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The Role of Immigration in Shaping American Cities, 2008.
A review of the book "Urban Geography, New York" ,in which the authors, Dave Kaplan, James Wheeler and S. Holloway, explain the role immigration played in shaping American cities.
874 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, £ 21.95
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Abstract
The paper states that immigration has played a significant role in shaping the growth and development of urban cities in America. In their book "Urban Geography, New York" the authors Kaplan, Wheeler & Holloway expand on this idea. The paper relates that the authors hypothesize that immigration is largely responsible for the expansion of many cities in the United States, Canada and other outlying regions. The paper comments that had the immigrants not populated many coastal cities in the United States, the country may not have had the flavor of diversity it has today.
From the Paper
"In figure 10 of the work, the reader can clearly see that Mexicans made up almost 59 percent of the population of immigrant settlers; this is the largest subdivision of Hispanic and Latino settlers. People of Puerto Rican ethnicity make up the next largest slice of the pie at just 10 percent of the Hispanic and Latino settlers. A review of the U.S. Census Bureau conducted in 1990 shows that many Cuban immigrants populated many coastal cities in Dade County in Florida, another major coastal city. In the New England States, Florida, California and Canada, the total number of immigrants exceeded either 500,000 or 1,000,000 of the population totals. The U.S. Census Bureau of 2000 also cited by Kaplan, Wheeler and Holloway (2004) shows the largest influx of Asians occurred in California, Washington State and in some New England cities, with as many as 1 million immigrants living in cities at any one time."
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The Jammu and Kashmir Conflict, 2008.
This paper explores the reasons behind the ongoing Indo-Pakistani conflict.
3,331 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 66.95
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Abstract
The paper offers a background into the Indo-Pakistani conflict that is rooted in the dispute for the Jammu and Kashmir regions. The paper identifies the political, religious, ethnic and economic components that have created this difficult situation in South Asia. The paper discusses potential solutions that are all extremely challenging, but concludes that solutions and negotiations must be undertaken before nuclear conflict results.
From the Paper
"The relationship between India and Pakistan has evolved towards a very dramatic outcome after the fall of the British Indian Empire in 1947 and the emergence of the two countries as independent states. The two countries fought four wars between each other and the reasons that stand at the basis of the tensioned situation are complex and deeply rooted in the historical and cultural relation between the two countries. One of the main reasons for conflict is over the disputed regions of Jammu and Kashmir and the main concern is that the conflict does not seem to end, not even after all the wars."
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The Iraq War: Causes and Justifications, 2008.
This paper attempts to explore the real reasons behind the invasion of Iraq.
1,464 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper questions whether the American invasion was an example of realism i.e. a reaction to actual international circumstances and domestic needs, or of constructivism in the name of fostering democratic and humanitarian ideals. The paper argues that this war has been a jumble of realist and constructivist ideas, with the Bush Administration changing its justifications for invading Iraq. The paper asserts that President George W. Bush and his administration have largely framed the need for war and its "successes" in terms of hoped-for visions of an Americanized Iraq and Middle East. The paper discusses Bush's dream for an Iraq that would be favorable to American business and which would peacefully acquiesce to America's security needs. The paper looks at Bush's democracy promotion agenda and claims that it failed to take into account the real conditions and hopes of the men and women on the ground.
From the Paper
"The Iraq War looms as one of the great international relations questions of our times. In March 2003, the United States invaded the sovereign nation of Iraq based on what it claimed were threats from Saddam Hussein's weapons of mass destruction, the presence of Islamist terrorists on Iraqi soil, and similar threats to American security and general world peace and stability. In the aftermath of that invasion, the Iraq Study Group and various other investigators showed that Iraq had not possessed any such weapons, that there had been no terrorist presence in that country, and that virtually all of the other reasons given for the invasion had been false. The United States government blamed faulty pre-war intelligence and quickly shifted its justification for invasion to the changed circumstances of a post-9/11 world. In such a world, according to President George W. Bush, Vice Present Dick Cheney, and others, Saddam Hussein and his totalitarian regime represented an existential "gathering threat" to the United States and its friends and allies."
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The United Nations, 2008.
A brief overview of the history of the United Nations and its success in dealing with crises in smaller countries.
745 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the United Nations was created back in 1945 as the most important forum for international cooperation after the Second World War, a time when big and small countries were in need of an organized space to collaborate in achieving and maintaining peace. It concludes that the United Nations did not prove to be the discussion forum for the small countries its founders had hoped for although the actions undergone by the UN, through different means, have been an important part in the development of such countries.
