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Tornadoes, 1980.
This paper discusses tornadoes: Description, impact, susceptible areas, causes and forecasting.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, £ 28.95
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From the Paper
"The following research is on the subject of the tornado. A tornado is a storm that moves rapidly and leaves considerable destruction in its wake. This meteorological event happens several times each year in the continental United States, and the cost in life and property is usually high. The tornado is the msot violent weather phenomenon. The wind speed is greater than that in the worst tropical cyclone. The most affected American states are Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Arkansas and Iowa. In no other region of the world are the conditions so favorable to the formation of tornadoes, nor are they as frequent when they do occur. They usually occur in the spring and summer, accompanied by thunderstorms..
Tornadoes are revolving storms which turn counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. They have a small diameter and a ... "
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The Case for Water on Mars, 2002.
Scientific analysis of some of the evidence pointing to the existence of water on Mars.
1,860 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the Viking landing missions on Mars twenty years ago and their tests for biological processes on the Martian surface. It looks at how a recent series of orbiting Martian missions has yielded a good deal of chemical and geographic observations from afar. The most exciting possibilities have come from the analysis and interpretation of Martian surface formations seen by these missions. The paper includes a detailed description of these formations such as outflow channels, seepage gullies and several others. In further searches for definitive findings, several missions in the near future will land on Mars and hopefully provide the best data yet. This paper details some of the discoveries made to date, the strongest arguments for water on Mars and what the future holds for Martian exploration.
From the Paper
"The thought of life on Mars has intrigued humans for centuries. As Martian astronomy has made incredible leaps in the past 100 years and many spectacular discoveries have been made, we are still not sure if life does or has ever existed on Mars. Over the last thirty years, as our knowledge of biological functions has increased, scientists have focused more and more on the existence of liquid water as the biggest single indicator of possible life. To that end, much work and controversy has surrounded man?s efforts to find evidence of that all important ingredient for the development of life on Mars."
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Global Warming, 2002.
A debate whether global warming is a real threat or an imagined one.
1,865 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper presents facts supporting the theory that global warming is occurring and it then presents facts indicating that global warming is only a perception. The paper analyzes these facts and concludes that the evidence does suggest that global warming is a threat.
From the Paper
"One of the main pieces of evidence global warming is based on is a rise in surface temperature over the last twenty years. The evidence for global warming according to Justus and Fletcher is based on the temperatures from 1980 to 2000, with 12 of these years being the warmest years ?since historical records have been kept.? While this may initially seem like significant evidence, closer analysis shows one major problem. The phrase ?since historical records have been kept? suggests that these twenty years are being compared to a long length of time. However, in reality, these temperature records only refer to around a century of data."
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Glacial Erosion, 2002.
A paper which examines the rate and type of glacial erosion.
1,552 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper is divided into two parts. The first part distinguishes between glacial erosion and weathering and the second part discusses the varying influence of the factors affecting the rate and type of glacial erosion. The paper shows that the main type of glacial erosion is abrasion and the characteristics of both the bedrock and the abrasive rock have a large influence on abrasion rates.
From the Paper
"The concept of glacial erosion can be considered using the ?systems approach?, with the factors that influence the erosion as the inputs, the type and rate of the erosion itself as the processes, and the resultant landforms and characteristics as the outputs. The type of erosion that has the largest effect on the landscape is abrasion. Abrasion is the process by which entrained, subglacial debris grinds against the bedrock as the glacier moves, and wears the bedrock away as a result. There are three factors that are essential for abrasion to occur."
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Ocean Floor, 2000.
An examination of tectonics, trenches, ridges, seawater composition, topography and continental shelves.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, £ 32.95
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From the Paper
"The Sea Floor
The birth and death of oceans is a continuous process. As an example, one ocean may be growing by sea-floor spreading from a mid-ocean ridge while another ocean is closing because of the continents forcing the ocean floor down at the trenches. Some oceans, thus, are young and growing, while other oceans have reached maturity, and still others may be disappearing with the joining of the continental masses [1:1-7].
The theory of plate tectonics envisages the crust of the earth together with the upper part of the mantle, which form the lithosphere, as consisting of rigid slabs, or plates, that are continuously moving their position in relation to one another. Below the lithosphere is the asthenosphere, which is thought to be plastic [2:1-11].
