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Planning a City, 2008.
An analysis of the issues that need to be taken into consideration when planning the development of a city.
1,466 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses issues related to urban planning. It looks at the reasons why urban planning may be needed in a city and issues related to zoning. It discusses concerns that may be of issue in city planning on a local, state and federal level and how these are addressed. It also briefly discusses business, environmental and transportation needs. The paper contains a sample zoning map for Staten Island, New York.
From the Paper
"City planning must also focus on the environment that the city wishes to create for the community. Within the scope of environment factors that are important for planners include the contentment of residents, the safety of families and the ability to attract tourists in the area. Most residential areas desire an atmosphere that is conducive to raising children and in which schools are close in proximity to residential units. On the other hand, most business sectors desire that the area be pleasing to tourism in order to draw in the multi-billion dollar tourist industry and increase profits. Business areas that are filled with waste and that are not well maintained, therefore, will be detrimental to business over time. However, those business areas that are cased for by the city and that are inviting to the tourist trade will draw in tourists and maintain their business throughout the years. Some municipalities believe that signs, banners and billboards are unattractive and that they depredate the beauty of a city. However, in cities such as New York, it is evident that signs, billboards and banners are part of the tourist experience that people believe is important to allowing tourists to comprehend all that is occurring within the city."
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Urban Planning in Canada, 2008.
This document discusses the need for greater urban planning across Canada.
1,535 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that if Canada wishes to maintain its advantage in sustainability and environmental leadership, it must continue to implement urban planning as a core strategy of sustainable development. The paper focuses on the greater Toronto area and discusses how urban planners have defined its geographic boundaries by the character of the surrounding geography itself. The paper shows, however, how its overall boundary making strategy may not be as clear as it could be. The paper concludes that without the technology to remap the region for various purposes, assigning requisite resources for specific purposes would be very difficult indeed for the city's urban planners. The paper includes two color maps of Toronto.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Urban Boundaries in Planning
Determining Borders as Urban Planning
Urban Planning Characteristics
Conclusion
From the Paper
"European settlers, across the breadth of Canada, have long utilized boundary setting and the definition of geographical boundaries for both cartographic and political purposes. This began with the earliest colonization of the Canadian provinces and continues, to one degree or another, today. Harris points out that the expansion of the suburbs following World War II created growing strain on Canada's cities and its natural environment that was quickly recognized as a threat vis-a-vis sustainability (2004). Yet, with the ever expanding population following the war, due both to natural population growth as well as to Canada's ever-more friendly immigration policies, urban planning became not only a benefit to sustainable development but a necessity."
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Canada and Climate Change, 2008.
This paper explores Canada's climate change policies from 1997 until 2006.
2,351 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 12 sources, APA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that global climate change is one of the most pressing environmental, economic, political and social issues facing the world. The paper discusses how the Canada's conservative government of today is moving away from the Kyoto Protocol, following a policy path closer to that of the United States. The paper explains why Canada's policies around climate change have been changing so often.
Outline:
Introduction
Why has Canada taken these Actions?
What Should Have Been Done?
From the Paper
"Canada has engaged in a number of activities in relation to combating global climate change. On December 17, 2002 Canada became the one-hundredth country to ratify the Kyoto Protocol(Weibust 2003: 287). By ratifying the Kyoto Protocol Canada made firm commitments to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. According to MacDonald Douglas and Heather A. Smith in "Promises Made, Promises Broken", Canadian Negotiators agreed to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions by 6 per cent no later then 2012(Douglas and Smith 1999-2000: 357). What this means is that Canada under Prime Minister John Chretien was certainly willing to co-operate with the larger world community. They had made firm commitments and seemed to be following similar policy paths to European Union."
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Destruction of Rainforests, 2008.
This paper discusses the environmental problem of the destruction of the rainforests.
1,046 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that the destruction of the tropical rainforests is one of the biggest global environmental problems that one faces today. Although the rainforests are 'local' and confined to certain areas of the world, their destruction is, nevertheless, a global problem, and this is so for several reasons. The writer explains that first, the rainforests are the lungs of the planet. They absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. Rainforests are also sinks, storage reservoirs of natural substances, in particular of carbon. Finally, the writer notes that rainforests are the only habitats of literally thousands and thousands of plant and animal species. The writer discusses that mist developing countries are attempting to improve and develop their economies and deal with population growth and the rainforests represent valuable natural resources and opportunities for export and foreign revenues. The writer concludes that deforestation can be fought by taking into consideration a broad range of issues and applying a broad range of policies and the sustainable management of forestry as well as agriculture. Further more conservation targets must be set, not just for the rainforests but also for the protection of the species diversity they contain.
