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Effective Counseling, 2005.
An investigation into methods of counseling that are most effective within the context of cross-cultural counseling.
1,657 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 12 sources, APA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper conducts an observational and investigational analysis of what the critical factors are that determine an effective cross-cultural counseling relationship. More specifically, the researcher attempts to investigate the following question: "What method of counseling is most effective in enabling a counselor to build rapport and trust in a cross cultural context." The researcher conducts a comprehensive review of the literature available on cross cultural counseling and counseling competencies in order to determine what factors may impact the counseling relationship with particular regard to cross-cultural relationships.
Abstract
Introduction
Significance of the Study
Hypothesis
Method
Literature Review
Results
Discussion
From the Paper
"According to research the most important aspect of cross-cultural counseling that needs to be examined is how a practice is conceptualized(Bogo, George & Tsang, 2003). Traditional counseling methods are often defined as "ethnocentric" even though the client base that many practitioners work from is ethno culturally diverse in nature (McNeill, Horn & Perez, 1995). Many practitioners unfortunately still believe that ethnicity is not a dimension of identity, but rather see it as a client characteristic, thus their practices do not work to embrace ethnic identity as an experience to be shared by all parties involved in the counseling process (Bogo, George & Tsang, 2003)."
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Human Rights, 2005.
This paper discusses the concept of human rights, which has its origin in the moral philosophies of Aristotle and the Stoic philosophers.
1,725 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the theory of human rights has broadened in concept over the centuries; its contemporary form includes securing for individuals the necessary economic, political and social conditions required to lead a minimally good life regardless of their caste, color, nationality, religion or gender. The author points out that, despite some objections raised mostly by people with vested interests to the doctrine of human rights, most people around the world are in agreement that human rights should not only be respected but also be promoted actively. The paper relates that frequent human rights violations are still taking place around the world, as witnessed in Darfur (Sudan) and Abu Gharib (Iraq).
Table of Contents
Historical Origins and Development
Three Generations of Human Rights and its Current Concept
Objections to Human Rights & Their Rebuttal
The Moral Relativists' Argument
Do Human Rights Intrude on State Sovereignty?
Religious Objections
What are the Consequences of Disregarding Human Rights?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The theory of human rights is based on the doctrine of "moral universalism" first put forward by Aristotle and Stoics. In "Nicomachean Ethics," Aristotle presents his argument in support of the existence of "a natural moral order" and opines that such a "natural" order should be the basis for all truly rational systems of justice. This concept of moral universalism implies that morality is not dependant on social and historical conditions and applies to all human beings regardless of place and time, and forms the basis of human rights. Roman Stoic philosophers such as Cicero and Seneca, also supported 'moral universalism' and argued that all moral laws originated in the rational will of God and the authority of such moral law transcended all local legal codes. Christianity, which emerged later, maintained the belief of a universal moral code in the ensuing centuries."
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"The Bread Givers", 2004.
A review of the book "The Bread Givers" written by Anzia Yezierska.
1,124 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Anzia Yezierska's book, "The Bread Givers", depicting the chronicles of the Smolinsky family, Jewish immigrants to the United States in the 1930s. The paper examines how the themes of the novel underline that the American nation as a whole must give up conventional notions of America as a land of boundless opportunity and recognize the sacrifices of culture, life and limb that immigrants make to become a part of the American fabric.
From the Paper
"The profound cultural shift the Smolinsky family endures is shown early on in the book, whereby the narrator bridles at the control wielded by her father over the family. The Smolinsky women struggle to keep the family economically afloat and to support the scholarly activities of the father. However, this older, European model of the torah-reading scholar supported by the labor of others is really not sustainable in America. In America, money matters more than learning, and there is no wealthy Jewish community or patrons or network of financial support and stability to keep the man in the style that would be customary in Europe. Although the Smolinsky patriarch may wish to keep alive the study habits, support of charities, and manner of life that would be practical, once, in a European Jewish community, in his perhaps equally idealized version of old Europe, he cannot in America. His determination to do so makes life hard for his daughters, and causes Sara to turn away from him first in her heart, and then to seek a new life."
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Racial Profiling, 2005.
This paper discusses the problems of using racial profiling as a law enforcement tool and suggests ways of correcting these problems.