From the Paper
"Indeed, the veto power of the five permanent members does not allow small countries to decide on the issues affecting world peace without the support of all the Security Council members. This is largely due to the fact that most of the action taken by the UN has been in reaction to crises in small and poor countries around the world. (Russbach, 1994) The presence of small countries inside the UN was benefic for drawing the attention on the conflicts affecting them and therefore, from the perspective of their contribution versus the benefits they received through the United Nations intervention action, it can be said that although the voice of small countries and territories is less influential, they seem to benefit from the presence of UN missions on their territory. The case of Trinidad and Tobago is relevant in this sense, from the point of view of the ongoing programs in the country. "
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2008.
An analysis of the context, events and resolution of the Cuban missile crisis.
2,730 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the historical context which determined the Cuban missile crisis. It discusses the actual development of events, the climax and the resolution of the situation. The paper also underlines, when possible, specific issues and their contribution to the diffusion of tension between the American political parties. Finally, the last part of the paper presents the importance of the crisis in the Cold War environment.
Table of Contents:
Historical Context
Development of Events
Climax
Resolution of the Crisis
Importance
From the Paper
"The importance of the crisis has a series of different perspectives. On the one hand, it represented a test for the stability of the bipolar system. The fact that the two most important states in the world, having nuclear potential, managed to reach a non violent resolution of the crisis proved the stability of the system and the fact that, indeed, from the perspective of international relations theory, a bipolar system is the least vulnerable. (Nye, 2005) On the other, the event proved to be defining for reorienting the course of foreign policy during the Cold War. After the crisis, the Hot Line was established between the White House and Kremlin, to enable direct and unhindered communication between the two leaders of the world. Therefore, a certain awareness of the danger the world faced in 1962 led the political leaders to reconsider their intransigent position and be more open to cooperation in terms of international treaties and political talks. However, the changing of the leadership in Washington and the War in Vietnam slowed down the road to cooperation."
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International Intervention into Kosovo, 2008.
An analysis of the legitimacy of the international intervention into the Kosovo crisis.
2,181 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the question of whether or not international intervention into the Kosovo crisis was necessary. It specifically discusses how the prevailing philosophy of international law is applied to the case. The paper begins by describing the background of the situation in Kosovo. It then focuses on the United Nations' and NATO's charters. Finally, the paper analyzes the situation in Kosovo through the applicable international law in order to reach a conclusion as to whether or not the international intervention was legitimate.
Table of Contents:
The Kosovo Quagmire
The Philosophy of International Law
International Law and Kosovo Intervention
From the Paper
"Today, the United Nation backed talks have made some progress on technical matters, although ultimate resolution remains a distant hope. Both parties continue to be opposed to the question of Kosovo's status itself. Even this year, an international draft resolution for independence for Kosovo has been rewritten at least four times. The main reason for this is that Russia, a member of the United Nations Security Council, has raised the issue that creating a sovereign Kosovo goes against international law principles of state sovereignty. On the other hand, the United Nations Security Council fears that if Kosovo Albanian's demand for independence is not granted, escalated violence will occur and thus international peace and security will be threatened. In other words, the ongoing question of international law and legitimacy continues to work its way out."
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Humanitarian Intervention, 2008.
Discuses the issue of humanitarian intervention by examining the debate over Kosovo.
1,460 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the use of humanitarian intervention in Kosovo was the right decision even though other people oppose this action because they see full military interventions, including armed combat and humanitarian aide, as a serious act of destructing state sovereignty. The paper then asserts out that the situation in Kosovo and other national breeches of human rights are usually an ethnic conflict in which an unscrupulous leader utilizes genocidal slaughter to control political situations. The paper also contends that, although many people wish that humanitarian intervention could be defined by clear-cut guidelines, these situations are always beset by ethical and moral dilemmas.
From the Paper
"United States, post WWII, has made markedly extensive strides toward a reversal of the isolationist tactics of previous years, and yet the value of such an idea is questioned by many as intervention frequently and almost assuredly leaves the nation and her allies' subjects of criticism. Additionally, public opinion also seems to be split in such situations, with some coming to the side of immediate and swift intervention; regardless to maintain international rights, others complain that the US has no right or business being everyone's protector."
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Exploration and the New World, 2008.
A look how exploration to the New World changed the evolution of world history and how European colonization differed from that of other world powers of that era.
1,486 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses why the European colonization of the New World took on such particular importance, in terms of how world history evolved, and how the Europeans were able to gain such a tenacious foothold in the Americas despite the fact that North and Central America was already heavily populated by powerful civilizations. The paper also compares the European colonization of the New World to world powers of the same period who were equally capable of carrying on similar colonizing expeditions.
