto, 2008.
An argument in support of the decriminalization of prostitution in Toronto.
2,975 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the decriminalization of prostitution in Toronto may be advantageous for sex workers. It states that although women are supposedly equal in Canada, somehow thousands of Canadian women still end up in sex work - a line of work in which they are at risk of violence, diseases and death. The paper argues that laws meant to protect society actually victimize people who are already at the bottom rung of society - marginalized, poor women - as well as a smaller group of male and transsexual prostitutes, and even some children. Law enforcers and the public frequently launch campaigns aimed at removing sex workers altogether - such as closing brothels and massage parlors. This does not remove sex workers - it merely makes them less safe. The paper concludes that protecting the rights of sex workers and decriminalizing prostitution will help to protect their safety and welfare.
From the Paper
"The lives of sex workers are fraught with risks and threats. For example, by the very nature of their work, they are at risk of contracting a range of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV, which is usually terminal. One might argue that sex workers should protect themselves by practicing safe sex. However, the reality is that these people are in a very disempowered position in society, and consequently, they are very often not in a position to insist on safe sex practices. A key part of their disempowerment is that they have little recourse to the law. In other words, if they are forced to have unsafe sex, they do not feel safe in laying a charge with the police. This is because their line of work is circumscribed by laws that aim to end prostitution, and therefore they do not feel safe phoning the police. Thus, one of the key reasons why the legal system pertaining to sex work should be changed is that this would facilitate equal rights to police protection for sex workers - who desperately need such protection."
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The Steven Truscott Case: Justice, Culture and Social Order, 2008.
An analysis of the Steven Truscott case and its impact on the criminal justice system in Canada.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the legal issues emerging from the Steven Truscott case of the late 1950s, a case that broke new ground in shaping and shaking popular understandings of the Canadian criminal justice system. Particular attention is focused on social and cultural factors - especially attitudes towards sexuality and media pressure contributing to a rush to convict - as contributing elements to this case. Comparisons are drawn to a similar case in the United States at this time - the Sam Sheppard trial - to illustrate how this situation is not limited to Canadian law but, in fact, reflects wider social and cultural realities. Increasing anti-institutional sentiments in both Canada and the United States have contributed to a revisiting of both cases, sentiments that both cases also played a role in shaping.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Culture and Sexuality
Tunnel Vision and the Issue of Disclosure
The Sheppard Case, Media and Authority
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the major legal problems to emerge from the Truscott trial was one of disclosure or discovery. As the Daum story reveals, the culture of the 1950s - which placed much more faith in the honesty and integrity of law enforcement officials than today -allowed law enforcement officials to effectively bury evidence that may have been of assistance to the Truscott defense. Indeed, it may be argued that cases such as Truscott contributed to an evolution in criminal law in such matters: "Rules of evidence today oblige the Crown and the police to disclose all the relevant information they turn up in the course of their investigations" (Sher 299)."
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Intermediate Use of Force and Police Management, 2007.
A discussion of the excessive use of force by police officers while apprehending criminals and the alternative, intermediate use of force.
1,450 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the problem of excessive force used by police officers, a constant concern of the worldwide community, government, political entities and police officers for decades. The alternative to excessive force that the paper presents is intermediate force, which allows officers to capture suspects with the least amount of injury when force is required and ensure their own safety as well. The paper concludes that training and monitoring of law enforcement officers in the intermediate use of force, weaponry, and tactics will provide all police departments with more positive outcomes and ensure that the safety and protection of the society is achieved successfully. The paper includes detailed tables showing examples of force used and charts of assailant/officer action, mapping out the legitimate amount of force to be used.
From the Paper
"In 2002 the city of Detriot, Michigan underwent an investigation regarding police use of force and found that no definitions of force or the procedures that specified types of force were found in the city regulations ("Investigation", 2002, sec. 1). This led to multiple cases of excessive force that were reported to the city, civil rights organizations and the United States Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Michigan. In addressing these concerns, the city attorney advised that the police department of Detroit develop stages of force that were applied to different situations, with intermediate force being a vital inclusion in those stages ("Investigations", 2002, sec. 1). The city attorney stated that intermediate force was significant because it allowed police to use chemical sprays and weapons other than guns as a means of maintaining peace and ensuring that arrests were made."
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The Articles of Confederation and the Constitution, 2005.
A discussion of the failure of the Articles of Confederation and the consequent emergence of the Constitution of the United States.
