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African American Students, 2008.
A research proposal to identify the factors that affect the academic achievement of African-American students and specifically the structural barriers or factors that negatively affect their achievement.
2,478 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 15 sources, APA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses a research proposal focused upon the academic achievement of African-American students and what may be done by educators to promote academic achievement among these students. The research takes a close look at cultural issues, community issues, family and ethnic issues and then reviews the methods traditionally used by educators in providing instruction to this set of students. The paper states that this research proposes addressing the all-encompassing factors after having identified those that have an effect upon the academic achievement of these specific students.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement / Background of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions
Review of Literature
Definition or Terms of the Study
Research Design & Procedures
Research Design & Theoretical Framework
Setting/Participants
Anticipated Ethical Issues
Significance of the Study
Expected Outcomes
Timeline and Appendices
From the Paper
"The work of Lewis and Moore in the work entitled: "African American Students in Kindergarten to Twelfth Grade Urban Settings" relates that over the past two decades a great amount of research has been conducted related to academic achievement of African American students and the fact is that: "Far too many urban African American students...are not making adequate progress in their academic subjects and on various high-stakes standardized tests." Included is research conducted and reported by Grantham & Ford ; Flowers, Milner & Moore ; Moore, Madison-Colmore & Smith . This work seeks to specifically identify structural barriers in the lives of African American students whether those barriers be within the home of students presented in the form of cultural factors such as the importance assigned to academic achievement in the student's family or whether those barriers present in the community culture assigning little or no importance to academic achievement. Finally, this work seeks to identify any barriers that present to academic achievement of African American students in the structure of the educational institution or school at focus in this study."
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Racial Discrimination in the Courts, 2008.
This paper discusses judicial discrimination and the courts' treatment of ethnic and minority groups.
5,335 words (approx. 21.3 pages), 15 sources, APA, £ 90.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that minorities such as African-Americans and Hispanics continue to face racial discrimination in the United States courts. The paper discusses diversion and alternative programs as a solution to the prison overcrowding problem and looks at the recidivism rates relative to prison sentences. The paper maintains that the courts must re-examine the mandatory sentencing guidelines and consider the implementation of diversion systems so that all individuals may receive equal treatment.
Outline:
Introduction
Racial Discrimination
Minorities in the Prison System
Solutions to Combat Judicial Discrimination of Minorities
Diversion Programs
Diversion Programs and Recidivism Rates
Benefits of Diversion Programs
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the past few decades, the media has publicized the overcrowding of the United States prison system, raising concern among the families of prisoners, correctional facilities and government officials alike. Along with this overcrowding is the issue that the majority of the prison population consists of minorities, thus raising the debate regarding racial discrimination upheld by the court system. Prison-related research indicates that mandatory sentencing guidelines and a growing number of drug-related convictions are factors in a continued growth of inmates held in federal, state and local prisons and jails in the United States."
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Poetry as Social Challenge, 2008.
This paper looks at poetry as a social challenge, concentrating on the work of poets Langston Hughes and Adrienne Rich.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in any situation of social or indeed personal upheaval, artists and writers play a central role in shaping the collective consciousness of their environment. Langston Hughes and Adrienne Rich are no exceptions. The writer maintains that while Hughes takes a less angry position than Rich, both poets in their own way call people to political action, and to an awareness of issues that need to be addressed in the society from which they emerge. Another interesting fact about these poets is that they do not write only about social problems, but also do so from an intensely personal viewpoint. The writer discusses that as a black man, Hughes focuses his work mainly on African Americans, while Rich's work revolves mainly around feminism and women's issues. The writer concludes that as such, both poets use their own experience and feelings about the respective lives and issues facing blacks and women in the society of their time.
From the Paper
"Hughes therefore acted as an inspirational force not only to poets, but also to readers, to reshape the familiar into something new and sparkling. He did this not only via the words his used in his work, but also through the innovative and exciting forms he used. In this, he particularly targeted the black community in calling them from cultural complacency. Like he challenged established forms of poetry, Hughes also challenged the complacency that would keep the black community from achieving equality and freedom in society.