From the Paper
"Industrial development is also the reason for deforestation in the Amazon, as the region contains mineral deposits of gold, diamonds and other minerals as well a huge supply of fresh water that could potentially supply much hydroelectric energy. Mining is an environmentally devastating economy in itself and requires additional clearing for road or rail development in order to transport the mined minerals. A cattle ranching is also a source of deforestation exclusive to Latin America, although according to Myers it has been on the decrease. One of the ways to deal with deforestation in the Amazon is to focus on more sustainable means of agriculture and less destructive logging methods as well as reforestation. Extractive reserve is an example given by Chasmer and Perry-Globa, (1998) for a way for more sustainable economic development of the Amazon. Rubber tappers collect small amounts of latex from rubber trees each day, which they sell. The trees are not destroyed. These activities can be extended to other forest products in the Amazon: nuts, fruits and vegetables. However, the biggest problem with preserving the rainforest I countries such as Brazil is the fact that these countries must balance conservation with the need for economic development and foreign capital."
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Placebo Environmental Policies, 2007.
This paper describes the use of placebo policies in the management of Canadian environmental issues.
760 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 17.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that placebo policies in environmental management are used by some government entities to mislead the government on its anti-environment agenda. The author cites specifically the Harris government in Ontario, which imposes policies that seem to be for the environment but are not, and the Saskatchewan Environmental Society, which has a more effective history depending on implementation. The paper relates that placebo policy has the effect of manipulating public opinion on the issue, reducing public input and participation in the process of making policy, and rolling back earlier environmental initiatives.
From the Paper
"A number of placebo policies can be found in Ontario, such as the government's attempt at manipulating public opinion on the issue of urban smog. When a highly publicized smog patrol program was introduced, along with summer gasoline volatility limits to reduce volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions by 2 per cent, analysts found that overall VOC emissions were expected to rise by 10 per cent per decade as a result of other government policies that promote urban sprawl."
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A Tree Planting Strategy, 2008.
This paper presents a tree planting program for a suburban neighborhood.
1,441 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper focuses on developing a tree planting strategy in order to retrofit a suburban neighborhood so that it has less detrimental environmental impact and greater resource efficiency. The paper details the many benefits of a tree planting program and looks at the technical challenges involved. The paper discusses the types of trees that could be planted as well as various layout options.
Outline:
Background
Technical Challenges
Performance Criteria
From the Paper
"The task is to retrofit a suburban neighborhood so that it has less detrimental environmental impact, greater resource efficiency, more opportunities for healthy living, and a sense of aesthetic splendor and improved lifestyle. The neighborhood consists of approximately 200 acres with wide streets, houses set back from the street and fronted by large garages, very low residential density, significant paving of the landscape, and no other land uses within a ten minute walk. Such a neighborhood would be considered relatively isolated but might also have a detrimental effect on the local environment because of the paving that removes natural land and that reflects heat from the sun, as might the houses themselves. The low residential density is a benefit. One way of improving the region is to develop a tree planting strategy for the area so as to make the neighborhood itself more given to renewal of the atmosphere."
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The Evolution of Ancient Cities, 2008.
This paper studies the history and evolution of the ancient cities of the Mediterranean.
1,076 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the emergence of the ancient cities, where they emerged, and how they evolved in different regions. The paper shows how urban centers have evolved over time in large measure due to man's efforts to exploit the natural world to his advantage. The paper discusses how ancient cities laid the foundation for the modern urban community of today.
From the Paper
"The history of the ancient cities of the Mediterranean - indeed, the history of cities everywhere - is an interesting one. To begin with, cities as we understand the term today began to emerge right around the time of the Neolithic revolution as agricultural surplus became sufficient to support heavily-concentrated populations (Brakman et al., 15). In the Mesopotamian world, it appears as though the first genuine city - Eridu - took root around 4900 B.C. This city, like all the others that the Mesopotamians would construct for themselves, had its own patron god and there is evidence that these urban centers had their own education systems (apparently centrally-planned) in addition to being locations that served as religious loci for the people of pre-Christian Mesopotamia."
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T. R.Berger's "Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland", 2007.
This paper applies the critical-emancipatory paradigm and the constructivist-interpretive paradigm to T. R.Berger's 1988 book "Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland: The Report of the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry".
