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Garrett Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons", 2007.
This paper studies the essay "The Tragedy of the Commons" by Garrett Hardin.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 15.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that although Garrett Hardin's essay entitled "The Tragedy of the Commons" was written nearly 40 years ago, it has even more impact today than when it was written, as we watch the population of the world continue to climb exponentially. The writer points out that Hardin's concern with overpopulation caused by, as he terms it, "the freedom to breed" is prevalent in all parts of the world today. In the third world where population is increasing at the greatest rate, starvation and disease run rampant. The writer further discusses that in the industrial world, the current population is beginning to tax natural resources such as fossil fuels, land and water just as Hardin predicted. The writer concludes that what Hardin saw 40 years ago is still true today, population growth must be controlled.
From the Paper
"In this example, Hardin explores the idea of how people really are looking out for their own best interest with no regard for or unintentional benefit for the common good. Hardin asks the reader to imagine a pasture that is open to all to use. At more primitive times, overpopulation of the pasture by animals did not occur due to natural attrition. However, in more modern times, a point will occur when the balance will be tipped. Adding one more animal to the grazing land will cause it to be overpopulated. Nevertheless, the individual herders weigh their options and determine that they will benefit more personally by adding additional animals and the negative consequences are slight in comparison. If all of the herdsmen add animals, eventually they will being it to ruin.
To give this example more impact, Hardin looks to the National Parks as a modern example of how the lack of limits placed on individuals can destroy something."
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Overpopulation and Global Warming, 2007.
This paper examines the effects of overpopulation on global warming.
1,223 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the issue of global warming is not only a purely environmental issue but is also intimately linked to the human utilization of planetary resources. The paper shows how the greater the number of people on earth, the greater the demand for fossil fuels and, likewise, the greater pollution of the atmosphere.
From the Paper
"The seriousness of global warming has lately been underlined by a recent agreement among the majority of the world's scientists. In summary: "The world's scientists ... gave their starkest warning yet that a failure to cut greenhouse gas emissions will bring devastating climate change within a few decades." ( Worse than we thought) This report expands on the seriousness of global warming. "Average temperatures could increase by as much as 6,4oC by the end of the century if emissions continue to rise, with a rise of 4oC most likely, ... The forecast is higher than previous estimates, because scientists have discovered that Earth's land and oceans are becoming less able to absorb carbon dioxide..." ( Worse than we thought)"
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Breast Cancer Mortality, 2007.
This paper discusses female breast cancer mortality in New Jersey counties and looks at the relationship with certain environmental variables.
3,331 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 18 sources, MLA, £ 58.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that today, breast cancer remains the focus of a growing amount of research around the world and new, improved diagnostic techniques, drugs and treatment are constantly improving survival rates. Nevertheless, the writer points out that the incidence of female breast cancer remains unacceptably high in many regions of the country, especially New Jersey. To identify recent trends in the incidence of female breast cancer generally and in New Jersey specifically, this paper provides a review of the relevant peer-reviewed literature and an analysis of the statistical rates by race for the state and its counties. A summary of the research and salient findings are presented in the conclusion. The writer concludes that the the research is clear in showing that virtually every county in New Jersey is considered high-risk for increased rates of breast cancer by virtue of their geographic proximity to nuclear reactors, as well as the potential environmental toxins that go hand in hand with high concentrations of humanity.
Outline:
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Environmental Factors
Table 1 - Breast Cancer Statistics - New Jersey
Table 2 - Female Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality by Race, New Jersey and the U.S. 1989-1993.
Table 3 - Cancer Death Statistics for the State of New Jersey by Race
Summary of Breast Cancer Trends Identified in New Jersey
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Other environmental factors may relate to socioeconomic conditions. While the National Cancer Institute and other medical organizations agree that women age 50 years and older should obtain a routine mammography every one to two years, estimates of breast cancer screening utilization show that participation in mammography screening is typically lowest among groups of women with whom social workers often work; that is, older, low-income, rural, and racially and culturally diverse women. Studies have investigated a variety of factors predictive of women's decisions about breast cancer screening, including socioeconomic factors, and to a lesser extent, psychological and cultural variables; the results of these studies generally indicate that older and ethnic minority women, women with inadequate insurance coverage and no regular source of medical care, women that are less educated, women that live in medically underserved areas, and women that report strong religious values, attitudes, and beliefs about breast cancer, are less likely to obtain breast cancer screening and are at greater risk of dying from breast cancer than are white women who are younger, educated, have health insurance and access to medical care, and that do not express strong beliefs about breast cancer."
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Community Centers and Social Capital, 2007.
A look at the whether the expense of running community centers can be justified by their benefits to the community.