From the Paper
"First of all, unlike the Asian, Arab, and earlier Scandinavian powers, which were all equally capable of carrying on similar colonizing expeditions, the European colonizers were driven by universalizing, expansive religious ideologies that refused to acknowledge pluralism and toleration. For example, the Puritans cast family and nation behind to create a new society, entirely governed by their religious laws. The conquistadors went fiercely and determinedly in search of economic opportunities not provided by their own society and nation. This gave these individuals a zealous and determined sense of conquest. In contrast, most of the indigenous societies these colonizers confronted were self-sustained and self-contained, and had no reason or knowledge of other societies outside of their immediate framework. They were not equipped, militarily or philosophically, to cope with such an onslaught."
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Ethics in Foreign Policy: China in Darfur, 2008.
A case study analysis of the role of ethics in the foreign policy of China with regards to Darfur.
11,369 words (approx. 45.5 pages), 35 sources, APA, £ 154.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the roles of ethics in foreign policy. It specifically focuses on the case of China with regards to Darfur. The paper discusses the advantages of China vetoing the resolution against Darfur and then looks at the disadvantages. Specifically, the paper questions whether China will support the crisis in Darfur in order to advance its own economy.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Research Question
Introduction
Literature Review
The Issue
Ethics in Foreign Policy School of Thought
Case Study and the Case of Darfur
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the present study of China and the case of Darfur, it is clear that in the beginning of this issue that China was determined to stay removed and aloof from the crisis occurring in Darfur and this is for several reasons. The first reason is that China has traditionally and historically stayed aloof from such international events and crises and therefore was following the tradition in the country for addressing such problems. The second reason is obviously economic and political reasons due to their close friendship and business relationship with the country of Sudan in which the Darfur region is located. China is greatly dependent upon petroleum purchases that the country of China makes from the country of Sudan and as well China has a great deal of investment tied up in the country of Sudan in energy projects such as the investment that China has made in Sudan's energy producing dams. The fact is that China in actuality has watered down each attempt made by UN resolutions to address this problem in Sudan and has quite emphatically insisted that the permission of the Sudanese government must be gained prior to introducing UN peace keeping forces into the country. Because of this insistence on the part of China, many of the UN resolutions made to deal with the problem in Darfur were rendered null and void. However, pressure from the international community and most specifically as related to the upcoming 2008 Olympics has forced China to remove itself from its traditional stance in this situation and China stepped out and attempted to persuade the government of Sudan to allow peace keeping forces from the United Nations to enter their country, but to no avail. While economic interest had indeed played a great role in the stance of China on the situation in Darfur, simultaneously the country of China has attempted to gratuitously adhere to the wishes of the public throughout the international world."
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North Korea and Nuclear Proliferation, 2008.
An analysis of the impact of nuclear proliferation in the Korean Peninsula.
7,681 words (approx. 30.7 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper serves as a Lockwood Analytical Method for Prediction (LAMP) analysis of the question of nuclear proliferation in the Korean Peninsula. It describes the history and development of North Korea andr then discusses how North Korea's emergence as a nuclear power will affect nuclear proliferation in the Korean Peninsula and surrounding nations or national interests.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Issue Identification
National Actors
Possible Courses of Action
Major Scenarios
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Total Number of Permutations
Pair-wise Comparison Results, Ranking and Analysis
Conclusion and Focal Events
From the Paper
"To many, North Korea is emerging as a noticeable player in the world, owing almost entirely to its bid to create and manufacture a nuclear arsenal. In the summer of 2006, in fact on July 4th, not coincidentally the US national independence day holiday, North Korea tested at least seven nuclear missiles. ("The Real WMDs; by," 2006, p. 14) This event was a slap in the face to the current international players in the arms race, and especially the US who chose, for ease of conviction, post 9/11 to strike Iraq, rather than N. Korea, as its first step in the "war on terror." This event also marks the beginning of a show of power on the part of N. Korea, to not only deploy weapons for testing, a kind of shooting into the air, but to continue to develop and employ them as part of their own security strategy, despite international pressure to cease and desist. There is no real question that current event could begin the process of one of the eventual scenarios, outline by the LAMP method analysis above. Each primary and secondary player will likely have a political, economic and popular response to the events. Increased fear in each nation, both primary and secondary as well as furtherance of reports of total economic and humanitarian breakdown in N. Korea will also likely continue to feed the potential for conflict and hopefully eventual resolution, of some kind. Ideally such a resolution would involve peaceful aspects rather than militaristic ones but given the show of force this is extremely improbable at this time."
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The Panama Canal, 2008.
A descriptive account of the involvement of America in securing the rights to complete the Panama Canal.