1,615 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the critical paradigm recognizes that reality is the product of history and analyzes it accordingly through social, political, cultural, economic, ethnic and gender values developed over time. The author states that, when applying the critical-emancipatory approach to T. R. Berger's "Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland", the observer understands that the whole issue surrounding the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry involves a strong reaction to historical reality issues especially the importance of the First Nation people and the environmental supporters in deciding against the pipeline project. The paper relates that the constructivist-interpretive paradigm assumes that to understand the world and its meaning, one must interpret it. The author underscores that the constructivist-interpretive paradigm can be applied to Berger's work in that his assessment of the Mackenzie Valley pipeline is heavily subjective and based upon interpretation of multiple realities.
Table of Contents
The Strengths and Weakness of the Critical Paradigm
Application of the Critical-Emancipatory Approach to "Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland"
The Strength and Weakness of the Constructivist-Interpretive Paradigm
Application of the Critical Constructivist- Interpretive Paradigm to "Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland"
From the Paper
"It is easy to analyze the Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland document in terms of the critical-emancipatory approach. Indeed, the whole issue surrounding the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry involves a strong reaction of social, political, cultural, economic and ethnic issues derived from processes over history. The writer, Berger, has assessed the contentious issue of the pipeline development firstly in terms of economic issues: that is, that it will be good for the Canadian economy, particularly the northern Canadians who will be brought now into the "mainstream of the Canadian economy" (Berger, 1988, p. 3). Ultimately, however, Berger has acknowledged the role of ethnicity in appraising the pipeline project and assessing its worth. His final position assumes the First Nation Canadians are correct; environmentally-speaking, the project should not go on). The role of acknowledging the importance of the First Nation people and the environment in deciding against the pipeline project display evidence of cultural, social, political and ethnic values in evaluating the situation.
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The Good Ozone and the Bad Ozone, 2008.
An analysis of the problem of tropospheric ozone and the depletion of the good ozone and the reasons for these problems.
1,644 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the ozone and the problems associated with it. It looks at the problem of tropospheric ozone and what causes this problem. It then looks at the problem of ozone depletion and why that is occurring. The paper particularly discusses greenhouse emissions and global warming. Finally, the paper analyzes the issue of the ozone hole and shows how worldwide mobilization of governments and the consequent resolve to deal with and face the issue have made a big difference in finding a solution to the problem at hand.
Table of Contents:
The Good Ozone
The Bad Ozone
From the Paper
"The problem of ozone depletion is an example of an environmental problem that has required a global consensus and a global solution. Nevertheless, the effects of the CFCs will not be so easily overturned, despite the long-term solution. It can serve as a good example of how to effectively deal with environmental problems, and in particular the issue of global warming. The problem of ground the ozone in the troposphere is more an urban problem, which however can be dealt with only through long-term solutions and changes in lifestyle."
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The Environmental Movement's Lies and Distortion, 2008.
This paper looks at "The Green Peril to the Third World" and and "Environmentalists Surf Tsunami Tragedy" by Steven Milloy and "Eco-terrorists Recruit 2nd Graders" by Mark Morano.
847 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
The paper examines "The Green Peril to the Third World" and and "Environmentalists Surf Tsunami Tragedy" by Steven Milloy as well as "Eco-terrorists Recruit 2nd Graders" by Mark Morano. The paper shows how environmental groups are often narrow-minded, offer distorted views of significant issues and ignore evidence which opposes their main theses. The paper suggests that mainstream media groups should emphasize both sides of the debate, point out the fallacies in the arguments brought forward by environmentalists and stop ignoring the controversial activities of groups like Rainforest Action Network (RAN).
From the Paper
"The article, "The Green Peril to the Third World," shows how the proposed Kyoto Protocol endangers the economic well-being of developing nations insofar as dramatic reductions in greenhouse emissions will devastate their fledgling economies. The article also points out that there is no definitive proof that climate change is created by humans and a few passages are set aside outlining how environmental groups have established a de facto "veto" power over loans to developing nations which curry their disfavor - the example of Citigroup and its loan program being a good example (Milloy, para.1-13). As author Steven Milloy argues, ""....poor countries need economic development and environmental activists are blocking their way" (para.14)."
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Economic Globalization, 2008.
An analysis of the effects of economic globalization on the environment and on future generations of humans.
2,179 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes to what extent consideration of future generations of humans or the current well-being of other species should be a factor in governing our behaviors towards the environment. It looks at the effect of economic globalization on the environment. It then argues that those in the Global North should not be pursuing luxury and excess at the expense of other species on the planet and at the expense of future generations of humans.
