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Agriculture in Italy, 2009.
An analysis of Italy's agricultural production and its sustainability.
2,011 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper provides statistics on agricultural production within Italy and reveals that the general trend of the Italian agricultural sector is that of stagnation, towards a decline. The paper looks at Italy's land quality and agricultural practices and discusses Italy's implementation of policies aimed to revive and strengthen the sector.
Outline:
Abstract
Agricultural Production
Land Quality
Agricultural Practices
Policies
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Agriculture is one of the oldest activities undergone by the humans in order to sustain life. And it was the primary source of food and income for the majority of individuals across the globe. However, with the industrial and technological revolutions, more and more people begun to work within factories or corporations and less interest was given to agricultural activities. But even so, the technological developments were also adapted and integrated within the processes of growing animals and working the land, agriculture remaining the primary source of foods in the modern society."
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Wild Land Recreation, 2009.
This paper looks at the forest ecosystem, concentrating on the issue of fire policy.
811 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 17.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that there is an increasingly comprehensive body of literature outlining the role that fire plays in the forest ecosystem. The writer discusses that several sources tie the role of fire to some of the present issues in the national parks and forests today; and illustrates how controlled or prescribed burns can be a positive tool in the practice of forest management. The writer maintains that suppression of burning leads to a variety of problems, including the eradication of certain species and the increased the risk of catastrophic fire. The writer concludes that by using controlled or prescribed burns, forest managers can reduce these negative outcomes, for the long-term health of the forests they manage by fostering conditions closer to those that occur in nature. Further, the writer notes that there are a wide range of examples of successful controlled burn programs that can be drawn on for insight and inspiration.
From the Paper
"In a 2005 article in National Parks Magazine, S. Kirkwood outlines how regrowth after a fire begins immediately. As more sunlight and rainfall reach the ground, grass and flowers quickly sprout from the soil, which has been enriched with ash.
"Turner, Hargrove, Gardner and Romme analyze in the Journal of Vegetation Science the relationship between heterogeneity and fire size. This work is based on a study of certain scientific after effects of burning in Yellowstone. The information gleaned from this report allows forest managers to determine strategic locations for planting certain types of plant species after fires."
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Bio Ethanol Fuel: Not Worth The Cost, 2009.
An argument that the costs of using bio ethanol fuel far outweigh the gains.
1,818 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the large-scale diversion of food-crops towards bio-fuels is an ill-advised move that could have catastrophic consequences against little gain. The paper reveals that the large-scale diversion of food crops such as corn for producing ethanol has resulted in sky-rocketing food prices around the world. The paper also discusses the indirect effects of producing ethanol that arguably results in greater emission of carbon-dioxide as large forested areas, particularly in the Amazon, are cleared for growing crops. The paper argues further that corn-based ethanol is an unviable proposition, mainly because the ethanol would anyway only fulfill a minuscule amount of the total gasoline requirement in the country. The paper therefore concludes that producing corn-based ethanol is simply not worth the human suffering and environmental damage it can cause.
Outline:
Rising Grain and Food Prices
Effect on the Amazon
Corn-based Ethanol is Unviable
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Barely a couple of years ago bio ethanol fuel was the undisputed 'darling' of environmentalists and government policy makers alike. It was being touted as a clean and renewable alternative to fossil fuels that would tame the galloping oil prices, cure the United State's 'addiction' to imported oil, and control the on-going global warming threatening the world's environment. The overenthusiastic proponents of bio-fuels had obviously not catered for the unintended consequences of an untried policy. The large-scale diversion of food crops such as corn for producing ethanol has resulted in sky-rocketing food prices around the world, and precipitated the worst food crisis in decades."
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Forest Health and Restoration, 2009.
A discussion of the role of forestry management, maintenance and restoration.
2,354 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper presents the thesis that a healthy forest environment and good forest management is essential in that forests are important for the general environment. The paper's thesis further states that maintenance and restoration of the forest systems in the United States and other areas of the world is directly related to the health of the global environment and related ecosystems. The paper provides a literature review and summarizes its findings in the conclusion.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature review
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There is a plethora of evidence from studies on environmental research to suggest that healthy forests are of vital importance to the balance in nature and ultimately for human existence. Forests not only provide clean water but also "...support livelihoods, shelter wildlife and help maintain a stable climate" (Fire and Conservation). The last mentioned aspect, the maintenance of a stable climate, has in recent years become a central focus of ecological and environmental concerns in the light of global warming."