The plates are..."
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Ophiolite, 1999.
An insight into this igneous rock formation with definition and description, character, layers, location and creation.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, £ 28.95
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From the Paper
"Ophiolite
Introduction
This research examines ophiolite, an igneous rock formation [1]. Descriptive information on ophiolite is included in this examination, and both the formation of ophiolite and the significance of ophiolite to the study of geology are addressed in this examination.
Definition and Description
Ophiolite is igneous rock material that has formed into slabs from the lithosphere that have been deposited at continental margins [2]. Ophiolite formations are known to have volumes as large as 50,000km2 [3]. Ophiolite formations, however, are thin-depths less than 20km. Ophiolite formations also are dense-3,000-to-3,300kg m-3 [3].
Character of..."
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Lightning, 1999.
Examines the physics of this natural phenomenon, types, structure, theories, flash and thunder.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, £ 37.95
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Abstract
Lightning is a natural phenomenon that is dramatic, often beautiful, and yet deadly and dangerous at the same time. A bolt of lightning involves the rapid discharge of a massive amount of electrical energy producing both the bright flash of light and the sound of thunder
From the Paper
"Lightning is a natural phenomenon that is dramatic, often beautiful, and yet deadly and dangerous at the same time. A bolt of lightning involves the rapid discharge of a massive amount of electrical energy producing both the bright flash of light and the sound of thunder. There are a number of different kinds of lightning produced by different conditions, and new information on lightning is discovered all the time. By its nature, lightning is an ephemeral phenomenon, making it difficult to study under all conditions and explaining why new types of lightning have been found as man makes his way higher and more often into different regions of the upper atmosphere. Lightning is an extremely common natural phenomenon. Since Benjamin Franklin demonstrated the electrical nature of the lightning bolt, lightning has been subjected to many scientific studies."
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The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire, 1999.
Examines the tragedy and its press coverage, including its impact on three newspapers themselves.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, £ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This paper is an examination of the press coverage of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire, a devastating natural disaster that remains vivid in the public memory in part because of the destruction it caused and in part because of the detailed journalistic record that kept the public informed of the unfolding events. The earthquake occurred just as American journalism was coming into its own as a serious institution, and, while press coverage of the time still used some of the sensationalistic language and irresponsible tactics that had been the accepted way of reporting the news, the majority of the coverage was relatively accurate. Examining the ways in which the press covered this terrifying milestone in history provides a fascinating glimpse into the nature and purpose of modern journalism."
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Volcanic Dust, 1999.
Examines its creation, composition, short- and long-term environmental effects.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, £ 13.95
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Abstract
Volcanic dust is the residue that remains in the atmosphere after the eruption of a volcano. A volcano is a general term for any opening in the crust of a planet or natural satellite through which gases, lava or magma, and solid fragments are discharged. Volcanoes are typically classified as active, dormant, or extinct (Encarta, 1998).
The interior of the earth is composed of an inner solid-iron core surrounded by an iron-rich, liquid outer core. Beyond the core is the mantle, a chemically distinct silica-rich layer that extends to the earth's crust, about 4,100 miles from the center of the earth. The mantle is extremely hot, and convective ..."
From the Paper
"VOLCANIC DUST
Definitions
Volcanic dust is the residue that remains in the atmosphere after the eruption of a volcano. A volcano is a general term for any opening in the crust of a planet or natural satellite through which gases, lava or magma, and solid fragments are discharged. Volcanoes are typically classified as active, dormant, or extinct (Encarta, 1998).
The interior of the earth is composed of an inner solid-iron core surrounded by an iron-rich, liquid outer core. Beyond the core is the mantle, a chemically distinct silica-rich layer that extends to the earth's crust, about 4,100 miles from the center of the earth. The mantle is extremely hot, and convective ..."
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Extinction Of The Dinosaurs, 1999.
Examines theories for their extinction including genetics, climatic change, sea fluctuations and a meteor strike.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 9 sources, £ 42.95
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Abstract
"The earth has evolved in geologic terms, but it has also evolved in terms of the life that teems upon it. All the change that can be seen and inferred has to be explained. The argument in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was divided into two camps, the catastrophists and the uniformitarianists.