From the Paper
"In truth, it is becoming daily more difficult to ignore the realities - such as the key fact that the TNCs are engaged in what one expert calls a "terminal grand buffet" - that is, that they are literally eating up the finite resources of our planet (Broswimmer 91). As Broswimmer warns, TNCs in particular, and globalized capitalism in general, have "brought our planet to the brink of social and ecological collapse" (Broswimmer 86). This grim reality makes it incumbent upon us to allow consideration of future generations of humans, and the current well-being of other species, to be a major factor in governing our behaviours towards the environment. While we can make a moral and philosophical argument for this (and have attempted to do so above), the most compelling reason is simply that we have no choice. Our current way of life is unsustainable, and we are now in a position where the fine balance of the Earth could collapse at any minute."
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Deforestation in Canada and the World, 2008.
This paper explores deforestation on a Canadian and global level.
1,526 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the issue of deforestation and what can be done to stop it before it becomes an even more serious problem. The paper focuses upon Canada, but points out that the issue is a global one that requires international collaboration. The paper discusses how deforestation can be overcome, but only if strong governmental action is taken against irresponsible practices by the logging and lumber sectors and if firm penalties are put in place to discourage degradation of fragile ecosystems.
From the Paper
"The evidence clearly indicates that deforestation in the Amazonian rainforest - and it is Amazonian deforestation rates which are used to determine human effects on the global carbon cycle - has been sped along by widespread logging and surface fires; indeed, logging crews "severely damage" between 10,000 to 15,000 square kilometers of forestland each year in this critical part of the world. Going further, the available information indicates that nearly 20,000 square kilometers of Amazonian rainforest was "deforested" in the period 1993-1995 by logging alone. To make the matter worse, as the 1990s progressed, the rate of deforestation increased; for example, in 1996 the forest area deforested in the aforementioned Brazilian Amazon climbed to more than 18,000 square kilometers (Nepstad et al., 505-506). Simply put, large-scale logging did enormous harm to the rainforest in the 1990s despite the existence of a vigorous environmental movement and this development will invariably mean higher CO2 concentrations (and not just in Central America), the demise of fragile ecosystems dependent upon forestland, the destruction of a way of life for indigenous tribes, and the potential widespread loss of at-risk animal groups."
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Hurricane Katrina, 2008.
An examination of the way the American government tried to manage hurricane Katrina.
2,462 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the steps taken by the government of New Orleans and President Bush to try and manage hurricane Katerina. It explains how people evacuated the city and how some were unable to leave. The writer criticizes President Bush for not acting sooner and points out that by many accounts, many average Americans understood more of the disaster in New Orleans that the President did. The writer discusses how in the electoral debates of 2000, Mr. Bush had said natural disasters are a "time to test your mettle", but Bush failed with Katrina as he seemed overwhelmed with the problem and confused and defensive about what to do. The writer points out that confronted with the crisis in New Orleans, Mr. Bush was unable to summon either clear thinking or firm governance. The writer concludes by asking how a system that is meant to protect its people failed so badly.
From the Paper
"On Sunday, August 28, New Orleans Ray Nagin asked residents to evacuate the city. (Newsweek 2005a p. 46b) Nagin had actually delayed the evacuation notice, giving up on valuable time to mobilize resources, because any evacuation would disrupt a tourism based economy. If Nagin evacuated unnecessarily, he would cost the city millions of dollars per day in lost revenue. (Time, 2005a; Newsweek, 2005a) Even as he called for evacuation, Nagin acted tentatively, apparently unsure at the outset that he could make the evacuation mandatory. Later he was advised that he did have authority to order a mandatory evacuation."
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A Lesson Plan Utilizing the Scientific Inquiry Model, 2007.
A lesson plan, predicated upon the scientific inquiry model, that asks students to consider how human beings impact the mating and feeding habits of wildlife whose ecosystems suddenly are disrupted by human waste.
890 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that the lesson plan presented seeks to employ the scientific inquiry model to foster rational, rigorous and inductive thought and to facilitate the ability of students to communicate about technical/environmental matters in a second language. The author points out that the class will enter the room to find a poster depicting seagulls or other marine wildlife mired in an oil spill, which emphasizes the dangers of human pollution. The paper includes a step-by-step procedure for the lesson. The author states that the student observations will be assessed for grammatical fluency, for descriptiveness, for answering all of the questions posed by the instructor and the amount of detail devoted to answering each question.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Expectations/Opportunities
Pre-assessment/Student Accommodations
Resources
Lead-in
Step-by-Step Procedure
Assessment/Evaluation
From the Paper
"As part of their observations, students will be asked to answer the following questions: "what happens when one particular area is cleaned up and another area is not?" (The class has brought garbage bags to clean up some areas which are especially hard-hit by pollution while leaving others alone for longer-term observation). "What happens to the soil and vegetation of areas that have been polluted and littered with garbage?" "
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