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The Cold War in America, 2008.
A look at the part played by America in the Cold War.
1,534 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the early stages of Cold War America by discussing what image America had of itself just prior to and in the opening act of, the Cold War, as well as why the alliance between the U.S.S.R and the United States collapsed by the end of the 1940s. Further, the paper attempts to explain why the perceptions of the U.S.S.R and the strategy proposals outlined in NSC-68 became linchpins of U.S. foreign policy for the better part of two generations - from 1950 until the U.S.S.R's collapse in the early 1990s. In the end, the final conclusion of the paper is that United States' actions were indeed motivated by (possibly) chauvinistic ambition - but that U.S. fears about the Soviet Union were well-founded in the main.
From the Paper
"The vision of the postwar WWII world offered by journalists and by geo-political observers fundamentally revolved around many things - the expansion and/or projection of American power being one of them. In an interesting essay published in Time magazine in February of 1941, Henry R. Luce argued that America should seek to use its power to serve the Earth as a "Good Samaritan" spreading (American) democracy all around the Globe. In other words, Luce put forward the argument that America should unify the planet under its benevolent leadership in much the same way as it had previously unified much of the North American continent and its various peoples (both Western European and non-Western European) under one flag."
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Vietnam War Literature, 2007.
This paper discuses references to American religious culture in Vietnam War literature using examples from Tim O'Brien, Norman Mailer and Robert Bly.
1,375 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Vietnam War literature positions American religion as being a God-fearing culture that seeks to be moral. The author points out works by Tim O'Brien, Norman Mailer and Robert Bly that refer to this everyday American religion and culture and to myths of American power, politicians and industrialists as being insane and immoral and as changing forever how Americans saw their country. The paper relates that these works project the Vietnam conflict as something in which Americans should never have been involved including describing its soldiers as victims or as people responsible for terrible crimes of war. The author stresses that Vietnam was a working-class war rejected by the American bourgeoisie, who did not need to go to combat. The paper concludes that the literature discussed in the paper is the work of Americans with the option not to go to Vietnam and that it needs to be examined along with other literature produced in the next decades, too.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Damning Literature
Tim O'Brien's "In the Field"
Norman Mailer
Robert Bly Poem: "The Teeth Mother Naked at Last"
Last Remarks
From the Paper
"Norman Mailer's "The Army of the Night" was published in 1968 and is an allegorical description of the March on the Pentagon. The reader is shown the extreme contrast between rather decadent hippies of the anti-Vietnam War movement and the thousands who then fought in Vietnam, ordinary Americans who dealt with every terrible aspect of jungle warfare. The last pages of "A Confrontation by the River" tell of a clash of American popular myths and moral beliefs about America and a "true religious war of Christ against the Communist" in relation to Vietnam towards a "whole crisis of Christianity in America... ""
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Einstein as an Icon, 2008.
This paper discusses why Einstein became a cultural icon in the 20th century.
3,500 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 59.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in the late 17th Century, Sir Isaac Newton, one of the greatest geniuses of all time, ushered in the age of enlightenment with his scientific work and methods. As the years went on after that, humanity's hopes were dashed, as it became apparent that human intellect could not compensate for, or prevent, man's inhumanity to man. By the early 20th century, people were witnessing the first great world war, and many must have despaired. However, the writer points out that Albert Einstein, a man whose stature rivaled that of Newton, bought renewed hope in that troubled century. Indeed, Einstein personified the human intelligence and achievement that transformed the earth in the 20th century. In this century, humans went from foot or horse-drawn transportation to cars, trains, airplanes and space flight. People became supermen and superwomen, thanks to the ability of the human brain to make massive technological advances. The writer maintains that of all people in that century - and the competition was certainly strong - Einstein most of all personified human genius.
From the Paper
"Einstein was thus perfectly placed to become the icon of human achievement in the 20th century. On a more negative note, this was also the century when the atomic bomb was invented and deployed - and this meant that humanity discovered it not only had the capacity to perfect the planet, but it also had the capacity to destroy the planet. The atomic bomb was made possible by the Einstein scientific discoveries in the fields of what has come to be known as Newtonian physics. Yet despite Einstein's key role in developing this horrific weapon, and the fact that he has been dead for more than 50 years, he is still remembered by many with reverence and love as a cultural icon, such that his face is almost as familiar as Ronald McDonald's. How can we account for this?"
