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"The Mexican War", 2008.
A review of the content and approach of Otis Singletary's work, "The Mexican War."
1,013 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the war with Mexico started in 1846 and ended in 1848. It focuses on Otis Singletary's work, "The Mexican War" and how he details the events leading up to this war as America invaded Mexico. The paper describes the content of the book and then reviews Singletary's approach to the content matter and its presentation.
Table of Contents:
The Coming of the War
The Invasion of Northern Mexico
Thrust to the Pacific
To the City of Mexico
Politicians and Generals
The Hidden War
The Diplomacy of War
Review
From the Paper
"The approach is chronological but also based on larger patterns and what they indicate about the battle. The author sometimes gets lost in what seem to be peripheral issues, though he later ties them into the main thrust of his narrative and does so in a way that makes the reader see why this approach was taken. The documentation is not as clear in the body of the book as it is in the bibliography, where the author suggests the use of both primary and secondary sources and a reliance on other accounts by other historians. However, this documentation is not made by means of footnotes that would enable the reader to trace the source of any particular bit of information as clearly as might be done. Overall, the book is a good synthesis of research and a clear detailing of the people and events involved in the Mexican War."
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Civil War and African Americans, 2008.
A discussion of the Civil War's impact on African-American soldiers.
709 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 15.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the Civil War greatly altered the lives of tens of thousands of African-American soldiers and their families because of President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and his related decision to authorize African Americans to serve in the Union Army. The paper shows how historic events inspired an overwhelming number of former slaves to enlist in order to fight against the Confederacy that had enslaved them and also earn military wages so they could support their families.
From the Paper
"In the second chapter of his book, Climbing Up To Glory, Wilbur Jenkins examines how and why initial Northern opposition to African-American participation in the Civil War was related to the respective treatment African-Americans received from the Union and Confederate governments during the fighting. African-Americans eagerly offered to fight for the Union as soon as the war broke out, but authorities in Washington D.C. rejected their offers for political reasons. (Jenkins 29-31)"
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Canada-American Relations, 2008.
Looks at Canadian-American relations during the Cold War.
2,540 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that, most of the time, Canada was a loyal ally of the U.S. during the first three decades of the Cold War. The paper also argues, however that, in the period from 1968 to 1975, Canada deviated from America in substantial ways because of a more belligerent form of nationalism and because of the desire of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to carve for himself a distinctive path in Canadian political history. The paper concludes that Canada may have failed to "tow the line" on occasion, but its record as an ally of Washington's is a strong one, especially during the late 1940s, 1950s and most of the 1960s.
From the Paper
"In the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, Canada's contribution to continental air security extended beyond simply being a welcome cushion for America in the event of an all-out war. Firstly, Canada erected, maintained and operated the Mid-Canada or McGill Radar Warning Line - an installation that paralleled the complex US Pine Tree System. The existence of the Mid-Canada Radar Warning Line says a couple things about Canada during this period: firstly, it says that Canada was willing to expend large sums of money on a defense project that would benefit America as well as the Dominion."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2008.
An analysis of the events leading up to the Cuban Missile Crisis, the crisis itself and the way that President Kennedy handled the issue.
1,785 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the Cuban Missile Crisis and President Kennedy's handling of this confrontation with the Soviet Union. First, the paper briefly examines the global events and Cold War conditions that precipitated the missile crisis. The paper then discusses the tensions between Moscow and Washington and why they had increased throughout the decade of the 1950s after the Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb, then its first hydrogen bomb and brutally invaded Hungary in 1956.
From the Paper
"In conclusion, President John F. Kennedy's ability to balance issues of national interest against the imminent threat of global nuclear war was the most important aspect of his leadership during the Cuban Missile Crisis in late October of 1962. Ironically, it was disagreement among Kennedy's advisors that ultimately produced a tough but measured response that compelled Khrushchev to remove Soviet missiles from Cuba and thus avoid an American invasion and likely escalation into nuclear war.