965 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper recounts the drafting, implementation, amendment, and eventual rejection of the Articles of Confederation. The paper states that its main failure was that it was aimed primarily to prevent usurpation of power by the government, rather than provide for effective governance. A more effective Constitution was drafted as a result, which reduced state sovereignty and allotted greater power to the central government. In summary, the paper contends that the Articles of Confederation reflected the fear of governmental usurpation of power and created a government so powerless it could not function, while the Constitution gave the new government the power it needed to function.
From the Paper
"In Federalist # 51, James Madison argued that the government was structured to preserve liberty. No one branch could hold sway over the others, and judge, appointed by the other branches, would be selected for quality, not popularity. (Federalist # 51) By creating the checks and balances, the government could control public excesses, but could not itself usurp power. The legislature, the most dangerous branch, was the most checked. Meanwhile, the size of the nation would prevent mob rule, because factions would check one another. (Federalist # 51)"
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Street Gangs, Juvenile Violence, and Drugs, 2005.
An examination of the problem of street gangs, juvenile violence, and drugs, and a suggestion for possible solutions.
1,750 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses gang violence as a multi-generational problem in many communities. Many gangs are decades old, and solutions to the gang violence problem have been sought after for equally as long. The paper explores the structure and roots of gang violence, future trends, and proven solutions to the problem. It concludes that early intervention, as well as providing safe havens for youth at risk in troubled neighborhoods, are valuable tools to help stem the tide of gang violence.
From the Paper
"Gangs undertake a variety of criminal pursuits, and the level of violence that is perpetrated by the gang is directly related to the particular crimes that are committed. The drug trade is the primary involvement of the gangs. Gangs are also involved in intimidation, robbery, and other acts of violence as well. There is an increasing trend among gangs becoming involved in less traditional crimes, and becoming involved in identity theft and credit card fraud. (2005 National Gang Threat Assessment p. 4) The gangs are also becoming involved more and more with organized crime. The organized crime syndicates include the Mexican and South American drug cartels, Russian Organized crime, Asian Crime families, the more recognizable La Cosa Nostra (Mafia) and assorted other group throughout the world. (id p. 6) Gangs are also availing themselves to technology. The technology of choice by the gang members is the push-to-talk cell phone. This is of particular use in coordinating efforts of the individual members regardless of the criminal undertaking. The gangs also make use of the internet, postings on websites to communicate with members and notify them of event dates, as well as boasting of recent illicit activities. (id p.4)"
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Indigenous People Law, 2008.
This paper critically reviews the article "Discovering Peoples in International Law" by Sharon Helen Venne.
1,443 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the article "Discovering Peoples in International Law", by Sharon Helen Venne, that examines international law regarding indigenous rights. The paper looks at how the article discusses the historical evolution of indigenous rights and how it provides an overview of sources of international law. The paper is of the opinion that this article provides a very comprehensive introduction to the subject matter although it has some minor flaws.
From the Paper
"As Venne explains, international law regarding indigenous rights began to evolve when Spanish explorers discovered the Indigenous Peoples of America. Finding these people gave rise to the key question of whether these were biological humans who had human rights. The answer to this would determine whether they had rights over their own persons, their land, and their natural resources - or whether the European invaders could simply lay claim to all of this. Today this seems like a strange question to pose, but it triggered a very serious debate in Europe."
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Health, Environment and Economy in Goa's Mining Belt, 2008.
An analysis of the issues of health, environment and economy in Goa's mining belt and possible ways to improve them.
1,795 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the debilitating effects of Goa's mining industry on health, the environment and economic stability in the area. It presents a project proposed by Dr. Ligia Noronha of the Western Regional Centre of the Tata Energy Research Institute, which aims to strike a balance between economic growth, ecological preservation and human development. The paper also suggests the option of implementing an accountability system that places both the government and the mining companies under the scrutiny of international bodies such as the World Bank. To conclude, the paper advocates combining Dr. Noronha's project proposal with the supervision of the international community for the long-term initiative.
Table of Contents:
Statement of the Problem
The Objectives of the Project
Alternative Options
Analysis of the Options (Pros and Cons)
Recommendation to IDRC Vice-President (Justification for Course of Action, Comparison of Different Options)
Appendix: Summary Table
From the Paper
"The objectives of the project spear-headed by Dr. Ligia Noronha of the Western Regional Centre of the Tata Energy Research Institute are manifold. At its core, the proposed sustainable development initiative seeks to encourage the striking of a balance between economic growth and ecological preservation/human development. The project (which appears to be in its incipient stages) has already developed a series of evaluative tools which will allow for the measurement of community and ecological well-being in the region over time so that greater (and presumably more expeditious) participation and conflict resolution can be undertaken as issues arise (Conway, 2; please see summary table for a list of the three tools identified by the project leaders as practicable and effective). Proceeding further, there can scarcely be any question that the project also seeks to unify all stake-holders around the idea that each of them must work with all of the others in order to see to it that the environmental, social, and economic potentiality of the region is reached (Conway, 2)."