2,320 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that racial profiling is any police-initiated action based on race, ethnicity or national origin; rather than being based on the behavior of an individual or on information that a particular individual is or has been engaged in criminal activity. The author points out that racial profiling is one of the most pressing civil right issues of our time because it extends beyond the direct victim to affect negatively all persons of color of all generations and income levels, undermines the legitimacy of the criminal justice system and hinders effective policing in communities, which need it the most. The paper suggests that the solution to the racial profiling controversy may lie in the ability to control the discretion of the police such as (1) stops must be initiated for a legitimate reason, (2) must be predicted upon an appropriate legal or policy standard, (3) must be perceived to be effective in the pursuit of a legitimate law enforcement need and (4) the officer's attitudes and behaviors must be perceived by the violator to be legitimate.
Table of Contents
Violates Civil Rights
Undermines Police Community Relations
Unsound Policing
Impact on our Community
Impact on the Law Enforcement Profession
Controlling the Discretion of the Police
Control Consent Searches
Deploy Policing Resources on the Basis of Actual not Perceived Demand
Manage the Leader's Influence and Message
Provide Proactive Training and Education
Use Technology to Document the Policing Process
Actively Seek an Avenue for Changing the Current Law
Pass Prohibitive Statutes that Provide Criminal Penalties
Make the Police More Accountable
From the Paper
"Racial profiling is most commonly associated with driving while black or brown also known as DWB. This practice, however, is not limited to vehicle stops it also extends to other aspects of living in the minority community "walking while black; standing while black; shopping while black." Racial profiling states the cost associated with race related police abuses are significant and include psychological trauma, humiliation and degradation and a decline in the legitimacy of the criminal justice system. Police brutality lawsuits and institutional racism cost taxpayers ten millions of dollars."
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Illegal Immigration, 2005.
This paper discusses the problems of illegal immigration into the U.S. and explores various solutions.
4,195 words (approx. 16.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although the laws regarding who may and may not legally enter the United States are clear, many illegal immigrants not only enter the United States but also find themselves welcome in some industries such as agriculture, construction and the service industries. The paper points out that, although President Bush has proposed giving legal status to illegal immigrants who can find a steady job, many critics feel that this solves no problems because most jobs held by illegal immigrants, such as in agriculture, are not permanent jobs. The paper recommends a policy, based on sound economic and security reasons not emotion, which encourages illegal workers to begin creating a paper trail regarding who they are and where they live; however, whatever policies are set, they should be carefully analyzed to make sure they don't encourage people to avoid compliance and don't create a new black-market industry for yet another set of forged documents.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Scope of the Problem
Current Public Policy
Possible Solutions
Federal
State
Proposed Changes
Homeland Security
What does the Public Want?
What Should be Done?
From the Paper
"Another option is the "Real ID Act". This law attempts to maintain the country's willingness to welcome people from other countries while watching out for the nation's security. The law would use driver's licenses, asylum laws, a border fence south of San Diego and increased deportation. This law's supporters believe that the combination of open borders and failure to enforce immigration laws make it far too easy for terrorists to enter the country and then disappear. The law would require substantial evidence of both identity and immigration status before issuing either driver's licenses or state identity cards. The cards themselves would be made harder to forge."
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World War II, 2005.
This paper is a literature review discussing racism in World War II.
2,305 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that racism played a pivotal role in the Pacific and Asian theaters of World War II: The Nazi regime wanted to eliminate "inferior races" in Europe, mainly the Jews and Americans learned to hate the Japanese even more than the Germans. The author points out that institutional racism in the U.S. kept black and Indian military personnel restricted to lower-ranking, menial positions; however, in some cases, they were permitted to fight in WWII along with white soldiers although most frequently they were in separate units. The paper relates that, in the Russo-German War, not only Hitler was playing out the Aryan "master race" strategy to conquer the vast Soviet empire, but also he wanted to seize the Soviet's enormous resources especially the Oral Mountain region.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Main Body of the Paper
Racism in America during WWII
Racism Vis-a-Vis WWII
The Rape of Nanking
The Russo-German War
From the Paper
"While the Japanese slaughter of upwards of 300,000 Chinese in Nanking, China, in 1937 was as atrocious, savage and bloody as practically any event leading up to and during WWII, according to author Iris Chang, racism did not necessarily play a major role.
The real reason for the Japanese occupation of China, and slaughter of so many hundreds of thousands of Chinese, can be at least partially explained by the years of hate propaganda taught to Japanese children leading up to 1937. In the early 1930s, Chang explains on page 30, "...Teachers instilled in boys hatred and contempt for the Chinese people, preparing them psychologically for a future invasion of the Chinese mainland.""
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Multicultural Counseling, 2005.
Case study of a patient in therapy who is having self-identity and self-esteem issues.