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"Women in Nazi Germany", 2008.
A review of the book "Women in Nazi Germany" by Jill Stephenson.
1,097 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
The women of Nazi Germany played an important role in the assimilation of fascist ideology. This paper discusses how, while the world outside of Germany perceives the Third Reich in a negative way, Jill Stephenson provides insight on the female role in Nazi Germany in her book "Women in Nazi Germany". It looks at how the book details the inner workings of family life, the benefits of assimilating to Hitler's laws and the role of leadership that women played during Hitler's reign. It also examines how the book demonstrates the power of propaganda, and also depicts a gender defined society that was not perceived as a disparity, but rather empowered men and women to perform their roles for the preservation of national socialism and the Nazi regime.
From the Paper
"The Third Reich championed the traits of the female, noting that the woman was the primary caretaker of children and the holder of developing a strong Nazi population (Stephenson 6). Nazi Germany touted procreation in order to fill up the ranks of the German military and to provide new generations to learn in Hitler-based schooling systems. There was no limitation to birthing, and any form of birth control was illegal. The leaders of Nazi Germany wanted to ensure healthy Aryan children were integrated and educated properly. Unhealthy children were admonished and not considered an integral unit in Nazi society. "
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Germany and England - Naval Arms Race, 2006.
An analysis of the significance of the European naval arms race as a catalyst for World War I.
1,326 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the highly competitive European naval arms race, which acted as military catalyst for World War I. It explains that the significance of building large navies in Germany and in England played a large role in how and why the war was instigated between England and Germany. The paper looks at how by building a massive industrial complex to build a world caliber navy, Germany was essentially able to confront England as a growing super power and how the naval industrial complex also provided the means to build other secondary initiatives to enable a land war, such as guns and other projectiles for the army. The paper also shows that without a navy as a significant axis to fight a war, Germany would never have been able to withstand the might of the British Navy in a major global war.
From the Paper
"The power of the British before 1914 was at its peak due to the imperialist domination throughout the world that England now possessed. The large navy that the British had created was partially due to the isolation that Britain had from the rest of world, which in turn, forced them to seek natural resources overseas. In this economic height of power, England was in a position to help their allies in the important naval campaigns that were becoming more critical in days before the Kaiser ordered the invasion of Bosnia in retaliation to the murder of Archduke Ferdinand. The chain of political issues that are related to this incident reflect the growing sense of allied politics that were to become essential in the creation of total wars."
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Women in 19th Century America, 2008.
The paper discusses how women were treated as second class citizens in America in the latter half of the 19th century.
1,302 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at how, by 1863, women in the US were beginning to influence the economy due in large part to the Civil War and the shortage of male labor. The paper looks at how many men, however, endorsed the societal norm of the time that a woman's rightful place was in the home. The paper describes how women starting their own businesses found it very hard to secure adequate credit to start and expand their businesses. The paper portrays how even resourceful women were relegated by societal norms to the role of glorified housekeeper.
From the Paper
"One has to only look at the Declaration of Sentiments issued at the end of The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 for historical proof that women were treated as second class citizens in America in the latter half of the 19th century.1 If women were in fact treated legally, politically and socially as men's equals, there would have been no convention, no one hundred and fifty plus year feminist movement in America. Women may well have made only limited progress in the subsequent half century in elevating their status, but there is ample evidence that it was not for lack of trying."
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Cuba's Major Modern Historical Periods, 2008.
An analysis of the three major periods in Cuba's modern history - the colonial period, the republic and Castro's revolution.
745 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 15.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the modern history of Cuba. It suggests the country's history can be roughly divided into three periods and it discusses each period. It looks at the colonial period, the republic and Castro's revolution. The paper illustrates, through discussion of these periods, the major historical events and trends that have shaped Cuba's modern history.
Table of Contents:
The Colonial Period
The Republic
Castro's Revolution
From the Paper
"Castro's government made significant changes in Cuba. These included reducing the US's influence in Cuba, forging a closer relationship with the Soviet Union, and taking over British and American businesses in Cuba. The results of these actions included severed diplomatic ties with the United States, the Bay of Pigs invasion, the Cuban missile crisis, and poor foreign relations with the much of the West. Castro's government has been committed to socialism and has instituted many social programs for the benefit of the people. But this commitment has come at the cost of oppression of any who might dissent against Castro's government (Stanley, 2000). Since Castro took power in Cuba, relations with the United States in particular have only progressively worsened until the gap between these two nations seems all but irreconcilable."
