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"The New Nature of Nation-State Failure", 2006.
A critique and review of Robert I. Rotberg's "The New Nature of a Nation-State Failure".
2,811 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes "The New Nature of Nation-State Failure" by Robert I. Rotberg. According to the paper, Rotberg offers the reader a close and intimate view of what actually occurs and what the citizens undergo as the nation-state's failure plays out according to the lines written by a ruling elite class of powerful governing classes that have essentially taken over the country in a patriarchal and despotic rule.
Outline:
Introduction
Summary
Strengths and Weaknesses
Improvements
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Rotberg moves on to the subject of prevention of such state failure call it much easier than a revival once having failed or collapsed in a destructive manner. Long and expensive are the call words that Rotberg assigns to revival of a country after such as state of failure and collapse has been reached. Creation of security, administrative structure, a bureaucracy and location of funds are the steps taken in the first effort of revival of a collapsed state along with establishment of a legal code and system, training of court officials and opening of courtrooms, restarting of schools, rebuilding and refurbishing of hospitals, building of roads, gathering of demographical statistics. Although Rotberg states that elections are not first priority but constitutions and elections to encourage democracy are very important. It is more important according to Rotberg that strength is given to nation states prior to failure as it is much easier to attempt revival from this point instead of after failure and collapse. He cites 'outside support' as being 'conditional on monetary and fiscal streamlining' with 'renewed attention to good governance, with reforms of land tenure systems and strict adherence to the rule of law" taking place. Nothing that endures can be accomplished in a short period of time. It is very important that failure of many of these states is prevented but it is also costly. These places ethnic cleansing and famines result in the newly failed states with terrorist groups taking hold. "
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Underlying Causes of Terrorism, 2007.
This paper argues that current U.S. policies in the "war against terrorism" have been ineffective in combating terrorist activity.
1,915 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the history of unrest in the Middle Eastern region. The paper contends that through Western policies, embargoes, fear and greed, the Middle East has been caught in a continuous cycle of oppression and restriction with very little hope of escaping. The paper maintains that the interest the Western world has in the Middle East's natural resources generate frustration, fear and poverty, which in turn generates a highly fertile environment for the violence and deliberate aggression of terrorism. The paper shows how U.S. foreign polices have done nothing to reduce the threat of terrorism in the Middle East. The paper asserts that only truly humanitarian efforts can bring about a positive change in the region.
Outline:
Introduction
Thesis
History
Resources
Frustration and Oppression=Terrorism
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The struggles of the Ottoman Empire against the Western world are well documented all the way back through the conflicts with the Roman Empire. Even then the focus was on the resources that the Middle East, such as silk and spices, that were sorely missed in Europe. Not only were the resources a major issue, but the struggle for Christian domination over Islam was a major goal as well. Constant clashes over trade routes and control in then independent countries laid the foundation for centuries of conflict."
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What is Wrong with Gasoline Prices?, 2006.
An in-depth research proposal regarding the price of gas prices and foreign policy.
6,041 words (approx. 24.2 pages), 21 sources, APA, £ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the price of gasoline and how we need to increase gasoline prices to prevent all our national policies from being determined by our thirst for oil. According to the paper, US foreign policy has become a hostage to ensuring adequate supplies of imported oil.
Outline:
Context of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research and Review of the Problem
Crude Oil Prices and its Impact on Gasoline Prices
Political Impact of Higher Energy Prices
Objective of Study: To Advocate Higher Gasoline Prices Potential Benefits of Higher Energy Prices
Environmental Impact
Global Warming
Significance of the Study
Research Design & Methodology
Discussion
From the Paper
"The carbon dioxide produced by motor gasoline in 2003 was equivalent to 311 million metric tons of carbon [Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 2005]. If we could achieve even 10% improvement in energy efficiency through use of lighter cars, it would save million of tons of oil and also reduce the carbon emission by 30 million tons. The 10% target is not just possible it is very realistic and even now a family car is about 25% more fuel efficient than a light truck (a term also applied to SUVs). The federal corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards set the fuel economy goals for new passenger cars at 27.5 miles per gallon (mpg). The regulations do not classify SUVs as cars but as light trucks. The light trucks only have to achieve 20.7 mpg. Even this is taken as an average of all light trucks and some SUVs operate at 12 mpg and can remain on the road legally. Some SUVs like Ford Excursions don't even qualify as light trucks and are not subject to CAFE standard."
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Illicit Iraqi Oil Contracts, 2007.
This paper discusses the work "Oil for What? Illicit Iraqi Oil Contracts and the UN Security Council" by P. Heaton.
