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The Human Element in Systems Design, 2002.
This paper discusses the evolution of the concept that systems designs are made to serve the end-user.
1,905 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the work of Edsger Dijkstra and mentors who brought human factors to the science of systems design. The author explains Dijkstra realized in the early days of operating system design that computers had the ability to become familiar household items but only if they were easy to use and did not cause more problems than they solved. The paper stresses that many computer design engineers become stuck in the abstract phase of design and fail to make the jump to thinking that their ideas are an actual sellable product.
From the Paper
"There were many systems designers who were his technical equal, but few had the foresight to make the computer marketable to the general public. He tackled systems design form a problem-solution perspective instead of just designing bigger and bigger systems, he realized that a system that was clumsy and slow would be on no use to humankind. While other designers focused on faster and bigger, Dijkstra preached simplicity. He also emphasized stability. If the system continuously locked and crashed then it was of no use to the user. Dijkstra realized that these issues were important if computers were to enter into mainstream society."
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Robotics, 2002.
An insight into the subject of robotics and robots.
4,231 words (approx. 16.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses robotics, a technology that deals with the design, construction and operation of robots that are used in numerous applications. It looks at how these applications range from industries that require accurate and repetitive tasks (such as the car and computer manufacturing industries), dangerous tasks such as diffusing of bombs and other chores that cannot be performed by humans, e.g., carrying out research on far-away planets, or walking inside live volcanoes. It provides a description of what robots are and how they work, the history of robotics, the present applications of robots, the impact of robots in our lives and their limitations as well as the future of robots. It also discusses how close we are in the development of a ?bionic? man.
Outline
Robotics and Robots Defined
Origins of the Word ?Robot? and ?Robotics?
History of Robotics
How Robots Work?
Applications of Robots
The Future of Robotics
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Although robots as we know them today are a relatively recent invention, the idea of automated machine or a mechanical man has fascinated the human mind since the ancient times. For example, the ancient Greek poet Homer in his writings described maidens of gold, who are supposed to be mechanical helpers built by Hephaistos, the Greek god of metalsmiths. Similarly, in ancient Jewish legend, robot-like servants made of clay are brought to life by a spoken charm. (Tesler) In more recent times, Leonardo da Vinci, the ?Renaissance man? drew plans for a mechanical man. Eighteenth century watchmakers were also famous for making mechanical, robot-like creatures. (Bekey)"
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Aerospace Engineering, 2002.
An exploration of aerospace engineering.
2,126 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an insight into aerospace engineering, the flight of vehicles in space, beyond the earth's atmosphere which includes the study and development of rocket engines, artificial satellites and spacecraft. It examines the plethora of purposes that it serves with earthbound vehicles and household supplies and discusses the various tasks that an aerospace engineer team performs. It looks at the future of aerospace engineering including education, new products and challenges to the aerospace engineering program in the United States.
Outline
Introduction
Definition of Aerospace Engineering
Plethora of Purposes
Earthbound Vehicles
Household Products
Tasks that an Aerospace Engineer Performs
The Engineer
The Scientist
The Technician
The Future of Aerospace Engineering
Education
New Products
Challenges to Aerospace Engineering
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The engineer can serve of to twelve different purposes. For this discussion we will only focus on four of these purposes including; analytical, computational fluid dynamics, design, and systems software. Analytical engineering involves the combination of math and rudimentary engineering practices. The computational fluid dynamics engineering implements the use of high speed computers to solve complex nonlinear equations which govern fluid motion. (?Education?) Design engineering determines the arrangement, function and structure of a component or the entire design of a vehicle. (?Education?) Finally, systems software engineering involves performing the proper analysis of the system."
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A Career as an Aircraft Mechanic, 2002.
This paper looks at what is required to become an aircraft mechanic and what the future holds for those make it their career.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
A discussion about a career as an aircraft mechanic. The writer uses five sources to explore the education and skills that are required for the career. It examines the changing airline industry and evolving occupation of aircraft mechanics. Includes details of what the profession entails and what skills are appropriate as well as the positive future outlook for those who choose to work in the field.
From the Paper
"The airline industry is an ever-changing field. There are many types of aircraft being used today, including, freight, commercial passenger and private passenger planes. Each plane has to be built, maintained and fixed when something goes wrong. The field of airplane mechanics is a growing and always changing area of job exploration. Skills as an aircraft mechanic can be utilized in the armed services, the commercial airline field, or at an airfield with private aircraft. They can also be used to work where airplanes are sold and brought in for maintenance and repair. It is a field that promises to continue expanding and as the world continues to globalize the opportunities will continue to increase."