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James Madison and Rousseau, 2007.
This paper discusses that, in "Federalist 10", James Madison was responding to Jean Jacques Rousseau's republican model of democracy as presented in "On the Social Contract".
955 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in "Federalist 10", James Madison sought to ensure that the problems identified by Rousseau would be addressed through constitutional checks and balances and a federal system of government. The author points out that, in response to the political model of Thomas Hobbes, Rousseau argued that power is invested in the will of a united people. The paper relates that Rousseau also believed, when the social bond is shattered and special interests aggressively pursue their own agendas while insisting they are acting in the public good, the general will becomes silenced and covert motives guide citizens and groups. The author continues that Madison contended that the republican form of government embodied in the proposed Constitution was conducive to free debate and allowed the various factions certain to emerge to contend with one another and influence the government.
From the Paper
"Madison arguments were based upon his conviction that political ambition would be checked by rival political ambition, for power would be divided among three separate but equal branches of the federal government, and would be further divided between the federal government and state governments. These arguments reflected Madison's belief that, "there are two methods of curing the mischiefs of faction: the one, by removing its causes; the other, by controlling its effects.""
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The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia, 2008.
This paper examines the rise to power and prominence of Brandenburg-Prussia in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
3,515 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 59.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the broad context within which the elevation of the German-speaking peoples took place. The paper looks at the role the Treaty of Westphalia played in prompting German militarism under the reign of Frederick William I of Brandenburg. The paper explores in detail the policy initiatives and exploits of the three great leaders who turned Brandenburg-Prussia into an aspiring and powerful state: Frederick William I of Brandenburg, Frederick William I of Prussia and Frederick William II of Prussia. The paper argues that all three were driven by a desire to make the country militarily powerful, economically wealthy and with sufficient human resources to allow the fledgling nation to overcome the advantages of its neighbors and rivals.
From the Paper
"In the eighteenth century, the German peoples of Central Europe still lived within what was then the Holy Roman Empire. That is to say, there was still a Habsburg Emperor, there were still electors (albeit only eight after Bavaria and the Palatinate were joined in 1778) and there was still a Diet which met regularly at Ratisbon (Hayes, 342). Nonetheless, a case can be made that the German territories of the eighteenth century were ones in which the Holy Roman Empire became increasingly dispensable in the eyes of the inhabitants. For instance, the ancient Peace of Westphalia dictated that each German state was permitted to freely make war or peace without consulting the emperor - each prince, in fact, was granted sovereign authority (Hayes, 228). Thus, the political bonds which might have previously bound the German areas of continental Europe to the ancient empire of Charlemagne were vastly weakened - if not fatally undermined."
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"Growing Up Palestinian", 2008.
This paper critically reviews Laetitia Bucaille's book "Growing Up Palestinian", which focuses on the complexity of social change among the Palestinian population.
1,115 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
The paper critically analyzes Bucaille's text "Growing Up Palestinian", which explores the social fault lines within Palestinian society. Using Bucaille's book as a basis, the paper argues that these fault lines have not only been exacerbated but, to a great extent, created by the instrumentality of the Israeli occupation; a process that has been reinforced by the inadequacies of the emerging Palestinian governance since the 1990s. The paper shows how these fault lines have not only fragmented Palestinian society, but critically weakened it in the face of a range of challenges over the past decade.
From the Paper
"In her book Growing Up Palestinian, French journalist and academic Laetitia Bucaille describes the impact of the Israeli Occupation, the two Intifadas, and the emerging Palestinian governance structures in the 1990s upon a generation of young Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank. Given the nature of her subject, this text cannot truly be considered a general analysis of Palestinian society as a whole. For example, one significant gap in her text is its lack of direct treatment of young Islamists and members of Hamas; an increasingly influential portion of the Palestinian population. This being said, even with the text's focus upon more secular young Palestinians we can understand the complexity of social change among the Palestinian population over the past two decades."
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The Evolution of Ancient Cities, 2008.
This paper studies the history and evolution of the ancient cities of the Mediterranean.
1,076 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the emergence of the ancient cities, where they emerged, and how they evolved in different regions. The paper shows how urban centers have evolved over time in large measure due to man's efforts to exploit the natural world to his advantage. The paper discusses how ancient cities laid the foundation for the modern urban community of today.