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The Controversy of GM Crops, 2009.
An overview of the issues surrounding the genetically modified (GM) food revolution and agricultural biotechnology.
2,443 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 14 sources, MLA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the long-term prospects of GM crops by looking at the scientific controversies regarding these crops' effects on our health, effects on children, their impact on the environment and the possibility of gene contamination. The paper shows how it is not yet clear if the biotechnological revolution is destined to be the magical cure for the famine-torn third world nations or just a temporary solution that may be ridden with unwanted health and economic consequences. The paper concludes that with the divided opinions as to the safety of GM crops, embracing the 'biotechnology way' as a solution presents a difficult choice.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
GM Food Regulations and Patenting
GM Foods (Health Effects)
Antibiotic Marker Genes (Danger for Children)
The Environmental Factor
Gene Contamination
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Biotechnology has advanced at an amazing pace and what was only a talk in the last decade is now already a reality. GM food has become a topic of heated debate over the last few years. The ethical perceptions and opinions about GM food are quite varied. Robert Shapiro the CEO of Monsanto feels, "There now exists an opportunity to create a genuine science of nutrition, something that has never existed in human history". In the UK prince Charles' opinion, "I happen to believe that this kind of genetic modification takes mankind into the realms that belong to God, and God alone" [Michael Specter] Besides the ethics of GM food, issues pertaining to the health, environmental effects, Patents and safety regulations and other public concerns have to be carefully ascertained. With millions of people in African (Sudan, Zambia, etc) countries facing chronic hunger and severely malnourished the prospect of GM food as a potential solution to the food crisis needs to be rigorously evaluated."
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Corn Ethanol as a Replacement for Fossil Fuels, 2009.
A research paper that sets out to find a better form of alternative fuel to replace petroleum.
3,633 words (approx. 14.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 64.95
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Abstract
The subject under review here stems from the need for the world to transfer its oil dependence to an alternative source of energy. The research presented constitutes an endorsement for a different form of alternative fuel from petroleum or biofuel. It also helps shed light on the drawbacks to biofuel as they outweigh the prospective benefits.
Outline:
Abstract
Executive Summary
Proposal: Critical Literature Review
Objective
Research Question and Thesis
Introduction
Literature Review
Findings
Discussion
From the Paper
"There is a clear and irrevocable need for the world community and major industrialized nations such as the United States to reduce their dependency on petroleum which, as a fuel source, is environmentally destructive and precipitous of fractious world politics. A popular interest has developed on the part of those in the agriculture and oil industries, as well as within the American government, of considering the potential value of biofuel as a viable alternative fuel source. Typically taking the form of ethanol, biofuel is in that context an alcohol-based fuel converted from the fermented sugars of plant cellulose. Given this point of origin, it is generally a cleaner burning fuel than most fossil fuels. For this reason, biofuels have commanded a great deal of attention in the discourse over possible alternative fuel foci."
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Good Forest Governance, 2009.
A literature review of good forest governance in Asia and the Pacific.
7,614 words (approx. 30.5 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 105.95
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Abstract
The world's forests are under threat from illegal logging and deforestation generating damaging global environmental change. While the forestry sector can contribute to reducing poverty and enhancing sustainability, this can only occur with the right forest policies and practices. Through a literature review, this paer attempts to show that appropriate forest policy, democratic leadership, strong institutions, bottom-up decision making - in short good forest governance arrangements - are increasingly recognized as essential to achieve sustainable forest management. The paper also develops the concept of good forest governance and uses it to compare the policies and practices of forested countries in Asia and the Pacific.
Outline:
Background
Literature Review
From the Paper
"The work of Antonio P. Contreras (2006) entitled: "Civil Society and Forest Governance in Southeast Asia: Towards an Alternative Model in Addressing Transboundary Forest-Related Conflicts" states that the relations "...between states and civil societies have long been established as a critical and complex one. States emerge and gain legitimacy from civil society institutions and processes, even as the sate limits civil societies through legal-bureaucratic mechanisms manifested in law and public policy. With the increasing role of civil society institutions in recent years, state policy, including foreign policy, has become a new domain for civil society engagement." (Contreras, 2006) It is stated however, the there has been an increasing in the participation of civil society in both domestic and regional environmental governance in Southeast Asia. "
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Genetically Modified Crops, 2008.
