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Global-Warming, 2007.
A discussion of the significance of the global warming debate and a demand for immediate action to halt global warming.
807 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 17.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the increase in global temperatures and how this is directly related to human activity. The writer looks at a report which states that the current decisions made by the majority of developed nations are a direct contribution to global climate change and that climate change is reversible with minor financial commitment and infrastructure change on the part of these developed nations. The paper explains that in order for positive change to occur, it is necessary for all countries to commit to reform. The writer notes that researchers have developed low-cost strategies to curb the precursors to global warming. The paper concludes that these strategies are likely to improve the economies of most countries through increasing job opportunities, and by helping to stop global climate change while the planet is still able to recover.
From the Paper
"Each year, almost one million persons are lost within sub-Saharan Africa to drought, water shortages, and lack of food (Young, Dooge,& Rodda, 62). Global warming has been linked directly to these outcomes, as well as other changes in ecologies throughout the world. Researchers argue that global climate change will potentially be the single greatest challenge faced by the human race, but also that if actions are taken immediately then the negative outcomes of global warming can be stopped. Moreover, there is a moral imperative that global warming be stopped in order to help those hardest hit by its outcomes, such as those currently dying in sub-Saharan Africa."
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Recycling, 2008.
This paper discuses the arguments for and against recycling.
1,385 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that recycling has been accepted in every major city as a way of enabling people to actively participate in increasing environmental sustainability and in reducing waste. The author points out that the idea behind recycling is to reduce the amount of waste to be dealt with through burning or landfill, as well as the amount of energy needed to produce goods to replace what is wasted. The paper also looks at the argument put forth by critics of recycling, which states that recycling may be more of a "feel-good" matter than a program achieving real value and the argument of supporters of recycling who see a value even if recycling does not solve all environmental problems.
From the Paper
"A concern is that the EPA will not do a real job of oversight when an administration, such as the current Republican administration, does not want the recycling program to work or be found to work so that a different set of criteria are used in judging the system. Administrators can always change the criteria so as to make a program seem to be failing, and people will believe that the program has actually diminished in effectiveness because they think the same criteria are used now as were used last year."
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Wastewater Treatment in New York City, 2008.
This paper describes wastewater treatment in New York City, which has one of the most extensive wastewater systems in the country.
1,440 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the New York City water system delivers drinking water to more than 8 million city residents plus 1 million consumers in other counties and then returns the used water into the New York's extensive wastewater treatment system. The author points out that the Metropolitan Sewerage commission was created in 1904 after the discovery of the link between waterborne bacteria and human disease. The paper relates that one of the leading challenges and causes of wastewater collection system blockages is FOG---fats, oil and grease. The author relates that solutions counteracting FOG are large monetary penalties requiring the polluter to appear in court every time a fine is issued, helping businesses comply with regulations and installing grease interceptors. The paper includes a figure.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
History and Overview of New York City's Wastewater Treatment System
FOG: A Primary Challenge to New York City's Wastewater Treatment System Faces
Solutions to FOG
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Grease interceptors are used to prevent FOG materials from entering and clogging the sewer lines. All City business that dispose of grease, fats or oil should have a grease interceptor installed, including: restaurants, hospitals, day cares, senior centers, nursing homes, and other food handling operations. The interceptor works by separating the grease and oils from the wastewater. FOG laden wastewater enters the interceptor and passes through a vented flow control fitting that regulates the flow of the wastewater."
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A Windshield Survey, 2007.
This paper explains the use of a windshield survey as executed in the Boyd Hill area of Rock Hill, New York in Sullivan County.
2,395 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that a windshield survey of a community requires making observations, either by walking or driving, at different times of the day and week to more fully understand and evaluate a community. The author points out that this windshield survey for the Boyd Hill community was conducted as a community health project to assess the community and to identify any problems. The paper concludes that this survey of the neighborhood shows it to be a true neighborhood, which has seen better days, but the real problem with the community is that it has been isolated and divided by the road system in the town. The paper includes many charts and a graph.
From the Paper
"The community does contain a recreational center called the Boyd Hill Recreation Center, located at 1165 Constitution Boulevard. The center is situated on a 22-acre park and includes a gym, a conference room, an activity/games room, three outdoor basketball courts, ands a lighted baseball field on two small lots. The center also has two lighted tennis courts, a swimming pool, and a wooded trail for hiking. One of these trails is accessible to the handicapped. The park operates Monday through Thursday from 9:00 am to 8:00 pm and on Fridays from 9:00 am to 6:00 pm."