From the Paper
"The history of the ancient cities of the Mediterranean - indeed, the history of cities everywhere - is an interesting one. To begin with, cities as we understand the term today began to emerge right around the time of the Neolithic revolution as agricultural surplus became sufficient to support heavily-concentrated populations (Brakman et al., 15). In the Mesopotamian world, it appears as though the first genuine city - Eridu - took root around 4900 B.C. This city, like all the others that the Mesopotamians would construct for themselves, had its own patron god and there is evidence that these urban centers had their own education systems (apparently centrally-planned) in addition to being locations that served as religious loci for the people of pre-Christian Mesopotamia."
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Rome and Hellenistic Civilization, 2008.
This paper argues that Rome was the heir of Hellenistic civilization.
1,780 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper maintains that Roman civilization was a true heir to Hellenistic civilization since it was based on a Roman cultural base that grew and changed by adding elements from other conquered cultures. The paper explains that, although Roman civilization used many Greek elements, it combined them in a uniquely Roman way. The paper therefore shows how Roman culture was not just a pale imitation of the Greek culture.
From the Paper
"To begin this argument it is necessary to define a Hellenistic civilization. In The Western Humanities Roy T. Matthews and Dewitt Platt argue that Hellenistic relates to, "...the time period from about 323 to 31 B.C., when Greek and oriental or Middle Eastern cultures and institutions intermingled to create a heterogeneous and cosmopolitan civilization.""
"This definition would seem to indicate that Rome was not a
Hellenistic civilization because it does not fit the time frame. However, Rome was located in the right geographic area and due to its expansion and absorption of conquered peoples had a heterogeneous and cosmopolitan civilization. This would seem to indicate that Rome was an heir to Hellenistic civilization even though it does not fit into the definition of Matthews and Platt."
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Untouchables, 2008.
An analysis of the relationship between Hinduism and the caste system in India.
1,234 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the system of Untouchables within the context of Eastern religions and Indian society. It discusses the tradition of the caste system in India. The paper also discusses what connection, if any, there is between the caste system and the Untouchables, and Hinduism. It concludes that the Untouchables are not a Hindu concept, but are rather based on Indian tradition and culture.
From the Paper
"While it seems fair to conclude that the system of discriminating against a caste of people known as the Untouchables persists in India to this day, and that this results in systemic discrimination against millions of people, it also seems fair to conclude that the blame should not be laid at the door of Hinduism. After all, many academics agree that it is a system which has arisen out of historical factors, and that it manifests primarily in economic, social and political outcomes. Therefore, while it is fair to see the system as problematic, it is not fair to therefore see Hinduism as some kind of "primitive" religion. On the contrary, great Hindus such as Gandhi have spoken out against the system. It is also unfair to look down on India as a whole because of this system. After all, most social systems retain some kind of discrimination based on historical factors. For example, women are still discriminated against in Western society to this day - and worldwide, there are still pitifully few female leaders of countries. Thus, we might simply conclude that the Untouchable system is simply one more manifestation of the reality that all human societies so far have failed to achieve equality."
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Germany and the Holocaust, 2008.
This paper examines two analyses of the history of European Jews, "The War Against the Jews" by Lucy S. Dawidowicz and "The Destruction of the European Jews" by Raul Hilberg.
2,405 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper examines Lucy S. Dawidowicz's and Raul Hilberg's analyses of the history of European Jews. The paper discusses how both authors describe the nature of the process of the annihilation of the Jew and the way Germany was organized to carry it out, but Dawidowicz focuses more on the victims and how they reacted and what happened to them, while Hilberg focuses more on the machinery of death and on the lack of morality of so many functionaries and workers who assisted in the process.
From the Paper
"Much of the Holocaust was indeed carried out by career civil servants, military personnel, and others in the private sector. The Holocaust itself thus became routinized so that it was carried on as if it were any other government activity. Two reasons given for the participation of ordinary men and women include obedience to authority, and the modern era's pursuit of specialization so that people could perform their part without knowing what the whole entailed, or without admitting what the whole entailed. It may be impossible to determine one reason why the many man involved committed the acts they did, for any general explanation is certain to be applicable only to a percentage of the whole. One force that we can see as operating in this case is the conditioning of society so that people respect and defer to authority. In this case, the society itself had a certain tradition of racism which affected these men and women and determined what they were being asked to do."
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