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Romania: A Country Study, 2005.
Analysis of Romanian society using UN's Human Development Report data; particular focus on health policy and administration.
4,848 words (approx. 19.4 pages), 21 sources, MLA, £ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews Romanian history, details its people, location, and climate, and then delves into the issues outlined in the United Nations' millennium goals. Charts on approximately 20 different measures of health, economic well-being, technology, education and gender relations are included; current health issues are explored and changes proposed.
From the Paper
"Slightly larger than the state of Michigan, Romania is a republic in Southeastern Europe, bordered by Ukraine, Bulgaria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and the Black Sea. The Danube River defines Romania's border with Bulgaria and much of Yugoslavia, while the Carpathian Mountains separate it from Hungary and Ukraine. Much of interior Romania contains lowlands and large saltwater lagoons, offshoots of the Black Sea (Carter 18). Far from being the gray wasteland the West often pictures, Romania experiences hot summers and cold winters, with recorded averages ranging from 95 degrees Fahrenheit in August to 15 degrees below zero during the coldest parts of the year. Romania's average annual rainfall ranges between 20 and 40 inches; for purpose of comparison, Lexington, Kentucky has an average annual rainfall of 44 inches (NART)."
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The Formal Dissolution of the Soviet Union, 2005.
Investigates the events leading up to and surrounding the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 17.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses the circumstances surrounding the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 8, 1991. During this time, the Soviet Union was formally disbanded, and the world was forever changed. The essay explores the historical significance and political implications of this event. The essay also focuses on the formal conclusion of the Cold War and how this changed the international political structure.
From the Paper
"On December 8, 1991, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and the Byelorussian republics met in the sylvan solitude of Belovezhskaya Pushcha to discuss the fate of the Soviet Union. At the end of the day, the leaders declared the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union and the new formation of the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States). Little did they know that this pivotal decision would alter the political landscape of the entire world. The historic edict paved the way for a unipolar world in which democratic systems of government would dominate world politics and international trade. As the Soviet Union quickly dissipated, the arms race slowed considerably and neared a halt. The Communist backbone of Asia, held together by Moscow, split and severed into several independent countries and republics."
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The Current Situation in Kosovo: European Union Involvement, 2005.
Provides a discussion of the current situation in Kosovo, regarding the political, social, economic and human rights issues in the area, as well as the European Union and United Nations' policies and actions to address these issues.
2,965 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 49.95
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Abstract
The political fate of Kosovo is still unclear. Since June 1999 Kosovo is under the supervision of the international community. The Serbian state refuses to grant independence to Kosovo while the ethnic Albanians in the area are either pro-independence or pro-union with Albania oriented. This paper aims at estimating the current political and economic situation in this region and at evaluating the EU involvement in Kosovo as a stabilization tool and trigger of reforms.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
The Political Situation in Kosovo
Human Rights Issues and Social Situation
What was the EU Financial Assistance to Foster these Ongoing Changes in Kosovo?
Overview of Economic Stability
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"There are still a lot of legislative gaps in Kosovo's Civil Servant Law, such as the lack of a unified salary system. The maximum period of an employment contract, according to its regulations is three years, without any specifications for further extension(Stabilization and Association Report, p.54). A trend towards politicization of the civil servants can be observed. Structures such as the Independent Oversight Board and the joint UNMIK-PISG Steering Board on Public Administration were established to act against and prevent such kinds of corruption".
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The Russo-Japanese War, 2005.
Discusses the strategies of both sides in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905).
2,380 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper examines to what extent did strategic preparation for the Russo-Japanese War determine the success of the belligerents in its outcome. It also looks at which side did the better job of planning for the termination of the war. The paper shows that there is no doubt that the Japanese were more prepared than the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. While the Russians were trying to become an imperial nation without understanding the costs associated with being one, the Japanese drew up a plan to confront the Russians. The keystone to this plan included a naval buildup to control the seas surrounding Japan, and a system of alliances that would eliminate foreign intervention. In addition, Japan studied its enemy and devised a strategy that would cripple the Russian fleet and capture the Korean peninsula. The paper shows that the Russians had no plan except for the complete overthrow of Japan and its disarmament. While Russia did not use the tools necessary to win a decision, Japan planned and executed an almost flawless limited war against a much greater power.
Paper Outline
Introduction
The Seeds of War
Preparing for Battle
Balance of Power
Planning of the War
Termination of the War
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"As stated previously, Japanese strategists had studied the future conflict and made key assumptions. These assumptions focused on the fact that Japan had to prevent Russia from escalating the conflict and asserting its full strength in the war. Lastly, Japan would have to convince Russia that it could not win. It has already been seen that escalation would have been difficult as Russia was already diplomatically isolated and could not bring in new allies. In addition, Russian could not truly expand the war since Japan controlled the seas, and an attack on the Japanese islands was unlikely. Lastly, since Japan had limited objectives and never invaded Russian soil, the quantity and quality of Russian troops never developed."