This paper assesses the potential of genetically modified (GM) crops as a source of food.
1,913 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of genetically modified (GM) crops. Specifically, the paper discusses the positive and negative responses from scientists and the general public to genetically modified foods, and assesses the potential of GM crops as a source of food.
From the Paper
"GM crops and foods are not brand new technology; they have existed for many years. In fact, studies into genetically modifying plant crops began in the 1980s (Goldstein, and Goldstein, 2002, p. 235). Most GM crops are crops that scientists and researches have genetically altered. Essentially, the plant's DNA, or very specific genes, are transferred between one plant and another to create special characteristics, such as hardiness, etc. This helps the plant grow faster, stronger, and better, and sometimes even repel pests and weeds. Some people call this process "genetic engineering." The scientists take the finest qualities of one plant and mate them with another, different plant to create a new sub-species or even species (Editors, 2005)."
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Biofuel and Brazil, 2008.
A report on Brazil's participation in the rising international demand for bio-fuel.
3,474 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 16 sources, APA, £ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the biofuel developments in Brazil and the many issues surrounding it. It also serves as an introduction to biofuel efficacy and creates a sense of the current epicenter of biofuel use and production. The paper discusses the history of biofuel use in Brazil, the effects it has had on culture and economy, the pros and cons of biofuel, the import and export market effects, cost differentiation, sugar versus corn ethanol, auto technology in Brazil, and provides a discussion of US and other international responses to Brazil's programs.
Outline:
Executive Summary
History of Biofuel in Brazil
How Brazil Import Export Market is Effected
History and Policy of bio-diesel in Brazil
Affects on Culture and Economy in Brazil
Change of Dependence from Fossil Fuel to Biofuel Degree of Success
Environmental Effects
Pros of Biofuel
Cons of Biofuels
Cost of Oil vs. Ethanol
Sugar Ethanol vs. Corn Ethanol
US Response
From the Paper
"The cost of oil versus ethanol is debated, as the whole picture is required for an understanding of the cost issue. With fossil fuel derived oil the earth has done the work of people with regard to creating a close to finished product. Though it is also important to note that depending on the feedstock used to create the fuel the cost can vary. Sugar ethanol is subsidized in Brazil, taxed at a lower rate and sold for half the price of traditional fuel, yet this does not completely reflect the cost in total of either. Cost must also be discussed with regards to vehicle changes, Brazil converted the car to met the fuel while most nations are doing the reverse, trying to build a car to run on a particular fuel, a more costly process. "
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The Green Revolution vs. GM Crops, 2008.
This paper examines the potential of the green revolution and genetically modified crops in combating worldwide starvation.
1,377 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper provides an overview of the green revolution and its selective breeding that produced crops that were better suited to changing climate conditions and production levels. The paper discusses how these crops could help curb starvation but looks at the limitations of current practices. The paper then discusses genetically modified crops and their benefits but explains why this development must proceed with even more caution than the green revolution.
Outline:
Early Methods
Helping to Curb Starvation
Limitations of Current Practices
Green Revolution Crops and GMOs
From the Paper
"As the world population grows, humans face new challenges regarding how to feed the population. This problem is not new and industrialized nations led the race to develop crops that were more productive, disease resistant and that have more uses. During the 1960s and 1970s producers began an intensive program to develop crops that met the changing requirements of society. This is referred to as the "green revolution." This revolution was responsible for increases in food production in industrialized nations, but there are limitations as to what can be accomplished through these programs."
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Chromium Studies, 2008.
A report on remediation chemistry at chromium contaminated sites.
1,510 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper evaluates some of the predominant methods of remediation of chromium contaminated sites. The paper notes that the methods employed are divided into two types: removal from the soil (in which various chemical extractants are used to flush chromium from the site) or immobilization in the soil (in which reducing agents are used to break down dangerous forms of chromium). The paper examines several of the more promising methods of remediation currently being employed, and concludes with a discussion and analysis of the methods in terms of their real-world applicability.