2,788 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the value of community centers goes beyond building social capital within the community that it serves. It looks at how community centers are paramount to building strong communities all the way up the chain to the national level and how, through bonding, bridging, and linking, community centers help to make this world a web of support.
Outline:
Defining Social Capital
Forms of Social Capital: Bridging, Bonding, Linking
Who do Community Centres Benefit?
Do they Build Social Capital?
What is the Impact of Community Centres on the Larger Perspective?
From the Paper
"The primary difficulty with discussing social capital in any situation is that the definition of social capital has changed over the years. Social capital, in its broadest definition, refers to intangible concepts and ambiguous terms. The term "capital" is typically associated with economics. Taken in this context, one expects to be able to quantify capital in real terms. However, when one considers "social" capital, the term takes on a new meaning. It implies a connection with intangible concepts such as welfare, good will, and humanitarian activities. The term "capital" takes on an entirely different meaning in this context. "
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The Gobi Desert, 2007.
This paper looks at the past and the future of the Gobi Desert.
836 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 17.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the Gobi Desert, which is one of the most striking natural phenomena in the world. The writer explains that it is the world's northernmost desert and home to the world's southernmost glacier in the Gobi's Yol Valley. The writer points out that the Gobi Desert is situated across the border between Mongolia and China. The writer notes that despite the general conception of a desert as full of sand, much of the Gobi desert is only barren rock. The writer concludes that as students we can look to the Gobi Desert as a unique source of knowledge about geography in one of the most extreme environments in the world. The writer notes that the Gobi Desert can provide the thoughtful researcher with a wealth of information about how landscapes are shaped and manipulated by almost purely natural forces.
From the Paper
"Many of the geographical features of the Gobi Desert were formed because of the effects of plate tectonics over millions of years. At one time, the Gobi Desert region was at the convergence of two tectonic plates, a fact that helped shape the unique geographic features of the region. More recently in geological terms, the Gobi Desert region has felt the effect of the Indian subcontinent tectonic plate moving northward into Asia. While this movement has had the immediate effect of driving the Himalayas upward, the pressure of this convergence has consistently spilled to the east and west. It has fractured the Gobi landscape and helped drive much of the region up into higher elevations. When we consider the major geologic and geographic features of the region, plate tectonics must be seen as a primary cause in their formation."
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Vine City, Atlanta 1964-1968, 2007.
An interpretative analysis of Vine City, its residents and their community, 1964-1968.
16,215 words (approx. 64.9 pages), 26 sources, MLA, £ 151.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the rise out of despair of the Vine City community of Atlanta, during the crucial Civil Rights years of 1964-1968. The paper shows how Vine City was largely a missed opportunity during this period in American history. The paper focuses on the Vine City Improvement Association, under the leadership of J. Otis Cochran and others and how these individuals fought to make a better way for the community's residents. The paper analyzes the self-help programs and initiatives developed by individuals and organizations in the Vine City area and assesses the legacy of these actions on Vine City today.
Outline:
Abstract
Chapter One: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Chapter Two: Vine City between 1964-1968
Chapter Three: The Legacy of the Sixties on Vine City Today
From the Paper
"While the city of Atlanta itself is relatively small, it is surrounded by a number of suburbs, including Vine City. Over the years, Vine City has been the victim of various property development initiatives that were designed to benefit the City of Atlanta in general, while sacrificing quality of life considerations for Vine City residents in the process. While other similarly situated suburbs of Atlanta, particularly low-income predominately black ones, have experienced comparable problems in the past, Vine City in particular seems to epitomize the problems associated with developmental issues in the face of a political machine that fails to embrace all of the stakeholders involved. In the face of such challenges, though, Vine City has also been the source of a number of black leaders that modeled the way by mobilizing resources and ensuring that the voices of Vine City residents were no longer ignored."
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Nuclear Energy, 2003.
A discussion regarding nuclear energy, an important resource for the energy needs of the future.
1,353 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at nuclear energy. According to the paper, nuclear energy provides a cost-efficient, safe and reliable form of energy generation that is relatively clean. The paper goes on to discuss how nuclear energy does not contribute to the growing problem of global warming and climate change since this source does not emit any pollutants into the air.
From the Paper
"Lake (2001) argued that since nuclear waste is fully contained and very carefully dealt with, it is the best-managed waste on planet Earth. Furthermore, this author explained how the costs of storage and eventual disposal of nuclear waste are included in the cost of nuclear-produced electricity. In regard to long-term solutions for the storage of nuclear waste, the U.S. commercial nuclear energy industry plans for the development and licensing of an underground national repository for the waste's permanent disposal (Lake, 2001)."