"By the narrowest of margins, World War III had been avoided. Despite the ill-considered decision of Premier Khrushchev to antagonize the United States by deploying nuclear missiles in Cuba certain to be discovered, and President Kennedy's ill-considered decision to authorize the Bay of Pigs invasion the preceding year, which antagonized Khrushchev into deploying those nuclear missiles to Cuba, both leaders managed to restrain their hawkish advisors and generals, and found a way to resolve the crisis through back-channel diplomacy and covert compromise."
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"Korematsu vs.United States", 2008.
Looks at the Supreme Court case of "Korematsu vs.United States", which upheld the Japanese-American relocation order of WWII.
810 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 17.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in September 1944, the United States Supreme Court ruled in the case of "Korematsu v. United States" (1944) by a 6-3 vote, to uphold Korematsu's conviction for violating the order to evacuate the West Coast. The author points out that the majority ruling was written by Hugo Black, Felix Frankfurter wrote a concurring opinion and dissenting opinions were written by Robert Jackson, Owen Roberts, and Frank Murphy. The paper stresses that, in this case, the Court placed a heavy burden on anyone trying to defend racial discrimination even though the Court allowed such discrimination against Fred Korematsu. The author argues that, nonetheless, the Court should have protected Korematsu's constitutional rights.
From the Paper
"Fred Korematsu was an American citizen of Japanese ancestry and lived in the San Francisco Bay area. He had a good job and a steady girlfriend, and he decided not to obey the relocation order. He went so far as to have plastic surgery performed on his face, and he told strangers that he was of Mexican descent, or Spanish-Hawaiian. This was not an effective ploy, though, and Korematsu was arrested in May 1942 for failing to comply with the evacuation order."
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The Stupa and Theravada Buddhism in Sri Lanka, 2008.
An analysis of the ongoing significance of stupas in everyday popular Sri Lankan Buddhism.
2,318 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes Sri Lanka as a foremost country of Theravada Buddhism with several very important and many more local stupas found in most parts of an officially Buddhist country. It specifically discusses the ongoing importance of stupas in everyday popular Sri Lankan Buddhism and describes the more colloquial meaning and popularity of stupas of different descriptions.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Stupas as Architecture
Popular Buddhism and the Stupa
Symbolism and Stupas
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"One sees that the stupa has terrific and varied significance in Sri Lanka's Theravada Buddhism whether in formal observances as can involve festival times or traveling to very important sites or what occurs locally involving what may be a very small district stupa, perhaps situated near a temple or upon a hill. In the upcountry areas of Sri Lanka, stupas may dot hillsides and with each, however small, having particular importance to someone or to residents of a particular village, rather like the roadside crucifixes or other religious statues one expects to see in Roman Catholic countries and implying the same sense of daily awareness and frequent related observance. There is the same contrast too between Christians viewing art as merely representing a saint or the divine, as opposed to persons who can actively worship an image or attach special powers to it. The smallest of white stupas can remind the Buddhist of how he or she is to live, develop the self, of the example of the Buddha's mind, the helpfulness of veneration. Preparing this paper has been a good exercise in seeing the different levels on which Asian religious phenomena need to be assessed, the understanding of an educated monk in Sri Lanka or a Buddhist historian of antiquities obviously rather different from the homespun understanding of a person who may be a very devout Buddhist citizen. In this sense the stupa offers different kinds of symbolism that can unite diverse members of a philosophical tradition."
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"The English Reform Act of 1867", 2008.
A review of the contents and arguments of "The Politics of Democracy: The English Reform Act of 1867" by Gertrude Himmelfarb.
1,707 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and summarizes "The Politics of Democracy: The English Reform Act of 1867" by Gertrude Himmelfarb. More specifically, the paper discusses the Himmelfarb's position that the Reform Act of 1867 was the most significant event in British history, specifically with regard to establishing household suffrage and democratic principles.