"Hughes used his art as a platform for cultivating cultural pride. His emphasis on the lower-class black situation in his work however earned him little respect from the black press, who criticized him harshly for this. Still, this poetry also led to the poet's establishment as an important figure in the Harlem Renaissance. By emphasizing the situations both he and many others suffered in their daily lives, one of Hughes' aims can be seen as calling the black culture towards a type of rebellion against such a situation in a country that prides itself on its orientation towards opportunity."
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Brown V. Board of Education, 2008.
A look at racial bias in the American justice system.
2,454 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses racism in the USA and particularly highlights a landmark case of 'Brown v. Board of Education' involving black children being denied admission to schools that were attended by white children.
Outline:
Introduction - Racism in the United States
Racism, History, and the Courts
Brown v. Board of Education
The Problems of Desegregation and Civil Rights
Social Change
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The American justice system prides itself for being color blind, yet more than half of the prison population is made up of black men or women, accounting for one million individuals in prison (Marable, 2000). African Americans make up only fourteen percent of all drug users in America, yet constitute thirty-five percent of all drug arrests, fifty-five percent of all drug convictions, and seventy-five percent of all drug admissions for drug offences. Statistically, more than eight out of every ten African Americans males will be arrested at some point in their lives."
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Frederick Douglass, 2008.
A short biography on the life of Frederick Douglass.
1,222 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the life of Frederick Douglass, born a slave and the first African-American leader and abolitionist in American history. The paper notes that he escaped from slavery and became a powerful anti-slavery advocate as well as an advocate for women's rights. The paper continues by exploring the achievements, the many books that he wrote, and the various government positions he occupied.
From the Paper
"His determination to break free from the bondage of slavery led him to take advantage of every chance to learn to read. He learned reading and writing from white playmates and other people in the street, sometimes exchanging the learning with bread. In 1838, he impersonated an African American sailor and escaped to New York. There, he assumed the new family name, Douglass, and married Ann Murray, a free African American woman from the South. They lived in New Bedford, Massachusetts where they had several children. At the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society annual convention in 1841, Douglass was so inspired by the anti-slavery speech of William Lloyd Garrison that he delivered his own."
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Racism Against African Americans, 2008.
An analysis of examples of racism against African Americans that still existed in the recent past.
1,223 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes whether there is less racism now against African Americans than in the recent past. The paper specifically questions whether racism is an institutional problem in the United States today. It provides specific examples of racism in the past and today and discusses the results of these acts of racism on the part of the people of America.
Table of Contents:
Death Penalty Racism
Racial Profiling
Racism by Mortgage Lenders
Racism Settlement by Walgreen Drugs
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
From the Paper
"Eighty-three percent of African-Americans believe racial profiling "is real," according to a Gallup poll in 2001. In Illinois, there is a law against racial profiling ("The Illinois Racial Profiling Law"); all law enforcement departments are required to report details of traffic stops. The 2004 results, according to Northwestern University Institute on Race and Justice, show that while there is no "statewide pattern of racial bias," in many communities, "minority drivers are two to three times as likely to be the subject of a 'consent search'," a search of the driver's vehicle with permission of the driver, when no "probable cause" was presented by the officer. All the data gathered by Illinois is tainted, however, because over 50 police agencies "failed to provide data as required by law," Northwestern University reported. And also, there is "no penalty" for failure to provide data."
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Los Angeles Lakers, 2008.
A review of the rise of the Los Angeles Lakers and the emergence of African-American sports stars as cultural icons for masculinity development.
3,208 words (approx. 12.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper comments that African-American culture has evolved significantly in the past two decades and while the overall socio-economic conditions of African-Americans within the United States have changed substantially for the better, their cultural and institutional instincts can only be subjectively understood. The paper states that one of the growing phenomenons of this era is the emergence of sports, not only as part of their cultural legacy, but as a defining factor in masculinity. This paper looks at the cultural phenomenon of black masculinity as it is defined through the evolution of basketball into an almost defining form of masculinity within African-American culture. The paper states that basketball has transcended the development of networks and social apparatus to become an institutional concept of identity for the black community. The paper notes further that not only has it impacted youth but it is in the process of redefining traditional African-American values and attitudes.