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Ukrainian Political Development, 2005.
An analysis of foreign influence in the Ukrainian democratic elections.
2,100 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 12 sources, APA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
The relationship between Ukraine and Russia is arguably the most important factor in the future politics of Eastern Europe. Thus, Ukraine serves as a beacon for alternative nation-building strategies in former countries of the Soviet Union. As these countries move towards democratic governments, other influential countries begin to get involved with their election process, such as the United States. This paper shows that the prospects of political stability and the formation of a democratic government are vital issues for Eastern Europe that are being resolved in Ukraine. The election of Viktor Yushchenko, as the President of Ukraine, has become a symbol for the possibility of the establishment of a democracy in Ukraine. The paper, therefore, addresses the question whether the election of Viktor Yushchenko was a product of Ukrainian democracy or whether the United States was directly involved.
From the Paper
"Chossudovsky also provides another possible reason justifying United States involvement in the Ukraine election. The notion that the United States supported the election just to undermine Russia has credence. Vladimir Putin publicly endorsed Viktor Yanukovych, who favored stronger ties with Russia (Calvary Chapel Mission, 2005, p. 10). This alone would give the United States a reason to push for the successful election of the pro-western candidate. The United States hoped that with the election of Yushchenko, the democratic and free-market societies of Russia and Ukraine would overcome their history and become successful neighbors."
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Isaac Babel?s ?The Collected Stories?, 2005.
This paper discusses "The Collected Stories" by Isaac Babel, ranked in the category of Russian short fiction only to Chekhov.
1,520 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Issac Babel's "Collected Stories" include finely chiseled stories about a Jewish intellectual assigned to a military unit of anti-Semitic Cossacks as in "The Red Cavalry" and stories about encounters with grotesque figures in a Jewish ghetto as in the "Odessa Tales". The author points out that, despite the unending conflict of his personal, religious and political life, Babel appears not to rant against the cruelties of the society, which he exposes in his succinct and sparkling narratives; instead, he uses dynamic metaphorical storytelling to demonstrate this conflict. The paper relates that totalitarian states cannot tolerate writers like Babel, who, along with dozens of other Russian writers, was hauled off to the Gulag because they did not satisfying the Bolshevists.
From the Paper
""Lyubka," a massive woman nicknamed "The Cossack," runs a bordello in Odessa where she also deals in contraband goods. The story turns ironically on the reversal of sex roles when Lyubka makes a wily schlemiel the manager of her inn and bawdyhouse because he finds a way to wean her wailing baby when no one else can. He places a sharp comb next to her breast and the baby, after bawling in pain from having his mouth pricked, finally accepts a bottle. Life in the ghetto or among the Cossacks is incongruous and improbable; but Babel's uncanny juxtapositions of cruelty, comedy, and figurative celebration save his short stories from the cloud of fantasy."
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Reagan's Foreign Policy, and the Soviet Union, 2004.
Analyses the Reagan foreign policy, and how it consistently confronted the Soviet Union in ways that forced it to spend huge amounts of money on defense. Makes the argument that this is the main reason that the Soviet Union collapsed.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper highlights the portions of Ronald Reagan's foreign policy that confronted the Soviet Union in ways that forced the United States to spend large amounts of money. The foreign policy issues that are examined include Afghanistan, The Iran-Contra Affair, Reagan's support of Eastern-European Dissidents and Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, (also known as "Star Wars"). Afghanistan is heavily analyzed, with a breakdown of significant historical points, such as the introduction of the US-made Stinger missile, which stripped the USSR of air superiority. The Iran-Contra affair is included as a way to demonstrate Reagan's willingness to confront communism everywhere. This was a marked policy shift from Jimmy Carter and caught the USSR off guard. The Strategic Defense Initiative is analyzed and is linked to an increased amount of money being spent by the USSR on research and development. The support of dissidents by Reagan is looked at as well, with the conclusion that with relatively little amounts of effort, Reagan's foreign policy fomented large amounts of political opposition to the Soviet Union in Eastern European satellite countries. This caused the Soviet Union to spend money combating this problem as well, with their spy apparatus. Definitive numbers are given that explain just how much the Soviet Union spending increased while Reagan was in office.