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Precision Guided Munitions, 2002.
An introduction to the development and use of precision guided munitions.
2,283 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses precision guided munitions, weapons designed to be directed against a single target which rely on external guidance or its own guidance system. It examines how these weapons, which can be launched from aircraft, submarines, ships and land vehicles, or by individual soldiers on the ground, represents the principle of the low-cost threat that forces a high-cost and difficult defence. It looks at the their growth and development since World War I along with their definite effect upon modern military affairs. It looks at the use of mines and cruise missles and future technological advancements such as hypersonic missile concepts that strike long distance targets at high speeds.
From the Paper
"Although, precision has been recognized as one of the important feature of weapon development as noted by military theorist, historian and strategist Major General J.F.C. Fuller, who considered it as ?accuracy of aim? and as one of the five familiar attributes of weaponry, collectively with range of volume of fire, striking power, action and portability. Here, it is important to note that the modern precision weapon bring together the traits of accuracy, portability, striking power and range making the combination of a powerful force multiplier in nowadays' military scene."
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The Ford Focus, 2002.
A research proposal to study the possible causes and solution to quality problems being encountered by the Ford Focus.
1,969 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper proposes a study to shed light on the long list of quality problems encountered by Ford Focus customers so far with particular emphasis on current water leakage problems. It attempts to understand how quality control measures at Ford are causing problems at its various assembly centers. It also focuses on quality measures adopted by foreign competitors to explain why automobile manufacturers in the United States are encountering severe criticism from their local customers. It provides a comparison of Ford quality practices and that of a foreign firm to illustrate and highlight the differences and yawning gaps.
Outline:
Problem Statement
Research Purpose
Background
Research Questions
Literature Review and Limitations
Limitations
Scope
Methodology
Possible Findings
From the Paper
"A brief look at the quality problems suffered by Ford in the past few years indicates that something is seriously wrong with quality practices at Ford Motors. For example in the year 2000, Ford?s reputation was seriously tarnished by rollover accidents connected with its Explorer. In 2002, Ford recalled its all-new 2002-model Explorer and Mercury Mountaineer sport utility vehicles because of quality glitches. In the same year, Ford Focus was recalled due to possible cruise control cable problems, which was only one of the several problems encountered by this vehicle. NHTSA received more than 3,000 complaints in connection with Ford Focus, which led to open investigations about possible safety hazards."
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Alumina, 2002.
This paper discusses the background history, chemical and physical properties, manufacturing process (the Bayer process) and applications of Alumina.
2,675 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 9 sources, £ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Alumina or Aluminum Oxide, the only oxide formed by the metal aluminum, which occurs in nature as the minerals corundum, diaspore, gibbsite and most commonly as bauxite, which is an impure form of gibbsite. The author submits that its industrial and commercial use in the modern times took off after the development of the Bayer process, which made possible the wide-scale, low cost production of the material.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background Information: History of Alumina
Initial Manufacture of Alumina
Manufacture of Aluminum & the Bayer Process
New Natural Forms of Alumina
Properties of Alumina
Mechanical Properties
Thermal Properties
Electrical Properties
Structure of Crystalline Alumina
Alumina (Aluminum Oxide) Structure
Structure of Liquid Alumina
Applications of Alumina
Ceramics
As an Insulating Material
Electronics
Mechanical Ceramics
Military Uses
Bio Medical
Chemical Ceramics
Enameling
Refractory Uses
Chemical Industry
Catalysts, Fillers, and the Glass industry
The Bayer Process
Grinding of Bauxite
Digestion of Bauxite
Settling and washing of Residues
Crystallization of Hydrates
Calcination of Hydrate
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Fused alumina (the substance produced after being melted and re-crystallized) is identical in chemical and physical properties with natural corundum. It is a very hard material and its hardness is exceeded only by diamond and a few synthetic substances such as carborundum, and silicon carbide. This property of alumina lends itself for use as an abrasive material. Another useful property of the material is its high melting point, i.e., above 2000?C (3632?F), which makes it useful as a refractory and as linings of special furnaces. The mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties of Alumina (99.7% purity) often used in the ceramic industry are depicted in the following tables:..."
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Genetic Engineering, 2002.
A paper which argues that restraint should be used in the field of genetic engineering to prevent the endangering of life forms.