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Greater Toronto Transportation, 2007.
This paper discusses the issues relating to transportation in the Greater Toronto area.
2,849 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the issues of transportation and mobility in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). The issues that the paper covers include the following: the debate about transportation and sustainability, car dependence, the growth and urban sprawl in the GTA and its impacts and implications on transportation practices. The writer examines the key transport and mobility issues in the GTA and the solutions that are proposed for solving them, particularly in the context of achieving a more sustainable growth of the city.
Outline:
Introduction
Sustainable Transportation
The Issues of Mobility
Urban Growth, Urban Sprawl and Transportation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Analysis of the above problems reveals that their major cause is the extensive use of private automobiles. They are the major consumers of fossil fuels whose consumption produces CO2 and other dangerous gases and whose sources are rapidly melting away. Recent research shows that cities that provide the best terms for the automobile transportation are the ones with the highest CO2 emissions. They are involved in the accidents that result in the injury, loss of life and property damage. Also, car dependence is responsible for traffic congestion of which we see more and more within the GTA Alarming is the fact that the use of private automobiles in increasing, a fact that will be addressed further below."
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Toronto Transportation, 2007.
This paper discusses the issue of public transport in Toronto and compares what Toronto is doing versus what it should be doing in this regard.
3,113 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 14 sources, MLA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that transportation woes are a problem that every city must confront at some point. With this in mind, the writer looks at the phenomenon of spatial mismatch and explores to what extent Toronto's poorest residents are concentrated in one place, while the job opportunities are concentrated elsewhere. The paper then examines how public transport in Toronto is letting those residents down as they seek employment opportunities. The paper analyzes studies which explore spatial mismatch in large urban centers and offers a critical analysis of one such source in particular by Karen Chapple. The paper also assesses what the study means for transportation geography/planning in Canada's largest city. In addition, the paper compares what Toronto appears to be presently doing - or is looking at doing in the near future - vis-a-vis transportation geography planning and what it should be doing. In the end, the paper concludes that Toronto should be devoting less time to a proposed Spadina Subway expansion and more time to a complex network of bus rapid transit (BRTs) and light rail transist (LRTs) systems that will actually cost less money in the long run.
Outline:
Introduction
A Review of the Karen Chapple Article
Implications of Her Article for Toronto
What Toronto is Doing Versus What it Should Be Doing
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The implications of the Chapple article for Canada's largest metropolitan center should be fairly obvious - even if this paper is more generally concerned with the geographical mismatch between jobs and poor job-seekers than is Karen Chapple. To start with, it is duly noted by Jean-Paul Rodrigue in his online text, The Geography of Transport Systems, that mobility is a reliable predictor of economic development. In other words, (urban) economies which develop a diversified and prosperous business and professional climate do so because human resources are readily connected to employment opportunities; at the same time, transportation networks link together all of the various aspects of production. Again, where there is mismatch there will be economic dysfunction and bridging the gap between the job-giving and the job-seeking will help cities like Toronto ameliorate their social ills."
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Solid Waste in Toronto, 2007.
This paper discusses the problem of solid waste in Canada's largest city.
1,218 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer looks at the issue of solid waste in Toronto and discusses what can be done to address a matter that has grown in importance in recent years. Specifically, the paper looks at the background of the situation, discusses possible policy responses and evaluates those alternatives. The writer offers a recommendation for one or more preferred options, complete with a brief overview of how they should be implemented. The writer concludes that Toronto would richly reward itself by placing the onus for solid waste management upon private citizens and businesses - a step which might be politically unpopular in the short-term, but which will benefit the city in the long-run.
From the Paper
"For some time, many Toronto residents have been outraged at what they view as the city's shameful inability to keep waste disposal and sanitation at a level commensurate with the city's pre-eminent status among Canadian municipalities. For one thing, many believe that solid waste should be recycled into steam for heating and for other energy-related purposes; as well, in light of the fact that Toronto's garbage pick-up has been the object of ridicule in many precincts for some time, there appears to be a sentiment that supervised sites whereat taxpayers can drop off tires, appliances, construction waste and other refuse should have been put into place years ago. Further, resentment seems to linger over the fact that Toronto has made remarkably little effort (at least in recent years) to establish guidelines at transfer stations that would mandate the separation of aluminum and other ferrous metals from organic products being shipped elsewhere; needless to say, this too is seen as a wasteful process that curbs what might be the productive recycling of still-useful items."
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Food Knowledge and Power, 2007.
An examination of the sociological, technological, environmental and safety issues related to a lasagna-based meal preparation.