From the Paper
"The unprecedented success of the Lakers' three championship runs had many consequences on the media, the players, and the youth culture that thrived on their heroes' achievements. Michael Jordan once jokingly told Chicago Tribune reporter Bob Greene, "The media's crazy, they never let you go. It's like once they start following you, there's no more privacy". Although Kobe Bryant and the Lakers did not garner the same media blitz that Jordan endured throughout his career, they definitely felt the glitz and glamour of public adoration. Kobe subsequently made twelve commercials for Reebok in the year after their first championship. He signed multimillion dollar contracts with four different companies including one with Adidas for 80 million dollars. Magazines from ESPN to GQ all fought to feature him, as his reputation and name became part of the image of American basketball."
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The Malcolm X Stamp, 2008.
A discussion on whether Malcolm X deserved to appear on an American postage stamp.
1,726 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
The 22nd postage stamp in the Black Heritage series features a photograph of Malcolm X whose controversial ideas, sharpened America's debate about racial relations and strategies for social change. This paper debates whether the United States Postal Service should have honored a man or movement whom the federal government believed to have been dangerous, anti-democratic, or simply too militant. It argues that Malcolm certainly deserved a postage stamp in the Black Heritage series for his impact on the aspects of the African- American movement that he participated in, whether he was more flexible regarding the civil rights issues in the later stages of his 37-year life or not.
From the Paper
"Historian and Columbia University professor Manning Marable, among the most respected chroniclers of Malcolm X's life, has been working for the past ten years on a new biography about the slain African-American leader called Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention. Marable is the founder and head of "The Malcolm X Project" at Columbia University; in a May, 2007 interview with "Democracy Now" journalist Amy Goodman, Marable quotes Malcolm as telling Coretta Scott King why he came to Selma. These quotes are pivotal for those who are not aware of Malcolm's change of heart from militant black separatism to an urgent and fervent desire to unify the myriad movements for black justice."
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Billie Holiday, 2008.
This paper discusses the musical talent of Billie Holiday, an icon of the jazz music scene in the 1950s.
1,341 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper relates the successes of Billie Holiday, an African-American jazz vocalist. The paper describes her gradual downturn due to her drug and alcohol abuse that caused her to be arrested several times and negatively impacted her voice. The paper concludes, however, that Billie Holiday was one of the best jazz vocalists ever, with her musical influence felt long after her death.
From the Paper
"Billie Holiday was born on April 7, 1915, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her real name was Eleanora Fagan and she was also known as "lady Day". She named herself Billie Holiday after the film star, Billie Dove. Many of the details about her early childhood years are unknown. What is known is that she spent much of her early youth living with relatives and that she later resided in New York with her mother. There is also evidence from various sources that "...she had experienced abuse and prostitution by her mid-teens" (Billie Holiday1915 - 1959: BBC)."
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The Problem of Racial Profiling, 2008.
This paper explores how racial profiling is a growing problem in American society today, focusing on the violation of the rights of individuals on the streets and in vehicles.
2,028 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the alarming statistics showing the growth of racial profiling in recent years. The author presents some definitions of racial profiling and uses several cases as examples of how case law and legal interpretations are intensifying the problem by permitting more license to police officers who stop motorists and pedestrians. In an effort to reduce complaints by profiled individuals, some cities, including Los Angeles, Chicago and Detroit, are passing anti-racial profiling ordinances. However, on the national level, the End Racial Profiling Act of 2004 (ERPA) failed to pass. The author concludes that it is unlikely that the problem of racial profiling will be solved soon, given the current concerns with terrorism.