From the Paper
"The earth has evolved in geologic terms, but it has also evolved in terms of the life that teems upon it. All the change that can be seen and inferred has to be explained. The argument in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was divided into two camps, the catastrophists and the uniformitarianists. The catastrophists explained the changes by resorting to cosmic violence, to a succession of catastrophes that bring about change suddenly. The uniformitarianists saw the earth evolving in a uniform manner over time. Both groups agreed that catastrophes do play a role in the evolution of the earth and that catastrophes still occur to reshape portions of the earth's surface or to bring about biological changes in a relatively short time. However, this is different from holding that a ..."
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Global Warming and Ocean Circulation, 1999.
Examines definitions, natural and man-made causes and climatic effects, changing sea levels and models.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 8 sources, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This research reviews the literature relevant to the relationship between global warming and ocean circulation. Global warming is considered both in the context of natural warming and warming induced by human activity.
From the Paper
"GLOBAL WARMING & OCEAN CIRCULATION
This research reviews the literature relevant to the relationship between global warming and ocean circulation. Global warming is considered both in the context of natural warming and warming induced by human activity.
The circulation of the ocean normally involves the sinking of cold water in higher latitudes and the replacement of that cold water with warm water from lower latitudes (Schneider, 1989). This process "allows the inflow of warn surface currents that in turn warm the air above and held maintain relatively ice-free conditions" in the higher latitudes (Schneider, 1989, p. 47). These ocean currents cause regions such as western Europe to have moderate climates while other regions at similar latitudes, such as Siberia and northern Canada, have harsh, cold climates. The ..."
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Sedimentary Geology, 1997.
Examines role of sandstone in identification of geological properties in western Miditerranean, Massachusetts/Connecticut, eastern Australia, and California/Oregon.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, £ 42.95
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From the Paper
"INTRODUCTION
Different landscapes are associated with the underlying bedrock on which they are found, and the relationship involves various evolutionary and developmental processes by which certain underlying strata influence the evolution of the landscape above. Research on this issue has postulated a number of processes to explain the landscape that has been associated with sandstone bedrock. This research has examined different regions of the world and traced the evolution of the region through different geologic eras. The nature of the sedimentary deposition has been examined in several parts of the world, along with the tectonic forces that helped shape the terrain. The nature of the landscape seems to depend in part on the specific locale with relationship to the interaction of continental plates, which.."
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"Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle "( Stephen Jay Gould ), 1997.
Reviews work on evolution of geologists' understanding of the concept of deep time in 17th Cent.-19th Cent.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 1 source, £ 47.95
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From the Paper
"In Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle, Stephen Jay Gould discusses the evolution of geologists' understanding of the concept of deep time. Gould studied texts by Thomas Burnet, James Hutton, and Charles Lyell--three scientific writers who approached this question in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. Traditionally, readings of these three writers tended to focus on the degree to which each man employed the scientific method in investigating the question of the Earth's age. The greater the scientist's dependence on scientific method, the historians reasoned, the closer he came to the truth. Thus, these scientists have often been ranked, and understood, on the basis of their adherence to standards that are familiar to the twentieth century, but were still evolving when they wrote. In the course of his repeated close readings of the texts, in which.."
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El Nino Southern Oscillation, 1996.
Causes & global effects on oceans & land of turbulent climatic phenomenon. Definition, history, examples, phases.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, £ 42.95
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From the Paper
"The El Ni o Southern Oscillation phenomenon affects the global climate; it is important that scientists, economists and medical personnel understand El Ni o implications on the climate. The El Ni o phenomenon is part of the larger climatic phenomenon known as the Southern Oscillation. The joint actions of these two weather phenomenon are known as ENSO (El Ni o-Southern Oscillation) events. The extreme weather patterns which can be produced by an ENSO event can cause devastation around the world. El Ni o is associated with ecological, economic, and medical disasters that coincide with torrential floods in the eastern Pacific, devastating droughts over the western tropical Pacific, and unusual weather throughout the rest of the world (6, 4). Teleconnection to most of the world's climate mean that changes in the El Ni o-Southern Oscillation are felt globally."
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