2,263 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the sociological, technological, environmental and safety issues related to food. It details one meal, lasagna, and then discusses several issues related to the production of the meal and the ingredients used. The paper analyzes the environmental factors involved in the ingredient preparation and growth, the risk and safety associated with some of the ingredients and the skills and knowledge involved in creating the meal.
Table of Contents:
Meal Chosen: Lasagna And Chips, Bread, Wine, Tea, Tap Water
Environmental Impacts Of Your Meal
The Social And Economic Relationships That Created Your Food
The Technology, Skills And Knowledge Involved In Creating Your Meal
Your Meal And Risk
From the Paper
"This leads to another major issue - the safety requirements for exports and safe import standards. In order to support the economic requirements of global agriculture, Mitullah (2000) tells us that sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures, as required for compliance with the World Trade Association (WTO) are often difficult for third-world countries to comply with. The costs associate with such an effort make competing in the agricultural market, based on the technology requirements, prohibitive. These restrictions are seen in the same light as tariffs or quantitative restrictions on trade (Mitullah, 2000) even though they are entirely technology driven and based. Mitullah (2000) estimates the cost of a hazard analysis and critical control point program to be $82.7 million for a five-year period."
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The Law of Thermodynamic Economics, 2007.
An analysis of the relationship between thermodynamics and neo-classical economics.
1,146 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses unsustainable consumption patterns and the laws of thermodynamics. It discusses the relationship between thermodynamics and the study of neo-classical economics and free-market society and its importance in the current economic model. Finally, the paper examines why ecological economics is antithetical to neo-classical economists and free market advocates and then discusses the need for further research on the topic.
Table of Contents:
Overview
Thermodynamics in Economics
Current Importance
Objections
Further Research
From the Paper
"The first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation and this law is critical in the establishment of sustainable consumption patterns within a free-market economy that rejects all forms of constraints (Lawn pars.2-5). Although this law states that energy cannot be destroyed or created it illustrates that materials that result in energy can be depleted through transformation processes that result in forms of energy that cannot be harvested in an economic sense. Entropy is essentially the second law of thermodynamics and as such is central to thermodynamics as it is applied to ecological economics. Entropy is the concept in ecological economics that describes the state of potential energy as being less than the initial energy contained within an item or unit (Finch & McMaster 135). It describes the necessity of continually introducing new energy into economic activity to produce ever greater results or outcomes at the risk of economic shutdown."
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Boundary of the Greenbelt Plan, 2007.
An analysis of the success of the Greenbelt Plan in curbing urban sprawl in Ontario.
1,299 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Greenbelt Plan 2005. It looks at the issues that have been created by suburban development, particularly urban sprawl. The paper then discusses the environmental, economic and political problems that can be caused by urban sprawl. The paper analyzes the Greenbelt Plan and discusses how it has been implemented in Ontario and its success. The paper finally presents an argument that the Greenbelt area is not significantly curbing urban sprawl. In order to further its arguments, the paper includes area maps.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Greenbelt Plan
Thesis
The Study Area
Method
Population Growth in Scugog Township
The Growth Rate of Vaughan and Uxbridge
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The first factor that needs to be considered is that the census data is not current. The census data was obtained in 2001. The Greenbelt plan was not implemented until 2005. This means that the real effects of the Greenbelt will not be observable until the most recent census is made available. Even then the data may only show the beginning of a curbing trend."
"The other factor to consider is location. Vaughan is located immediately north of Toronto. Uxbridge and Scugog Township are located to a considerable distance from Toronto. Vaughan's close proximity to Toronto may be a factor in its higher growth rate."
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Big Box Sprawl, 2007.
An analysis of the range of variables that have contributed to the decline of the urban, inner-city retail strips and the rise of the suburban economic power centers.
2,383 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the decline of the urban, inner-city retail strips and the rise of the suburban economic power centers featuring the massive commercial developments known as "big box" or "category killer" retailers. The paper examines this phenomenon and focuses on the experience of the greater Toronto area. It looks at the range of variables that have contributed to this phenomenon, the most significant of which is the explosive levels of growth in North American suburbs as immigrants bypass the traditional inner-city reception areas and settle directly in the suburbs.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Death of the Inner-City Retail Strip
Immigration and Growth
Characteristics of Suburban Retail Growth: The Big Boxes
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Rather, as this essay has attempted to show, demographic factors have also played an important role in both diminishing the local clientele for inner-city retail strips and fuelling the growth of not only the suburbs but the "big box" retailers situated in the suburbs. Immigrants have been central in this dynamic, as migration from overseas bypassing the traditional immigrant reception areas in Toronto's downtown core, as well as intra-city migration of already established immigrants, are not only resulting in the collapse of retail strips such as Chinatown East, but are accentuating the growth of Chinese suburbs and malls. In this analysis, while the suburban power-centres and inner city retail strips are not in direct competition, they are twin poles of an economic dynamic that is reshaping the retail and settlement patterns of cities such as Toronto."