1,483 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
In this article, Heaton's work, the United Nation's Iraqi Oil-For-Food program and its suspected illicit dealings, are investigated. The writer points out that over a 6 1/2 year period, beginning in 1996, more than 1,300 oil contracts were issued, with the intended purpose of humanitarian relief for the Iraqi people. However, the writer shows that many have questioned whether all of the money transferred during contract issuance through oil extraction went to the humanitarian aid for which it was originally intended. The writer discusses that Heaton looks to answer the economic question of whether or not Saddam Hussein utilized these contracts to line his personal coffers, as well for the purchase of weapons.
From the Paper
"This is an important question that needs to be answered for two reasons. First, the United Nations needs to understand not only where their Oil-For-Food program went right, but also where it went wrong. The idea behind the program is a sound one. It allows the U.N. to economically sanction a country, punishing its leaders, but still be compassionate to the general populace that have little to no choice in their country's matters. However, as this work demonstrates, if there are loopholes in the program, and the details are not sufficiently considered, the punishments, meant by the economic sanctions, will barely be felt by those in power. And, in fact, despite rules to the contrary, sanctioned countries cannot only acquire the hard currency they desire, but also weapons as well, circumventing restrictions. The article implies that Hussein was able to offer oil contracts significantly below market value, in exchange for kickbacks, which were given when the contracts were resold to other individuals or organizations, to actually extract the oil, closer to market price."
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Globalization, 2006.
A review of globalization as a homogenizing process.
4,438 words (approx. 17.8 pages), 22 sources, MLA, £ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a review of the relevant literature to identify what forces are driving globalization today. The paper discusses how these forces have affected other countries. The paper further discusses the current and future trends in globalization.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
The Influence of Americanization, McDonaldization and Globalization to Date
Current and Future Trends
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to some analysts, the technological innovations that have emerged in recent years take are largely taken for granted in the West have the potential for affecting the quality of life for billions of people in the emerging nations of the world, but that it is ethnocentric to assume that everyone will want these innovations or that they will have the same effect on all peoples. For example, Choudhury and Cui (2003) point to the increasing globalization of the world's marketplaces wherein more businesses are crossing national boundaries to produce and market their products in other countries. In this regard, Knight and Cavusgil (2004) suggest that the first trend toward the globalization of the world's markets has been a process that involves countless enterprises in international sourcing, production, and marketing as well as the emergence of various cross-border alliances designed to improve product development and distribution. "
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Vietnam and Iraq, 2006.
A comparison between the wars in Vietnam and Iraq.
3,284 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the differences and similarities between the wars in Vietnam and Iraq. The paper discusses the question of whether or not the US is repeating the mistakes it made with regards to Vietnam, in Iraq.
From the Paper
" For example, those who sought war in Vietnam feared China and Communist rule in the area, and the possibility that Communism in the Vietnam region would create a "domino effect", in terms to spreading Communism to other parts of Asia. In Iraq, America sought to interfere with Muslim-based religious and secular power in the region, and a chance to have a (supposedly) democratizing influence in the region, as well as proximity to and control over Iraqi oil. Today, the historical consensus of why America invaded Vietnam is that when the Communists took over North Vietnam (with backing from (as it was then known) "Red China"), America thought it needed to protect its non-Communist interests, and to help defend non-Communist turf, wherever in the world it was. Such an attitude was probably precipitated by McCarthy era anti-Communist paranoia. However ill-advised the Vietnam war was in hindsight, politicians of the day, Democrats and Republicans alike (Truman; Eisenhower; Kennedy; Johnson; Nixon) believed in the "domino theory": if one non-Communist nation fell, others would follow. "
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The Arab-Israeli Conflict, 2007.
An analysis of the book "Origins and Development of the Arab-Israeli Conflict" by Ann M. Lesch and Dan Tschirgi.
974 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This book covers the reasons for the Arab-Israeli Conflict and its escalation. The paper describes how the book presents an historical overview of events that all combined to lead up to the conflict. The paper quotes the authors who maintain that European intervention provoked the Muslim world in the late 1700s causing the Muslims to established a long-standing tradition of fighting to hold on to their land and their way of life. The paper notes the professionalism and techniques employed throughout this book. The paper concludes that Israel and the Arab world need to work together for peace, but this book suggests that there may simply be too many barriers in the way of that ever actually occurring.