From the Paper
"Himmelfarb's real intentions and arguments are crystal clear. She wants to convince her readers that the Conservatives are responsible for the Reform Act, and history misrepresents their role in the affairs of the 19th century. The Liberals are not a progressive and altruistic party. She insinuates that the Conservative party is superior and works for the national interests, while Liberalism is an unstable and unimaginative ideology. Liberals see politics as a "rolling stone, uncontrollable and predictable" (Himmelfarb, 1967, p.123.). Civilisation is like the flickering flame of candle waiting to be snuffed out by the political mismanagement of the Liberal party. How, Himmelfarb asks, can such a party be responsible for the Reform Act of 1867? Only a strong and respectable party like the Tories could accomplish such a task. Although the Liberals advocated the Reform Act, Himmelfarb asserts that the "Reform Act was a Conservative measure, initiated and carried by a Conservative government"
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The Nature of War and the Significance of Strategy, 2008.
An essay on the military strategies of various war leaders.
1,987 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses many well-known ancient commentators of war and highlights the thoughts expressed by one of the most famous of these commentators, Sun Tzu, who lived some time between 500 and 300 B.C.E., during the warring kingdoms period in China. The paper goes on to discuss the five factors Sun Tzu saw necessary for implementing war and then compares his ideas with that of Henri-Antoine Jomini, who was influenced by the Napoleonic era, and many others. The paper concludes that with the power of nuclear warheads today perhaps mankind has realized that "warring" is no longer an option.
From the Paper
"While there are many commentators in western history, including notably Thucydides and Julius Caesar - both of them practitioners as well as commentators - perhaps the most notable of the ancient commentators is a person of who we know very little. We believe Sun Tzu lived some time between 500 and 300 B.C.E., during the warring kingdoms period in China. His various teachings on war were written out some 200 years later."
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Washington's Inaugural Address and Final Address, 2008.
A comparison of President George Washington's inaugural address and his final address.
873 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses President George Washington's first inaugural address, given in 1789 and his final, departing address as President, given in 1796. The paper compares and contrasts the two addresses and highlights two major continuities in both of Washington's speeches: his genuine reluctance to be President and his disdain for party politics.
From the Paper
"To close, there are many similarities between the First Inaugural Address of Washington and his final address as President. Most of all, Washington remains steadfast in his contempt of party politics and is consistent in his absence of a driving ambition that made the Presidency anything other than a duty that had to be fulfilled. Yet, God is noticeably less prominent in his second address, and one is left to wonder if the increased prominence of the Constitution suggests that it has almost taken on a sort of religious significance to America's First President. In the end, while Washington may have been unswerving in his revulsion of some things, his affection for other things grew with time."
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The Chinese Imperial Eunuch, 2008.
Looks at the Chinese Imperial eunuch's biological, cultural and spiritual origins.
1,975 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Chinese eunuch, the traditional figure of the Imperial palace, and the ways in which he has been understood at various points in history by various scholarly and historical works. The author suggests that the eunuch was not a merely utilitarian figure but one who occupied a position, which allowed a certain kind of traversing of boundaries between material and spiritual worlds. The paper relates that eunuchs sometimes became actors and singers as well as a select few who filled the roles of lamaist priests. The author points out that one of the more fascinating things about the role of the eunuch in Chinese society involved the emphasis on bodily wholeness so important in the culture.
From the Paper
"Eunuchs were believed to be disinclined to seek power or wealth for themselves, since they could not father children, and therefore would not be able to pass any success on to their sons. In his capacity, then, of witness to the women's lives, he was expected to make sure that any children born were actually heirs to the emperor, legitimately sired by him and no one else. In a time of high infant mortality it was especially important to the emperor to make sure that he sired as many sons, or potential future heirs, as possible."
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Immigration: A Historical Perspective, 2008.
This paper argues that immigration will continue to benefit the United States, as it did in the 19th century.
825 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 17.95
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Abstract
This paper compares immigration patterns of the 19th century with immigration trends today. The paper points out the similarities but notes the problematic issue of immigrants remaining culturally separate from mainstream American society, in ways not possible for 19th century immigrants. The paper asserts that we must cross this cultural divide since immigration in the 21st century will likely follow similar patterns that it followed in the 19th century and provide the fuel for continued economic growth.