From the Paper
"In the 1980's, a swirling of events converged to form a perfect storm that met the conditions for bringing down what Ronald Reagan termed the "evil empire." The first incident was that Old School communists in the Politburo sought to make an impression in Central Asia, but found stalwart resistance in The Gipper. Second, Reagan's abrupt shift from Carter's lax foreign policy took the Soviets by surprise, with the new administration's desire to challenge communism on every front possible; out of this desire came the ill-fated support of the contras, along with the hugely successful backing of Eastern European dissidents, namely the Solidarity movement in Eastern Europe. The third event in Reagan's foreign policy shift that took the world by surprise was the administration's renunciation of the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction; Reagan took the steps of beginning a Ballistic Missile Defense program, which he coined the Strategic Defense Initiative. The Soviets, with few options of recourse, were forced to make concessions that led to the implosion of the "evil empire" shortly afterward. Thus, by applying a policy of confrontation of spreading Communism, bleeding the Soviets in Afghanistan by supporting the mujahideen, and abruptly announcing a paradigm shift in American foreign policy with the Strategic Defense Initiative, Ronald Reagan certainly hastened, if not caused the downfall of the USSR."
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The Future of 'Europe', 2005.
This paper examines the novel "Cafe Europa" by Slovenka Drakulic, and offers insight on the future of Europe as a united entity.
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 0 sources, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper uses some of Drakulic's examples of cleavages between Eastern and Western Europe to define the obstacles that stand before a united Europe. It points out that language barriers, currency, nationalism, and distrust are but a few of the aspects that keep Eastern and Western Europe divided, yet many political scientists see a future for Europe in which these cleavages dissolve.
From the Paper
"Through encounters with border police, stories of traveling, hygiene, and personal accounts across Europe, Slavenka Draculic, author of Cafe Europa captures many aspects of the strong social and economic cleavages that continue to divide Eastern and Western Europe. The question provoked by the book, that is, the future for Eastern Europe and its acceptance by the West, is a complex one."
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Turks in Germany, 2005.
Immigration and national identity in the European Union:The case of the Turkish community in Germany.
2,954 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the new reality for immigrant population groups in European countries. It looks at how the European Union's open-door policy has allowed for freer movement of immigrant group throughout the continent and discusses how this affects demographics and socialization of these groups. This paper focuses on the Turkish community in Germany.
From the Paper
"The ebb and flow of people across borders has been always been a concern for nation-states and with the creation of the European Union this concern has not stopped or ceased but rather intensified within the community. As nationalism disappears in the wake of European integration replacing it will be a European identity yet to be defined. How these communities have integrated their new neighbors as well as the government's response to the increased social and economic strain is an indicator of times to come."
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Ukraine - E.U. Relations, 2005.
An analysis of the dynamics of relations between the European Union and the Ukraine since its independence.
5,554 words (approx. 22.2 pages), 36 sources, MLA, £ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to analyse the interaction between E.U. and Ukraine since its independence in 1992. The material is collected through review of literature, policy papers as well as personal interviews with policy makers and scholars in Ukraine and Europe. It argues that, given the constellation of factors, the sluggishness of cooperation process between the E.U. and Ukraine was partially justified by the realities of Kuchma regime and the E.U.'s agenda at that time. It also looks at how the election of Victor Yuschenko in December 2004 signifies a new era in mutual relations, which requires much more intensive cooperation on both sides.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Introduction
Common Norms, Values, Political and Socioeconomic Standards
The History of Interaction
Recent Developments
In Lieu of Conclusion
From the Paper
"Border's existence is rarely unchallenged. By the end of 1990s there appeared new lines of division on the continent between an almost united Europe and the rest. After the EU enlargement in May 2004 Europe's political boundaries still do not coincide with its geographic ones and Ukraine is very active in regaining its rightful place in Europe. According to Avery, 'the term "Europe" has not been officially defined. It combines geographical, historical and cultural elements, all of them constitutive of the European identity. The common experience of proximity, values and historical interaction cannot be gathered in a simple formula and should be revised by each new generation. Therefore, the Commission estimates that establishing the frontiers of the European Union, whose limits will be redefined in the next years, is neither possible nor opportune' (Avery, 1992: 11). Said in 1992, these arguments are still valid today."
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Operation Barbarossa, 2005.
This paper discusses Operation Barbarossa, Hitler's code name for Germany's attack on Russia during World War II.
1,410 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Operation Barbarossa was largely the brainchild of Hitler himself; his general staff advised against fighting a war on two fronts, but Hitler, considering himself a political and military genius, did not fear fighting Britain, possibly America, and now Russia, all at the same time. The author points out that, to make it more palatable to both the German population and the rest of the world, Nazi leaders painted Operation Barbarossa as a defensive attack by stating that the Red Army was preparing to attack Germany, thus Germany needed to strike first before the Russians were fully prepared. The paper concludes that the operation failed miserably because of Germany's logistical problems, an underestimation of the Soviet Army's abilities, and the onset of the harsh Russian winter.