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Veterans Returning to Work, 2008.
A case study analysis of the impact of the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act.
1,462 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the key elements of the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act and its impact on the populous. This paper includes a detailed analysis of the issues involved with civilian employment following military employment. It suggests three key means to streamline the process of returning to work. It presents a case study that analyzes the performance of the company that the individual worked for and suggests how to improve the organization's overall effectiveness.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Back to Work: Overcoming Difficulties with the Uniformed
From the Paper
"The key element for streamlining the process is for employers to become proactive in their understanding and implementation of employer/employee laws. Regarding various employment laws, the Small Business Administration (www.sba.gov), offers several services that can help employers stay on top of the key factors that affect their employees. It also can help provide answers to questions employers may have. The Employer Support of the Guard and Reserve website (www.esgr.org) also provides a great resource to employers with members returning from duty. It offers a checklist that covers the key points that need to be covered when they have an employee returning from duty. It shows them the necessary steps that need to be taken, making things simple and clear. By taking the first step proactively, employers can greatly streamline their process."
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An Ethnographic Study: The Anna Nicole Smith Hearing, 2007.
An ethnographic analysis of the televising of a hearing in Florida on disposition of the body of recently deceased Anna Nicole Smith.
2,145 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that an ethnographic analysis of an event and its presentation should consider the nature of the event itself, the nature of the targeted audience, and the characteristics of the commentary that becomes part of the presentation as well as how the different elements interact. The author points out that televising this hearing alone suggests certain cultural forces at work. The paper relates that "tabloid celebrity" characterizes the culture that kept track of Smith's activities and influenced the way this hearing was covered by all the news media. The paper relates that the popularity of reality-television influenced the news outlets to use the hearing to attract a large audience. The paper further relates that the courtroom has its own culture embedded within the larger culture and that when courtroom proceedings are telecast on television, the two cultures come together and may conflict. The paper concludes that the court often claims not to be influenced by the circus outside, but in this case, the circus outside was greatly influenced by the circus inside.
From the Paper
"The final day of the hearing was February 23, 2007, by which time the prevailing view of the proceedings was that it was a circus. Judge Larry Seidlin of Broward County was the judge for the proceedings, and he set the tone to a great degree. His behavior became the target of critics who saw his folksy mode of speaking and his informality as drawbacks, but many observers found some of his statements bizarre. The public is familiar with the general methods and tone of a courtroom from other courtroom transmissions, and the style of this hearing differed."
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Perceptual Biases, 2008.
This paper discusses and compares the issue of bias in the cases of 'Affirmative Action at the University of Selkirk' and 'Portrait of a Canadian Advisor'.
2,380 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the perceptual biases in the cases of 'Affirmative Action at the University of Selkirk' and 'Portrait of a Canadian Advisor' are different in that the contexts are radically distinct. Further, the writer points out that they are similar in that the perceptual biases in both cases are based heavily upon stereotypes. The writer concludes that in this analysis, one can see how and why the Selkirk and Canadian advisors' cases differ significantly. The writer notes the implications of this for programs to address biases in both contexts.
From the Paper
"A similar perceptual bias based upon stereotypes can be seen in the case of the Canadian advisors. The difference between the biases in this case and the Selkirk case is largely one of context, with the biases being racially/culturally-based with respect to the Canadian advisors while they are gender-based in the case of Affirmative Action at Selkirk."
"This being said, the interesting thing about the Canadian advisor case is how it is similar to the Selkirk case in being not an obvious or overt stereotyping but a more complex and subtle form of bias. The Canadian advisor case consists of two distinct models of the Canadian advisor: one based upon surveys of the advisors themselves and the other based upon field surveys of advisors from their spouses and colleagues. A key difference between these two models illustrates the perceptual biases that these advisors show towards the host countries in which they work."
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Racism in the United States and Europe, 2008.
An analysis of racism in the United States and Europe and the legislation that is introduced in an effort to control it.
1,506 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the similarities and differences between cultural racism in the United States and Europe. It discusses the strength of racism in both regions and the fact that in many cases it seems to be on the rise. The paper then looks at current efforts to control racism through legislation, but suggests that this will be ineffectual when there is a base cultural support for racisim.