Outline:
Introduction
Remediation Methods
Discussion
From the Paper
" Chromium contamination, especially contamination of Cr(VI), is a significant environmental hazard. It will have a significant effect on the quality of the soil and the quality of the groundwater. Because of this, it is very important that effective and practical remediation techniques be developed that can chemically remove or immobilize the presence of chromium at the site. After briefly examining some of the methods currently being developed, which can be roughly divided into extractive versus immobilization techniques, there seems to be demonstrable promise in the possibility of cleaning up chromium-contaminated sites."
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Thomas Malthus and Modern Agriculture, 2008.
A look at Thomas Malthus' view of modern agriculture in light of his criticism of the Poor Law.
791 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 17.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that the arguments presented by economist Robert Thomas Malthus in regard to the English Poor Law can be expanded to numerous areas, including agriculture. The paper discusses the features of modern agriculture and Malthus' potential beliefs. The paper then shows how, due to the unique features of our contemporary economy, the liberalized markets and fierce competition, most of Malthus' arguments no longer find a practical application.
From the Paper
"Thomas Malthus was a renowned economist of the seventeenth century England. His main areas of interest were demographics and the status of the population. One of his particular works was an essay that criticised the implementation of the Poor Law. This law was meant to relief poverty. It presupposed that a community's poor were identified and then aided by the wealthy population. The paupers were all brought together in workhouses, which were locations where the poor would live and work. The law was both welcome and criticised: the intention to aid the poor was noble, but on the other hand, it disadvantaged the working community and was perceived as an encouragement for poverty."
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Monterey Bay, 2008.
An outline of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, a federally protected marine area offshore of California's central coast, which supports one of the world's most diverse marine ecosystems.
4,702 words (approx. 18.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper states that the Monterey Bay region has escaped the type of environmental damage experienced by much more densely populated areas in California, but the human ecology of the region shows that there has been damage done to the ecology and that this damage is ongoing. The paper comments that the problem is found both on land and in the sea and other waterways of the region. A number of areas are protected as parklands, though many of the problems cross borders because they are airborne or waterborne. The paper also discusses other issues involving changes to the types of plants and animals found in the region, with exotic flora and fauna introduced through human action. The paper concludes that efforts are being made by government and private institutions to address these problems and to restore the natural habitat as much as possible.
Outline:
Introduction
Native American Populations
Current State
Land Animals
Parks
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Today, the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS) is a federally protected marine area offshore of California's central coast and extending from Marin to Cambria, encompassing a shoreline length of 276 miles and 5,322 square miles of ocean. This area supports one of the world's most diverse marine ecosystems, home to numerous mammals, seabirds, fishes, invertebrates, and plants. The MBNMS was established for the purpose of resource protection, research, education, and public use and is part of a system of 13 National Marine Sanctuaries administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration."
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Timeline of Moche Spouts Based on Larco Hoyle, 2008.
An examination of Larco Hoyle's methods for defining the periods of Moche culture and an analysis of the development of irrigation agriculture.
2,248 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the timeline of Moche spouts based on categories proposed by Rafael Larco Hoyle in 1948. The paper first describes Larco's division of the Moche period into five phases and explains each phase. The paper then discusses those who disagree with the credibility of Larco Hoyle's methods for defining the periods of Moche culture. Lastly , the paper focuses on the development of irrigation agriculture on the north coast between 2000 and 1500 B.C.
From the Paper
"This changed with the shift to irrigation in the Guaiiape phase, when aspiring leaders had better opportunities for the control and the accumulation of goods. Although the initial costs for building irrigation canals was higher than that of fishing and floodplain agriculture, once in production, irrigation systems dramatically increased yields. Therefore, with the organization and financing of irrigation construction systems, leaders perhaps could have extracted surpluses from canal users to fund additional political activity, such as monument construction, and to further enhance the socioeconomic status of their own households. Irrigation systems also provided more opportunities for leaders to control land and the flow of water. The political consequence was that in the Early Guaiiape phase political leaders not only could have controlled increased agricultural production, but also the distribution of land and water. With these newfound sources of economic power, they could finance the creation of centralized, hierarchical political organizations."
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