From the Paper
"Ultimately, the two groups fighting seem to be fighting a no-win war. The text calls this the "zero-sum" approach and notes, "[O]bservers argue that Arabs will never really accept Israel's legitimacy and its permanent presence in the region and that Israelis will never accept the right of the Palestinians to national self-determination and statehood. This view holds that the conflict is zero-sum" (Lesch, and Tschirgi 4). However, others do not hold to this approach and believe that somehow peace can ultimately be achieved in the Middle East. Some cite the American and European involvement in current affairs as adding fuel to the conflict, and others cite how the two nationalist movements are so dissimilar, accord will be extremely difficult to reach and maintain."
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GIS Research Proposal, 2006.
A look at the need for research pertaining to GIS or geographic information system, used for military purposes.
2,853 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses military intelligence. The paper relates military intelligence to the use of the geographic information system or GIS. According to the paper, GIS is a computer system capable of capturing, storing, analyzing and displaying geographically referenced information.
From the Paper
"The next article to consider is GIS or geographic information system. A GIS is a computer system capable of capturing, storing, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced information; that is, data identified according to location. Practitioners also define a GIS as including the procedures, operating personnel, and spatial data that go into the system (USGS 2006)). GIS is considered a new and trailblazing technological application that aids in "scientific investigation, resource management and development planning. The power of a GIS comes from the ability to relate different information in a spatial context and to reach a conclusion about this relationship. Most of the information we have about our world contains a location reference, placing that information at some point on the globe. This is done by using a location reference system, such as longitude and latitude, and perhaps elevation. (USGS 2006))" For example, if a commander wants to know the trending of movements of a particular insurgent group in Iraq, the intelligence gathered-strength, disposition, mobility and times of activity-can be input in the GIS and with another trend and analysis application, an analysis can be made on where they are going and how soon can they get there."
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Realism and Foreign Policy, 2006.
A discussion regarding US foreign policy in relation to 9/11, Pearl Harbor, the Vietnam War and the Cuban Missile Crisis.
1,758 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the events of September 11th, Pearl Harbor, the Vietnam War and the Cuban Missile Crisis, focusing primarily on American foreign policy related to these events. It discusses how in times of crisis, Americans come together in the common goal of defeating an enemy. It also examines how the tradition of neo-realism has a deep-rooted historical basis in the political philosophy of realism.
From the Paper
"As a theory, national character arguments rely heavily on moralistic arguments-that our way of life is better, morally superior, to other political systems. It "equate[s] the country's national values-individual liberty, religious tolerance, human rights-with universal values" (Hook and Spanier 2004, p.353). This concept of is evident in the language of the 9/11 Commission Report; it devotes an entire chapter (13) to "unity" and different types of unity among Americans and our allies-"unity of effort across the foreign-domestic divide, unity of effort in the intelligence community, unity of effort in sharing information, unity of effort in the Congress." (National Commission, 399-428). This emphasis on "unity" recalls past instances of defending the national character and associates the struggle with terrorism with prior instances of national unity-the Cold War, or Pearl Harbor, for example."
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Mexico, 2006.
A look at Mexico in comparison to the USA.
1,260 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of Mexico. The paper explores the basic demographic information about the nation, economic structure and how this structure compares with that of the United States.
Table of Contents:
Demographics
Governments (Mexico and United States)
Import/Export Laws
Economy (Mexico and the United States)
Hypothetical Situation
Effect of the Situation on the Nation and US Economy
From the Paper
"The United States and Mexico both operate under a democratic government that has an instituted political party system.
Mexico refers to its government is called a federal republic operating under a centralized government. It is interesting to note that the United States has 51 states, and Mexico which is only three times the size of Texas has 31 states(Mexico http://www.kmike.com/country/mxdemog.htm). "
"The legal age of adulthood is 18 in Mexico just as it is in the United States, however drinking in the United States is prohibited until the age of 21, while 18 year olds in Mexico are allowed to purchase and drink alcohol. "
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The Dubai Conflict, 2006.
A review of the debate surrounding Dubai Ports World running ports in New York and New Jersey; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Baltimore, Maryland; Miami, Florida and New Orleans, Louisiana.
3,304 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the agreement between the USA and UAE to allow the Dubai Ports World to run key U.S. seaports. The paper reports that the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS), approved the deal on January 17, 2006 after DP World gave assurances that employee lists and other information would be made available.