1,810 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper speaks about the engineering marvel of the Panama Canal which was the culmination of one of modern history's great negotiating processes. The paper describes how America deliberated with the French and the Columbians to secure the rights to complete the project.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Introduction to the Problem
Identify and Define the Problem
Types of Interest
Alternative Solutions
Common Goals and Objectives
Commitment to Work Together
Building Trust
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Americans also had to build trust with the workers who would ultimately dig the canal. Many workers for the French dig had died from the poor conditions, and the Americans needed to avoid a repeat in order to keep work moving. Unfortunately, the project got off to a poor start in 1904, when project leader John Findlay Wallace duplicated many of the French mistakes ("TR's legacy," No date). Conditions were unsanitary, the food supply was terrible, and disease began to spread again, prompting many workers to leave the project. When Wallace was replaced by John Stevens, Stevens' first priorities were to build better facilities for workers, improve sanitation efforts on the project, and to make sure the workers were well fed. These steps built trust with the disenfranchised workers, and historians widely believe that the canal would not have been completed without Stevens' intervention."
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The United Nations Peacekeeping Organization, 2008.
An extensive examination of peacekeeping and the United Nations peacekeeping organization.
13,145 words (approx. 52.6 pages), 21 sources, MLA, £ 172.95
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Abstract
This paper defines peacekeeping, both in a historical context and for the present. The paper reviews the literature for past and present issues about military intervention including a comparison of academic theories of statesmanship and the application of peacekeeping in different regions. The paper also compares the historical perspectives on the placement of peacekeepers and different conflict states in which peacekeeping can be administered. In addition, the paper looks at the critical issues surrounding the United Nations peacekeeping operations, their different forms of peacekeeping operations, their history of deployments and their restrictions. The paper concludes with recommendations for structural improvements in peacekeeping processes and the future of the United Nations operation.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Lessons Learned From Past/Present Mission Failures
Reasons behind Successful Operations
Ideas for Future Structural Improvements
Summary
From the Paper
"A great deal of the literature on peacekeeping revolves around perceived strengths, weaknesses and history of peacekeeping. Falk notes that liberalism, considered to be a basis of peacekeeping, is noted by some to be evidence of "generosity of spirit from a position of strength". As a belief system, therefore, liberalism will attempt to convert others, for their own good, to liberal ways of thinking. When one considers the application of peacekeeping, in a broader sense, the application of law, one must also consider if the application of law in a conflict is based upon a typically American style of jurisprudence? Does global peacekeeping also consider European or Asian elements of law as well? If not, can one say that the application of international law on a political level is appropriate ? Tammahana states this application is too broad in perspective and inadequate to the needs of the municipality. The concept of citizenship historically exerts a tension between internal and external exclusion. While peacekeepers theoretically must extend equal rights and duties to all members of the state, there generally exists a division between the parties to the conflict and the peacekeepers themselves."
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Diffusing Religious - Based Tensions, 2008.
A research paper on methods of diffusing tensions between nations based on religion.
18,300 words (approx. 73.2 pages), 40 sources, APA, £ 172.95
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Abstract
The paper seeks to identify effective legal approaches to diffusing religious-based tensions in states where religious and political affairs are intertwined. The paper examines scholarly and governmental literature to provide an overview of the respective legal systems of six different countries, their experiences with religious-based acts of terrorism in recent years, and what the legal systems of these countries do on their own to address these pressing issues. The paper summarizes the research and salient conclusions.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Methodology
Overview of Study
Definition of Key Terms
Review of Related Literature
Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper
"Finally, and perhaps most regrettably of all, there appears to be an inverse relationship between how authoritarian and restrictive a society's legal system is compared to its incidence of terrorist activities. Those countries where free speech and democratic processes are well established have turned out to be the perfect place for terrorists to find accommodations while they plot acts of violence against the very same societies that allow them to operate with such impunity. How can these same social frameworks be transformed to counter these threats without sacrificing the essential elements of their society that makes them free? This question has perplexed historians, politicians and scholars, and it continues to present policymakers with a number of choices, most of which are bad - from a free society's perspective at least -- it would seem. Because the stakes are so high, there is little room for false starts or experimentation when addressing the fundamental issues involved in addressing a multifaceted and enormously volatile problem such as religious-based international terrorism. It would seem like a reasonable starting point for the respective legal systems reviewed herein would be to clean up their own acts making access to them easier for the average citizen, and to enforce the laws that are already on the books concerning conspiracy and terrorism. Placing further restrictions on a country's citizenry through the legal system only plays into the hands of terrorists who seek to foment unrest and dissatisfaction, just as the propagandists of the past and today. Yet, some limitations need to be considered on just how free a society can be and still tolerate the imposition of religious-based changes and remain a free state."
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