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The Turks and Caicos Island Nation, 2007.
This paper describes the ecological problem caused by the tourist industry in the Turks and Caicos Island nation, located north of Haiti and south of the Bahamas.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 17 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Turks and Caicos Island nation boast the quiet solitude of hundreds of miles of undeveloped beaches, which promote a strong trade in eco-tourism, and an archaeological past, which dates back thousands of years. The author points out that the recently developed Holland America Line cruise center, which has changed the landscape of Grand Turk Island, similar to the situation in other Caribbean destinations, does not preserve the natural settings nor add sufficiently to the revenue of the nation to justify the disruption of the environment. The paper stresses that creating a system based on eco-friendly practices, including limiting embankments and increasing time spent in various locations, is essential to the tourist industry in this area. The paper includes several long quotations.
From the Paper
"Robertsen in a pioneering call for research on the subject of the social, economic and environmental impact of the fast growing cruise industry states that the Turk & Caicos islands were being threatened by the development of this center (in 2001 before it was cemented). The evidence associated with many cruise centers is difficult to judge based on the fact that there is limited reporting and only marginal amounts of scholarly research on the subject. In trade magazines, the issue is largely glossed over as a point of great growth and expansion, ..."
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Gentrification in Williamsburg, 2007.
A discussion of "Gentrification and the Nature of Work: Exploring the Links in Williamsburg, Brooklyn" by Winifred Curran.
1,171 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
The paper defines gentrification as turning old, decaying neighborhoods inhabited by minorities into wealthy, exciting and sparkling new communities in which the original residents cannot afford to live. The paper discusses how new businesses that move in are affected by gentrification. The paper examines Winifred Curran's "Gentrification and the Nature of Work: Exploring the Links in Williamsburg, Brooklyn" where she shows how small-scale manufacturing and blue-collar work in Williamsburg has been displaced by gentrification. The paper also discusses Jason Patch's work on the embedded landscape of gentrification.
From the Paper
"Very little has been written on the blue-collar workers that remain in the central city. The work they have done and their presence, despite the assumption that deindustrialization is complete by policymakers, make up a crucial element of the neighborhood, an element that would be removed if gentrification is allowed to continue, tearing out the heart of the lifeforce that makes Williamsburg what it is. Manufacturing is still a viable sector of the urban economy that is increasingly at risk of displacement, she argues, and because of that the conversion of industrial space to residential use is simply due to speculative real-estate pressure. Gentrification is encouraging industrial displacement in this transitional area of Brooklyn, which in turn is leading to the degradation of blue-collar work that remains there, and to the increasing informality of work."
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Global Warming, 2007.
A look at some of the effects and future implications of global warming.
768 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 16.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how global warming is now a widely recognized reality and contends that it is currently being treated as an economic and political issue but should be treated as a scientific issue. It argues that the Kyoto Protocol, set up to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, should never have allowed economic considerations to justify exemptions.
From the Paper
"Although a total of 166 countires have ratified the Kyoto Protocol, the countries that would have the most impact have not. The United States, currently the largest emitter of greenhouse gases, has refused to sign the agreement because it states that exemptions to developing countries such as China and India are unfair. Instead, the United States is sticking to its "strategy" announced way back in early 2001 to, "reduce the greenhouse gas intensity of the American economy by 18 percent over the 10-year period from 2002 to 2012. Unregulated emissions from exempted countries under the Kyoto Protocol are getting progressively worse. The International Energy Agency has just released a report late this year revealing that China will surpass the United States in 2009, a decade ahead of previous predictions, as the largest emitter of main gas linked to global warming. "
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Alternative Fuels, 2007.
This paper explores global warming and the chemical benefits of alternative fuels.
2,041 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 19 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the "greenhouse effect" and the 1987 Montreal Protocol. The paper discusses the controversies surrounding global warming but relates that whether global warming is absolute fact or not, numerous scientific studies contend that greenhouse gases are emitted by virtually all economic sectors and the potential for global warming does exist. The paper lists the chemical benefits alternative fuels have on the atmosphere and global warming. The paper points out that the direct effects of alternative fuels on the atmosphere and global warming are difficult to forecast and impossible to measure. The paper includes images, tables and copies of appended sources.
Outline:
The Greenhouse Effect
Atmospheric Concerns
Direct Effects
From the Paper
"Contrary to global warming theory, a study published in the Annals of Glaciology challenges global warming and contends that facts confirm the global warming concept to be inconsistent with trends of the Antarctic ice. This study reports that NASA satellite observations determined the Antarctic has not melted, and instead has increased during the last 20 years the. Claire Parkinson, a NASA climatologist who ". . . analyzed the role of sea ice in the global-climate system since 1979 . . . measured the duration of Antarctic ice seasons . . . and found nearly twice as much land that had seasons increasing by one day per year between 1979 and 1999 than areas where the opposite occurred." (George) Numerous other scientific studies reportedly support the recent NASA observations."