From the Paper
"With such vigilance and fervor against racism, one must ask why it not only persists but seems to be thriving in Europe. In the United States, First Amendment protections allow citizens to organize and talk about nearly anything they'd like, including racist ideology. Combined with tensions over immigration, fear of people of Middle Eastern descent, and a standing racism with African Americans, it is little wonder that the United States not only has a history of racism but also a strong culture of racism. In Europe, however, many believe that legal prohibitions against racism and hate speech should be enough to protect ethnic minorities from racism and create a more egalitarian society. Unfortunately, Europe's record on racism is no better than the United States' (Kudnani, 1998). Tensions over immigration, rising populism, and antagonism toward Jews and Arabs all feed into a healthy subculture of racism. The conclusion we must draw from this is that racism cannot be dealt with on a political or legal level, but must be examined on a cultural level. Racism is rooted in a desire to protect members of one's own culture from outside threats. That this desire to protect manifests as racism is an unfortunate result."
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Prison Rape in the U.S., 2008.
This paper provides a perspective of rape in correctional institutions in the United States.
1,552 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the extent of rapes within the U.S. prison system, with some especial attention being given to the phenomenon of gang rapes. The writer notes that understanding the extent of the problem as well as the major associated risks is an important first step in formulating some procedures by which the number of rapes within corrections institutions can be significantly reduced. The writer points out that it is important to first note that eliminating the rape of prisoners will not come easily. In fact, it is unlikely that the problem will ever be completely eradicated. Nonetheless, the writer maintains that outlining a path that corrections institutions can take in the short-term and the long-term is crucial if any headway is going to be made against the problem.
From the Paper
"Attitudes regarding prison rape in the United States, unfortunately, are not conducive to reducing the incidence of prison rape. The public view the rape of men in prisons as a joke. Gags about dropping the soap in a prison shower are common and only reinforce the assumption that the rape of prisoners, at least men, is acceptable. Many have the attitude that prisoners somehow deserve what they get--after all, they did commit a crime and aren't in prison because they are fully innocent. Additionally, a culture of machismo in the United States contributes to the attitude that men who are raped aren't really men because they weren't able to fend off their attacker. Unfortunately for prisoners, these assumptions and attitudes only increase the possibility that they will have to face sexual assault without any social or institutional recourse. The fact is that victims of prison rape are rarely able to defend themselves, especially in cases of gang rape, when attackers are more numerous and are only too willing to resort to physical violence-even murder-to get what they want."
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Religious Discrimination in Schools, 2008.
This paper explores religious discrimination, with a focus on public schools.
1,670 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the lack of progress in preventing religious discrimination in schools or throughout the social order. The paper explains that this is because there is a subjective attitude regarding what can be classified as religious discrimination; even in the United States House of Representatives some believe that certain forms of religious discrimination are acceptable, while the highest court demands that the separation of church and state be universal law. The paper shows how the methods of limiting such discrimination are few and ineffective, preventing deterrence from discrimination on a large scale.
From the Paper
"Discrimination has been an issue that has existed since the beginning of society in the United States in one form or another. Racial discrimination and discrimination based on gender have been the most discussed forms of discriminatory practices since the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s. Religious discrimination has also been of primary concern throughout society, especially in relation to those of religious faiths other than Christianity. This is perhaps because the founders of the nation supported this religious philosophy and the bulk of Americans have continued to practice the Christian faith as well. Yet, the founding fathers believed that public education was not the place in which religion should guide instruction. This was perhaps because education, as an unwritten rule, requires that the student's mind be open to new ideas and concepts that may be different than his or her social norms. Therefore, the separation of church and state became a guiding principle in the public school system."
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Food Safety and Sanitation, 2008.
An analysis of food safety and sanitation requirements to prevent food and waterborne illness.
1,543 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of food safety. It analyzes issues related to food safety, such as spoilage, food-borne pathogens and the microbiological quality of food. It then discusses sanitation regulations and standards with regards to food handling. The paper also looks at the two increasing trends of people desiring healthier nutrition and increasing global imports of produce and the effects these have on the potential for food and waterborne illness to expand.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Food Safety
Sanitation
Solutions and Conclusions
From the Paper
"More importantly, interviews with sorters and packers later revealed that the tomatoes had not been washed at any site. The evidence indicated that the tomatoes were contaminated at a terminal distribution site instead of a more central site of production, processing, or distribution. Currently, new contributing factors are aggravating the issue of food safety. Among these factors are changes in food consumption and cooking practices; increased restaurant dining; diminished consumer immunity; increased time between production and consumption; government and food industry negligence; and poor management (Griffith, 2006). Adding to the problem are new strains of pathogens. Meanwhile, other trends are counteracting those factors. According to West (2006), a major advance for the food sector is that concepts such as hazard analysis and critical control point for food safety are currently aspects of management systems."
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