2,568 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 47.95
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Abstract
Today the advancements in science have made possible the selective study of the individual segments of the DNA of a particular species, to isolate them and to infuse them in the DNA of a totally different organism. The paper shows that genetic engineering can be viewed as a breakthrough in the study of organisms that effectively disintegrates the distinctions that exists in the different species of the world. The advancements in recombinant DNA technology have expedited the research in genetics. This paper analyzes the subject of genetic engineering and in the process analyzes its pros and cons and its future implications.
From the Paper
"Genetic engineering is a fast growing field, which is rapidly removing the species boundaries. Genetic engineering appears to be the solution for all genetically inherited disorders. With the rapid advent of biochip technology we are in for a paradigm shift in medical diagnosis. Gene manipulation is nothing short of altering the fundamental life code and unless sufficient care is exercised it may lead to disastrous consequences. With all the proposed advantages genetic engineering is still a debatable subject with the scientific fraternity sharing mixed opinion on the subject. Unless we are very sure about the safety and the precautions of interspecies transfer of genetic material there is every chance that we might end up endangering ourselves and other forms of life on earth. Leaving alone the other issues the very thought of playing with nature is quite unsettling."
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Irradiated Foods, 2002.
This paper discusses the issues pro and con over irradiated food, food treated with radiation to destroy bacteria.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 6 sources, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper presents the controversy concerning the safety and long-term health effects of irradiated foods. The paper argues in favor of irradiation by pointing out that it has been used for many years without problems and that many respectable studies have shown that it is not harmful. The author also presents arguments from studies using laboratory animals that there is evidence about carcinogens, chromosomal, genetic hazards and the loss of vitamins and nutrients.
From the Paper
"Supporters of irradiated food cited the fact that this treatment has been endorsed by ?such diverse entities as the World Health Organization, the United Nations, the U.S. Public Health Service and the American Medical Association?. Moreover, hospitals and nursing homes have fed irradiated food to burn victims and chemotherapy patients for years due to the fact such ?immunologically comprised people are particularly prone to infections from bacteria that irradiation destroys".
Astronauts have been eating irradiated food since 1972."
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Human Cloning, 2002.
This paper debates the ethics surrounding the human cloning debate.
1,920 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper begins with some general comments on the pursuit of knowledge and looks at some of the most influential modern-day inventions, such as nuclear energy. It then discusses whether human cloning is possible, tracing the history of cloning research and debating the viability of such cloning. Finally, the paper addresses the moral issues involved in the question of whether a human being should be cloned and the writer expresses his/her personal position on this issue.
From the Paper
"However, no undertaking can take place in a moral vacuum. The implications of new discoveries must be incorporated into the search for them. Atomic power would seem to have been an inevitable step forward in societal evolution. Its benefits are numerous - from the production of electrical power in place of more finite and more immediately ?dirty? sources such as coal and wood to the battle against disease -, but it cannot be denied that atomic power already has cost the world much in both immediate deaths (Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Chernobyl) and drastically shortened lifespans (the residents of all three locations who have succumbed to many forms of cancer and related conditions due to exposure to radiation). Indeed, atomic power may someday be the agent of extinction for the very people who sought to harness its awesome energies."
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Can Wireless LANs Replace Wired LANs?, 2002.
A discussion as to whether the new technology of wireless LANs will fully replace wired LANs in the future.
2,872 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper highlights the advantages of Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) over wired ones. It explains the option of extending this convenience to our working lives, for example being able to access the Internet from any location. The paper examines what the technology of Wireless LANs is about and describes its benefits and applications. It looks at the constraints holding the technology back, such as security concerns and explores the solutions. Finally it discusses the important question of whether Wireless LANs can ever fully replace Wired LANs or is it a new piece of technology that will ultimately fail to deliver? The writer concludes by arguing that Wireless LANs are likely to grow considerably in the future but probably will not replace Wired LANs altogether.
From the Paper
"The convenience of wireless communication is so overwhelmingly obvious that given a choice, and provided there are no price constraints, almost everyone would prefer wireless instead of wired communication. This is reflected in the widespread use of devices such as remote control for TV, cellular telephones, pagers, and remote garage openers. The flexibility, mobility, and convenience that such ?wire-less? devices bring to our lives are simply magical".
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Human Cloning, 2002.
This paper discusses whether research on human cloning should be allowed to continue.
2,030 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the arguments for and against human cloning. The author takes a close view of the argument against cloning, showing the errors inherent in it. The writer concludes that cloning is not something that will necessarily be evil, but is a technology that can be utilized by society just as society utilizes artificial insemination and other technological innovations.