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Coal Mining In Hunter Valley, 2007.
This paper examines the issue of coal mining in Hunter Valley, Australia.
1,470 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that within the global environment there are nearly always situations and circumstances of special interest within the environmental sciences, as changes in industry occur all over the world and have varying impacts on the environment, both locally and globally. The writer points out that one issue of just such importance and of particular personal importance is the issue of Coal Mining in Hunter Valley New South Wales, Australia. The writer discusses the proposed development of an open pit coal mine in one of the few remaining tracks of naturally preserved land in the region, in fact the largest containing nearly 600 living elements of flora and fauna many of which are threatened, and the global nature of the debate that has ensued. The writer notes that conclusion of the matter is likely to end with approval for the Centennial Mining Co., as they, as well as most others, are assured that their extensive work to develop the plans and impact reports for the Anvil mine location will result in success since the state government is clearly projected to approve the development of the mine in Anvil Hill.
Outline:
Introduction
Background
Proposal For Change
From the Paper
"One of the most challenging issues at work today in the environmental sciences is of coarse sustainable development. We stand at the precipice of a period of global transition, where challenges to the old, including but not limited to challenges to the global dependence on fossil fuels and a demand to transition to sustainable resources are in conflict. The transition will surely prove to be a difficult one, even though it would not seem that it should be given the seriousness of the environmental issues at hand. It is proposed by many environmental scientists that environmental devastation caused in part by the emissions of greenhouse gasses that deplete the earths protection from the sun and will eventually lead to mass climate change that could create a situation of extinction not only for the environment but for humans, much like the one theoretical extinction of historical proportions that are currently being studied, that of the dinosaurs. The transition is a challenge in a broad sense because the foundation of energy resources if squarely placed upon the use of fossil fuels and many individuals and organizations stand to lose a great deal in the short run for a long term goal that will likely never gain for them at all."
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The Future: Promising or Foreboding?, 2007.
This paper presents a picture of an optimistic future for humanity in spite of the many negative outlooks.
2,517 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how it is relatively easy to be pessimistic about the future in our modern world. The paper notes the daily reports about wars, terrorism, increasing poverty, the spread of HIV/AIDS and many factors that suggest that the future is a very bleak one. The paper suggests, however, that there has been an overemphasis on the negative view of life in modern society. The paper looks at phenomena such as global warming, the energy shortage, the advent of the Internet and the field of science and technology in a positive light and maintains that civilization has potential for a positive future.
Outline:
Global Warming and Climate Change
Energy Resources
Communications
Science and Technology
Education
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It is relatively easy to be pessimistic about the future in our modern world. One only has to glance at the news to find aspects of our world that portend a gloomy and depressing future. There are daily reports about wars, terrorism, increasing poverty, the spread and HV/Aids and a host of other factors that suggest that the future is a very bleak for humanity on this planet. The recent announcement from the scientific community about the increase in global warming and climate change suggests that the entire human species might disappear in the future. One could easily fill an entire book with dire and pessimistic prophesies about event that bode ill for the future of humanity."
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A Grim Future for the Planet, 2007.
A look at James Howard Kunstler's book, "The Long Emergency: Surviving the End of the Oil Age, Climate Change, and Other Converging Catastrophes of the Twenty-First Century".
2,346 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses James Howard Kunstler's belief that because the world will run out of cheap oil in the foreseeable future, wars will be inevitable. The paper looks at his terribly gloomy predictions of social chaos and planetary catastrophe. The paper points out, however, that Kunstler does offer some compelling scientific facts about the upcoming end of cheap oil and of global warming issues that pose serious danger to the welfare of people and wildlife.
From the Paper
"Kunstler's critics accuse him of being an alarmist, and he certainly is one; that's his whole point, that the alarm needs to be sounded, and since nobody else is doing it, he may as well grab the microphone. He is basically saying, brace yourselves citizens, our society will fall, each component of it, one by one, like dominos, and there is little that we can do about it. He rails over and over about the "prodigious, unparalleled misallocation of resources" that is today's city suburbs. Without cheap oil, the suburb dynamic "simply won't work," and cannot be replaced because it is "unreformable and does not lend itself to being retrofitted... [and] as the suburbs disintegrate, we will be lucky if we can reconstitute our existing traditional towns and cities brick by brick and street by street.""
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