From the Paper
"The Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution includes two major entries to protect citizens against racial profiling: equality and due process. The amendment declares, "No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." To focus on a specific group of individuals because of race violates equal protection: The law cannot protect a group of people that is being singled out for investigation. In addition, the Fifth Amendment 's Due Process Clause prohibits the government from making classifications based on race, sex, age, illegitimacy, wealth or any other characteristic and guarantees that all people are treated the same."
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Gender and Academics, 2008.
This paper reviews an article by Lea Hubbard entitled, "The Role of Gender in Academic Achievement".
1,363 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the article, "The Role of Gender in Academic Achievement" by Lea Hubbard, which deals with issues such as the study of low-income African-American public high school students.
The paper states that the findings of this qualitative study suggest that gender and variables other than ethnicity and class distinctions are a prime determining factor in the performance assessments and achievement levels of African-American public high school students.
From the Paper
"The above assertions are dependent on the qualitative research method using a sample of 30 highly successful, low-income, African American public high school students. It should be noted at the outset that the study is limited in terms the extent and range of its data sample. This not only refers to the emphasis on the low income selection and the category of 'successful student," but also to the important fact that the sample group is the participant in the AVID program. While this does not necessarily invalidate the findings of the study, it should be borne in mind as it indicates the parameters of the study and affects any generalized assumptions that can be derived from the research. This is essentially an ethnographic based qualitative study, and, as will be become evident in this review, this form of research method has obvious limitations in terms of validity and overall worth as a research methodology."
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Social Work Pioneers, 2008.
This paper focuses on four African-American pioneers in social work.
1,121 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the lives and achievements of Jane Addams, Roger Cummings, Whitney Young Jr. and Sara A Collins Fernandis, four African-American social workers. The paper relates how their achievements brought opportunity and rights to groups of individuals who were denied such things in the past. The paper looks at the implications their work has had for modern day social work practice.
From the Paper
"Jane Addams was born in Cedarville, Illinois, and lived until 1935, when she passed away I while living in Chicago, Illinois. The most prominent event that Jan Addams is remembered for is founding the Settlement House Movement. This was initiated when she founded the Hull house in the poverty stricken streets of Chicago in 1889. Also of note, she was the first American woman to ever receive the Nobel Peace Prize."
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The Compromise of 1850, 2008.
An analysis of the failings of the stated aims of the Compromise of 1850.
975 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Compromise of 1850, an important event in the history of the United States. The paper specifically argues that the events following the Compromise and especially the subsequent development of slavery as an institution proved the limited impact this set of laws had on the definite resolution of the issue of slavery. The paper further discusses the historical background of the laws and then looks at the failing of the initial and official stated aims of the legislative initiative.
From the Paper
"First and foremost, in 1850, the Missouri Compromise was relatively untouched. By then, each state had followed the rule imposed by the 1820 agreement. California's desire to be admitted in the Union as a free state met the opposition of the South which saw this as a threat of the equilibrium. However, the Compromise had balanced this decision by agreeing on the Fugitive Slave Law, which stipulated serious punishments for any person aiding a fugitive Southern slave in the North. In this sense, consensus was reached and a certain balance was kept, while the basics of the democratic constitution were kept. (Rozwenc, 1957)"
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African American Students, 2008.
A research proposal to identify and address the various factors affecting the academic achievement of African-American students.
927 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
The paper states that previous research has typically addressed only one or two factors that affect the academic achievements of African-American students. This research proposes addressing the all-encompassing factors after having identified the various factors that do have an effect upon the academic achievement of these specific students.
Outline:
Statement / Background of the Problem
II. Research Design & Theoretical Framework
Setting/Participants
Research Questions
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Significance of the Study
From the Paper
"Qualitative methods have been used in the study of the behavior of humans since the inception of the field of psychology. Theoretical work in recent critical psychology has placed emphasis on the value of qualitative methods while study has been focused on "statistics and scientific objectification" (Fox and Prillentensky, 1997; as cited in Osborne (2001) when other methods may be the most appropriate specifically in the study of structural, culturally affected factors in an organization or educational institution."
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