Outline:
The Debate
The Fight for Ports
History and Background
The Role of Dubai
Dubai Ports
What's The Problem
Conclusion and Final Thoughts
From the Paper
"According to the US government Dubai is a major shipping hub with a large free-trade zone. What makes this place so interesting is its close proximity to countries of concern in the US; countries on the "weapons of mass destruction" side. Logistically Dubai is only 100 miles of he southern Iranian port of Bandar Abbas. The US has a vested interest in keeping commodities that can be used for nuclear triggers out of trade. Some of these dual use commodities are gas monitors and software. Traders of these products are able to mark up products by 40%, whether the sale is legal or not. When the US found out that American made spark gaps and high speed medical device switches that are used to break up kidney stones were being shipped to end users in Dubai, the commercial capital of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) , they knew an issue for debate was on the table. At the UAE, trading activity accounts for the biggest single chunk (16.5%) of a $20 billion economy and has become a favorite diversion point on the Persian Gulf for unlikely cargo. With no export controls and hardly any legislative bureaucracy this free zone presents an excellent cover for , airports and free smugglers hoping to bypass U.S. embargoes."
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The Manhattan Project, 2007.
A discussion of the Manhattan Project: America's secret project to design and build an atomic bomb during World War II.
1,584 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the United States' rush to build an atomic bomb during World War II. The paper details the bomb's inception and shows how it was used on Hiroshima and then on Nagasaki, forcing Japan to surrender. The paper explains that the long-term push for the bomb set the United States on a course of creating and stockpiling nuclear weapons that shaped the nature of the Cold War. The paper discusses how although the atomic bomb ended World War II, the controversy surrounding its use continues because of the enormous consequences of using nuclear warfare.
From the Paper
"The Los Alamos site was chosen for two main reasons: First, a special weapons laboratory was needed to put the bomb together. Second, the massive security regulations were becoming a problem, with the compartmentalization of tasks so that the people involved with the various aspects of the Manhattan Project would know only enough to carry out their own jobs effectively. This approach worked well and was one reason why no information ever reached German hands. However, at the scientific level, such compartmentalization was a problem."
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Morality of the Iraqi War, 2007.
This paper argues that the U.S. was morally justified in using military action in Iraq.
2,050 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 16 sources, APA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines several concepts of morality and waging war, and showed that the US intervention in Iraq is morally acceptable. The author then describes a set of normative conditions developed by military theorists that must be met in order to consider a military action morally justified. The author further develops these concepts. The paper concludes by stating that the U.S. was justified in going to war in Iraq based on the five conditions of jus ad bellum--the right to go to war.
From the Paper
"Concerning the matter of "legitimate authority", it is a case of internal authorization of the legislative for the executive branch to conduct foreign policy, as "a war is just only if waged by a legitimate authority. Such authority is rooted in the notion of state sovereignty and derived from popular consent" . The US federal Constitution, in order to regulate and insure that the people through the Congress regulates a strict control over the executive power and subsequently over the capacity to manage foreign relations, demands that the Congress approve actions taken by the President in matters concerning foreign policy. Pursuant to this constrains, the US invasion of Iraq in March 2003 had the full support of the Congress assembled, expressed even by a "Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces against Iraq". This text stated that "The Congress of the United States supports the efforts by the President to obtain prompt and decisive action by the Security Council to ensure that Iraq abandons its strategy of delay, evasion and noncompliance and promptly and strictly complies with all relevant Security Council resolutions ". Furthermore, it goes on to authorize the President "to use the Armed Forces of the United States as he determines to be necessary and appropriate in order to defend the national security of the United States against the continuing threat posed by Iraq and to enforce all relevant United Nations Security Council Resolutions regarding Iraq" . Thus, considering this action, the presidency was indeed given the proper declaration of legitimacy in order to wage war on Iraq."
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Energy Trade, 2007.
An analysis of President Bush's advanced energy initiative to reduce the need for energy trade with the Middle East.
1,576 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the energy trade in the United States. It discusses the increasing need for energy compared to the consumers' decreasing knowledge about where energy is coming from. The paper then discusses President Bush's State of the Union Address for 2006, in which he outlined his new advanced energy initiative, with the overall goal of reducing dependence upon Middle Eastern oil. It then addresses this goal to further advance the use and technology of solar and wind energy resources.
From the Paper
"Renewable energy has been used in various, yet mostly private applications for many years, with ah classic example of the farmer using a solitary windmill to provide energy to a pump that provides water to his fields or livestock or the application of several solar cells on the roofs of homes, either in remote locations where other sources of power are to expensive to obtain or in the city where the novice environmentalist wishes to "get off the grid." Yet, these applications are very limited and the much larger possible applications and the technology that drives them can be rather expensive, in comparison to other forms of energy attainment, especially with regard to initial investment. One of President Bushes stated goals is to reduce the cost of these investments through the development of less costly technologies. Though is a relatively simplistic look at the actual numbers, wind energy, on its own has increased in capacity significantly in the last few years and the same can be said of solar renewable resources."
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