From the Paper
"Few issues in the United States currently have the capacity to elicit as much ire as the debate over immigration. At times, the debate seems to be anything but rational, as individuals on both sides of the issue make extravagant claims. The old American myth that the country was built by freedom-loving immigrants comes into conflict with the realities of cultural integration and economic crisis. Since it is impossible to predict what will happen as the battle over immigration continues, our most reasonable course of action is to look to the past, to the history of immigration in the United States, to get a clearer sense of the ways in which immigration has shaped the nation."
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The History of Printing in Ancient China, 2008.
An analysis of the history of printing during the Tang Dynasty and the Sung Dynasty in Ancient China and its relationship to Buddhism and Confucianism.
1,726 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper shows the important role that Buddhism and Confucianism played in the development of printing. It then shows the important role that printing played in the development and history of these two religions. The paper particularly discusses the history of printing from the time of the Tang Dynasty and the Sung Dynasty in Ancient China.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Very Beginning of Printing - Tang Dynasty (618-906)
Reasons why Printing was Invented - Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty
The Diamond Sutra
Buddhist and Confucian Books Printed in the Sung Dynasty
Importance of Printing to Buddhism and Confucianism
Commercial Uses for Printing
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As has been shown above, the Ancient Chinese were the first to develop printing, during the Tang Dynasty and the Sung Dynasty. The main reason they did this was because printing was needed to produce and distribute more religious texts. In particular, Buddhist texts were the reason why early printing was developed. Printing then made possible the production of the first complete Buddhist canon. So, it must have been very important in spreading and developing Buddhism in China. Although printing was soon used for commercial applications, it continued to be important for religious literature. During the Sung Dynasty, it was used to produce Confucian books. Thanks to the invention of printing, a fair amount of early religious works still exist today."
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Philip of Macedon, 2008.
This paper explains how Philip of Macedon changed the course of history.
815 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 17.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that Philip of Macedon changed history in two significant ways. The paper relates that he used guile and diplomacy to preserve Macedonia in the face of constant threats from its enemies and also turned Macedonia's army into a fearsome fighting force. The paper further explains that this would allow Macedonia to eventually lay waste to its enemies, would end the predominance of the Greeks and Thracians and would give his Philip's son, Alexander, the tools he needed to be an imperial power. The paper shows how without Philip, many history-changing events could not have happened.
From the Paper
"To begin with, Philip changed the course of history by saving his nation from the brink of destruction through diplomacy. To wit, when he ascended the throne in 359 BC, Macedonia was ringed by hostile peoples - the Thracians, Illyrians and various Greek colonies - and had just been humbled by the Illyrians on the field of battle. At the same time, Paeonia was independent of Macedonian control and rival claimants to the throne of Macedon were challenging his rule, emboldened by the support they were receiving from foreign powers (History of Macedonia.org, 2003)."
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Algeria: From Independence to Civil War, 2008.
This paper argues that Algeria's war for independence (1954) ultimately led to its civil war (1990s).
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the Algerian civil war that began in 1991 and extended until 2002 with the defeat of various Islamic fundamentalist groups by the secular government and its forces. The paper argues that the roots of the civil war in the 1990s can be found in the country's war of independence from the French that began in the mid 1950s and ended in 1962. The paper concludes by showing how all the conditions that led to the civil war's outbreak in the early 1990s are still present today.
From the Paper
"As so much of international conflict throughout history, the political, social, and economic instability that led to civil war in Algeria during the early 1990s has its roots both in its colonial past as well as in its struggle for independence. Algeria gained its independence from France in 1962 but this independence is estimated to have cost the country more than 300k killed while other estimates have placed the number much higher at more than 1m individuals killed due to its armed struggle against France. France struggled mightily to retain its Algerian colony even in the face of increasingly national and global trends for colonial powers to relinquish control of former colonies. Much of the instability that manifested itself during the late 1980s and early 1990s that led to civil war can be traced to the war for independence against the French which actually lasted over a period of 8 years."
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