From the Paper
"The major argument against cloning is based on a philosophical view that focuses on how cloning could be damaging to society. It is this view that tends to create perceptions that cloning will lead to a major breakdown in society. The problem with this argument is that it rests purely on speculation and anything can be argued to be negative based purely on speculation. For example, consider the case of creating children naturally, a case that is accepted as part of society. This society includes that it is accepted that people can create children out of wedlock. To argue against natural childbirth, one could create a scenario where men travel from town to town, taking advantage of poor women and creating children as they do so. These men could be seen as creating an army of similar offspring, just as the cloning argument describes men as creating an army of identical offspring. This scenario related to natural birth is capable of happening, yet this does not cause childbirth to be banned outside of marriage. Instead, society places controls to manage these potential problems. This has shown how a purely speculative approach to the argument only creates misconceptions and causes a bias towards the issue."
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MLPS QOS vs. ATM QOS, 2002.
This paper defines and describes Quality of Service (QOS) in terms of computer networks.
3,717 words (approx. 14.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces QOA and follows with describing its function. It then details the differences between ATM and MPLS, the values of MPLS QOS and ATM QOS, traffic engineering, congestion problems and levels of hierarchy. The conclusion compares two solutions for QOS: an ATM switch and an IP router and touts ATM as the preferred solution. The paper finishes by holding that MPLS QOS could replace ATM QOS, but that is not likely to happen in the near future.
From the Paper
"Simply put, multi-label switching (MPLS) brings the traffic engineering capabilities of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) to packet-based network by tagging IP packets with "labels" that specify a route and priority (Flannaghan, 2001). MPLS unites the scalability and flexibility of routing with the performance and traffic management of layer 2 switching. MPLS can run over nearly any transport medium, including ATM and Ethernet, rather than being tied to a specific layer-2 encapsulation. Because it uses Internet protocol (IP) for addressing, it uses common routing and signaling protocols.
MPLS was not designed to replace ATM but rather to compliment it. MPLS eases complexity by mapping IP addressing and routing information directly into ATM switching tables. The MPLS label-swapping paradigm employs the same mechanism that ATM switches use to forward ATM cells. In the case of ATM-LSR, the ATM forwarding component performs the label swapping function. Label information is carried in the ATM Header.
MPLS has the ability to run over routers in addition to ATM switches, while providing the control component for IP on both the ATM switches and routers. For ATM switches PNNI, ATM ARP Server, and NHRP Server are replaced with MPLS for IP services yet the ATM control plane remains preserved (Zheng, 2001). PNNI is still used on ATM switches to provide ATM services. Therefore, an IP+ATM switch delivers both ATM for fast switching and IP protocols for IP services in a single switch.
In the past, at a specific performance level, the price of a router was usually higher than the equivalent ATM switch. With IP+ATM LSRs, the forwarding performance is determined by the capabilities of the ATM switches, whereas the functionality is comparable to a router. Moreover, IP+ATM switches may also have similar price and performance characteristics to ATM switches."
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"Sick Building" Syndrome, 2002.
This paper investigates indoor pollutants, focusing on microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOC's).
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 22 sources, MLA, £ 61.95
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Abstract
The paper begins with a general overview of air pollutants and the discovery of ?sick building? syndrome. Next the paper focuses the pollutants known as on MVOC?s - microbial volatile organic compounds, studying their impact on human beings. It looks at the effects of molds on human health; namely, allergy, infection, irritation of the mucous membrane and sensory, or toxicity. It looks at the products of mold called mycotoxins, and their influence on health. The paper then turns to discuss analysis techniques, listing eight reasons why sampling is difficult. It also records criteria for ensuring the reliable measuring of indoor air VOC?s. The third section of the paper deals with the growth and metabolism of indoor fungi and bacteria, focusing on the breeding and multiplying of molds. The paper concludes with a discussion on what can be done to minimize the problem and on the processes involved in treating a ?sick building?.
Table of Contents
Introduction
MVOCs as Indoor Pollutants and Their Impact on Human Beings
Analysis Techniques
Growth and Metabolism
Conclusion: What Can Be Done
From the Paper
"Air pollution pertains to substances and gases in the air that threaten health and life. Among these are pollutants and irritants, such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and carbon dioxide; particulates, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), toxic substances and some natural substances, like pollen. But most of the pollution comes from the by-products of industrialization ? fossil fuel combustion, transportation, transportation, power plant emissions and those from other industrial processes. The burning of fossil fuels to generate electricity alone is the greatest source of air pollution in the USA. These outdoor pollutants can undermine health and cause environmental disturbances, such as acid rain, and are toxic."
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