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Regulation and Market Forces, 2007.
This paper provides an analysis of pollution controls in relation to the Canadian petroleum industry.
2,341 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the effectiveness of Canada's aggressive regulatory regime in controlling pollution emissions by the Canadian petroleum industry. The paper places particular emphasis on information asymmetries between government and industry. The paper shows the flaws of government regulation and concludes that were the government to instead invest in systematically promoting environmental awareness among the public, it would clearly have a significant impact upon the petroleum industry through market forces.
Outline:
Introduction
The Canadian Petroleum Industry
Information Asymmetries and the Pigouvian Tax
Regulation and its Discontents
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The question of the effectiveness of aggressive regulatory intervention in the marketplace is a complex one given how it balances economic theory and legal principles within the context of political realities. The complexity of this is due to the extremely high level of variables that must be incorporated into an analysis in order to fully understand the problem at hand. In this regard, the Canadian regulatory regime of pollution controls on the country's petroleum industry represents an excellent example through which we may understand the complexity of analysis of government practices in this regard."
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Water in Vancouver, 2007.
An analysis of the environmental concerns surrounding Vancouver's drinking water.
914 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the bacteria content and safety of the drinking water in Vancouver, Canada. It looks at how the environment can affect one's drinking water and what needs to be done to prevent bacteria from entering the water we drink. The paper then discusses what individuals can do to help the community improve the safety of drinking water.
From the Paper
"Vancouver's water system has experienced problems in the past. For instance, bacteria in the water can be a health risk. Bacteria can affect drinking water if it is not prevented. "Unfiltered surface water supplies have the potential of containing the protozoan pathogens Giardia and Cryptosporidium" (Water 7). In fact, this has occurred in the past such as during the late 1920's. Since this time, environmental concerns have been addressed by many communities in Canada and the United States. Canada is concerned about improving water and sanitation in the region (ADB Taking New Directions). While Vancouver gets much of its water from Eagle Lake and Montizambert Creek, testing for bacteria is required. Samples are tested for bacteria, physical and chemical parameters including metals as well as samples for fecal coliform, total coliforms, and E.coli (2005 Drinking Water ii)."
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Canadian Bulk Water Export, 2007.
This paper provides a look at the various components of a controversial policy concerning Canadian bulk water export.
1,945 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
The writer discusses that water exportation has emerged as a serious matter for the Canadian government as the United States begins to cast covetous eyes northward. With that in mind, this paper looks at the environmental values in play, at the various government institutions at the heart of the matter, at the agencies/departments involved and at the relative strength of the present policy and what environmental policy tools were most likely used in its crafting. In the end, the writer notes that what should emerge from this study is the recognition that Canada may not have a perfect strategy, but at least a strategy of some kind is in place. The writer concludes that while the future is obviously still to be determined, Canada at least has a workable legislative framework in place to protect its water reserves.
Outline:
Environmental Values
Relevant (Government) Institutions
Pertinent Government Agencies/Departments
Relevant Organizations
The Quality of the Decision and the Environmental Policy Tools Used
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In any case, the 2002 amendments do follow a general pattern of greater federal involvement in the issue. For instance, the 2002 measure delineated above is actually an extension of prior amendments brought into effect the preceding year whereby the International Boundary Waters Treaty Act was modified in such a way that "bulk" water removal from the Canadian parts of the boundary waters - chiefly the Great Lakes - would no longer be permitted. Finally, a still-earlier report from March of 2000 (jointly written by the Canadian and American governments) entitled, Protection of the Waters of the Great Lakes, mandates that water removal from the Great Lakes should not proceed unless it can be satisfactorily proved that the ecosystem of the Great Lakes Basin will not be harmed. All in all, Ottawa has asserted itself on this matter and made it clear that it will use its legislative purview to establish laws protecting Canada's freshwater deposits; simultaneously, the Canadian government - as the chief international negotiator acting on behalf of all Canadians - has made a concerted effort to join with its American counterparts in deploring and discouraging the mass export of water from vulnerable boundary areas."
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