1,070 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper presents the case study of a Chinese-American woman who appears to be confused about which culture she belongs to and which values and what behaviors are acceptable. The paper explains that the client may may be described as having a 'dual identity' which she is attempting to reconcile to the point where she can be comfortable both with her American home and her traditional Chinese traditional family. The paper also describes the goals of the counseling treatment and what the treatment will be considering the cultural differences.
Presenting Issues
Counseling Goals
Course Treatment/ Cultural Context
From the Paper
"The subject is having difficulty blending her Asian background with her American surroundings. In addition the patient is having a hard time reconciling the very detached manner in which she was raised, that did not allow close bonds to form between her and her dad and mother. There is evidence to suggest that Sally was to some extent physically abused by her mother, and while she presents a rather submissive attitude at home, the person she presents to her friends is described as 'gregarious and outgoing.' This may be more the result of cultural differences that exist between Sally's family history (Chinese) and the American culture system she is raised in."
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School Counseling, 2005.
This paper discusses school counseling in a multicultural society.
2,690 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 17 sources, APA, £ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the need for multicultural competencies development among school counseling professionals has been acknowledged by the American Psychological Association and the American Counseling Association, whose ethnic standards dictate that school counselors should achieve a certain level of multicultural competence prior to embarking on a professional career in student counseling. The author points out that, despite the acknowledgment of a need for increased awareness and training to ensure a positive student/counselor relationship, there is little evidence that much is being done to establish a core set of standardized competencies for student counselors. The paper stresses that minority students may be less likely than other students to seek out assistance from counselors; therefore, student counselors might consider a more aggressive approach to ensure they can provide culturally relevant services.
Table of Contents
Introduction
School Counseling in a Multicultural Society
Training and Competency
Multiculturalism and Counseling
Analysis/Recommendations
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Diversity is more and more considered a critical element of education and school counseling programs in an ever more multicultural society. The term has been used to describe existing variables including cultural differences and beliefs that exist among populations whose personal experiences are generally considered different from those of the majority or 'norm'. Counseling a diverse student population is among the challenges that professional school counselors now face. Diversification of communities has resulted in a need for new core competencies to be developed among school counseling professionals that includes instruction geared toward working with people who have norms, values and personal views that are different from those of the majority population."
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World War II and Racism, 2004.
An analysis of the prevalence of racism during the Second World War.
1,999 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses three literary works that illustrate issues of race and racism during World war II. The paper reviews "Double Victory" written by Ronald T. Takaki, explaining the Selective Service Act, the epitome of segregation in the U.S. army. "War Without Mercy" by John Dower is outlined, illustrating the fact that the American people despised Japan more than they despised Germany during the Second World War. The paper contends that this was partially due to racism. The paper also describes the 1937 Japanese slaughter of more than 300,000 Chinese in Nanking, China, through a review of the book "The Rape of Nanking" by Iris Chang.
From the Paper
"According to Double Victory, the U.S. Army was segregated during WWII, due to President Franklin Roosevelt's refusal to integrate the armed forces. He had signed into law the Selective Service Act, which basically, according to Takaki, "prohibited the inter-mingling of 'colored and white' army personnel in the same regiments" (p. 23). This policy angered civil rights and black advocacy organizations, as it seemed to be putting forth the notion that Uncle Sam needed black soldiers to fight for freedom, which is symbolized by the U.S. Constitution (which states that "all men are created equal"), but there would be racial segregation among the military fighting forces because blacks aren't as good as whites."
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"Asian-American Panethnicity", 2004.
A review of the book "Asian-American Panethnicity" written by Yen Le Espiritu.
2,236 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Yen Le Espiritu's book, "Asian-American Panethnicity: Bridging Institutions and Identities". The paper examines the issue at stake and presents the author's point of view. The paper analyzes the Vincent Chin killing and the ensuing court case. The paper contends that the book explains ethnicity and Panethnicity, very thoroughly, by giving examples of the confusion about Asians many Caucasians exhibit and express. The author also discusses the influx of Asian immigrants and refugees to America and explores how they have had to adopt to the new culture.
From the Paper
"The same cannot be said for Asian Americans - and much of the book is going into great detail to emphasize this point - because they have "no readily identifiable symbols of ethnicity." For example, Vietnamese people do not speak the same language as Japanese, or Cambodians - though they are all from Asia. Meanwhile, there are things, though, the author points out, that do bind Asian-Americans to a common heritage, and they are not positive cultural things (p. 17). They are: "A history of exploitation, oppression, and discrimination.""
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Multi-Cultural Education, 2005.
An overview of the challenges of multi-cultural education, with a focus on New York City.
2,401 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how a particularly special challenge is involved for the educator in the multi-cultural classroom with the various aspects of racial, cultural, and ethnic diversity that is involved. It examines how the teacher who effectively accomplishes the teaching and integration of all students in this classroom environment has the potential of attaining a particularly rewarding experience in education.
Outline
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
Bench-Marks in New York City Schools
Definition of Multi-Cultural Education
History of Multi-Cultural Education
Program Categories
Sub-Cultures Existence with Cultures
Reducing Racism, Prejudice and Other Fear and Ignorance Factors
Issues in Learning
Cooperative Learning
Conclusion
From the Paper
"New York City is a place full of diversity and is in fact the home to Ellis Island, Lady Liberty whose arms have taken in all ethnic and cultural representations of the rainbow into her harbor throughout the last 228 years and yet it has not changed. The responsibilities and considerations in educating the Americans of today in New York City grows were more ethnically and culturally diverse as the world becomes smaller and smaller."
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Cultural Assimilation and Differentiation, 2005.
A review of a Filipino immigrant's immigration to and assimilation in America.
792 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the immigration and assimilation experience of a Filipino immigrant. It details the immigrant's story from the beginning of his immigration to the United States to many years later after he has married, had children, and sent them all off to college. It also looks at how, in spite of his assimilation into American society, he maintains a strong affiliation with his Filipino heritage and culture.
From the Paper
"Apart from the world wars, the seemingly prosperous image of American society to countries all over the world that are experiencing either socio-political or economic strife is an enticement for people to aspire to live in the US, and be able to realize their dreams as individuals. That is why immigrating in the US has become a common occurrence, and at present, the country is home to a mixture of cultures of immigrants, ranging from white and black Americans to the already increasing number of Asian and European immigrants."
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Immigration in America, 2005.
A review and discussion of Bharati Mukherjee's essay on immigrants in America.
1,648 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes Bharati Mukherjee's essay, "Two Ways to Belong in America." Specifically, it discusses the position that immigrants who legally come to this country should become citizens of this country because they have enjoyed all the benefits the country has to offer, and they should be loyal to the country that has given them success and a new life.
From the Paper
"Many critics believe the biggest problem with immigration and citizenship is not that so many immigrants choose not to become citizens, but that the country actually encourages immigrants not to assimilate. One critic writes, "Nor would it get at a related and even deeper problem, which is not that there are too many immigrants, but that those who apply, and those who come, are not required, or even asked, to assimilate" (Salins). America makes it very easy for people to immigrate here. We have always welcome and encouraged people from other countries to make their home here, and immigration law reforms in the twentieth century encouraged more people to move to America. Immigrants find that their children can be educated in their native languages, and even voting material and McDonald's menus are available in several languages. Immigrants find that they can live in segregated communities of their countrymen, speak their own language for the most part, and still find good jobs and get a good education. These social conveniences do not encourage assimilation or citizenship, and so, many immigrants feel no need to become citizens - why should they? Their lives are better, but they still live largely as they did at home."
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"Saints and Roughnecks", 2004.
An analysis of the 1973 study done by William Chambliss concerning the correlation between crime and class.
1,341 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses "Saints and Roughnecks", William Chambliss' 1973 study in which he found that class and not crime often determines a person's reputation in the society and his fate with the police. The paper describes how Chambliss selected two different groups of teenagers for his study, one coming from an affluent part of the metropolitan area (saints), while the other group came from a lower-income section of the society (roughnecks). The paper examines the study that sought to find out just why the lower-income group was more often clashing with the police and ending up in jail for petty crimes, while the other group usually escaped police even though they were just about as delinquent as roughnecks.
From the Paper
"Chambliss doesn't mention labeling theory but it is clear that labels are what determine a person's reputation. It was seen that since Saints came were from "good white upper-middle class families. They attended Hanniabal High: a moderate size high school in a suburb near a large metropolitan area. The Saints were active in school affairs, were enrolled in the pre-college program and received good grades", they mostly managed to escape punishment even though they were "some of the most delinquent boys at Hannibal High." (Chambliss p. 106) Police, teachers and society saw their troublemaking as a case of "sowing their wild oats". On the other hand, Roughnecks were often seen as 'troublemakers' who would end up in jail not because they were any more trouble than Saints but because they appeared rough and were "not-so-well-dressed, not-so-well-mannered, not-so-rich boys" and thus "were heading for trouble". People had a totally different perception of these boys and their oat-sowing wasn't seen in the same light as their Saint counterparts."
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