From the Paper
"Before initiating Operation Barbarossa, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union were diplomatically on friendly terms, having signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact a short time before the German and Soviet invasion of Poland. While appearing on the surface to be a simple treaty of non-aggression, the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact also contained secret protocols for the dividing up of the border-states between the two nations. The pact surprised the world because of Germany and the USSR's opposing ideologies and mutual hostility. But Hitler had long wanted to conquer western Russia to fulfill his goal of eastern expansion. So the pact was simply one of short-term convenience, which the Nazis thought little of breaking."
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Russia's One Party Power since Communism, 2005.
Examining the reasons for one party being in power in Russia for several terms, despite the economic depression that has existed since the fall of Communism and the installment of democracy.
2,119 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the factors that have contributed to the election of the same political party in Russia since the fall of Communism. Russia has been in an economic depression since the fall of the Soviet Union, yet the same party is re-elected through democratic vote. The reasons for this puzzling outcome are discussed in this paper and identified as using democracy to purge the conservative communists of their rank, old elites regaining state control and loyalty of those counting the votes. Each factor is discussed in great detail along with its contribution and impact on the electoral outcome. This paper is ideal for anyone, from a Russian politics expert to a curious novice.
From the Paper
"Mikhail Gorbachev, along with the Soviet leaders was the first to introduce semi competitive elections into the USSR and then later Russia. Although elections are a focal point of a democracy, they were not initiated by Gorbachev for this use. "The goal of these elections was to purge the conservative ranks of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) from their positions of power within state structures as a way to liberate these state institutions and thereby make them available as instruments by executing Gorbachev's economic reforms" (McFaul and Petrov, 24). The existing powers of the Soviet Union at the time of the introduction of democracy were all communists, who held high political ranks. In order for Gorbachev to implement his reformation of the economy, these political figures needed to be removed from their ranks, otherwise there would be great opposition to the changes planned. When these leaders were removed, the state organizations were free from communist control and could be used in any way that Gorbachev desired."
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Russia and the Great Power Conflict, 2005.
Examines the possibility of war between Russia and the Western powers in the coming future.
4,664 words (approx. 18.7 pages), 35 sources, APA, £ 67.95
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Abstract
As the dragon awakens, the bear, it appears, hibernates. Recently, the flowering of the Red Chinese economy has turned the eyes of Western security wonks eastward. Disquieted by the possibility of a military force built on years of stunning growth rates, American policymakers have sounded increasing alarms about the regional territorial intentions of this new potential hegemony. Whether due to post-Soviet optimism, hyper-power arrogance, or simply inability to hold too many thoughts simultaneously, this paper shows that analysts have drifted away from concerns about Russia as a credible enemy. The paper argues that, despite the obvious decline in Russian military and economic power, it may remain a potential opponent to the West in coming years. In an attempt to understand this possibility, the paper frames Russia today, politically, economically, and militarily, in relation to a variety of contemporary theories on the causes of war. Employing these theories, the paper judges the factors that would seem to make Russia more or less prone to belligerence. Beyond a simple discussion of various hypotheses, the paper sketches some possible scenarios of conflict in the foreseeable future.
From the Paper
"So how does Russia fit into this equation? It is, at least nominally, in a transition from Communism to democracy. Reality though, as Churchill suggested, is opaque. Putin's state is far from liberal, but has maintained many inherent structural characteristics of a democracy. No serious party leader has articulated any political alternative to democracy, and democratic norms remain pervasive in society at large. The most commonly applied term for the Russian case is "managed democracy." What is worrying is that managed democracy is essentially a bargain. In exchange for promises of economic growth and stability, the masses surrender their rights to question the primacy of the regime."
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Lithuania, 2005.
This paper discusses the geography and political history of Lithuania, which changed from being a part of the Soviet Union to being a member of the European Union and NATO.
2,015 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, because of its geographical position between East and West, Lithuania has been destroyed many times by being caught between the Swedes, the French, and the Germans on the one side, and the Russians on the other side. The author points out that, in the 1990s, Lithuania went through a dynamic transition from a centralized economy into a market-driven economy. The goal was to orient the economy towards trade with Western Europe and North America. The paper relates that, in relations with Western Europe and the United States, Lithuania has two main objectives: economic cooperation and attracting Western capital and security guarantees against any threat from Russia.
Table of Contents
Geopolitical Position
General Statistics
Political Culture
Political System
Domestic Policy
Economy
Foreign Relations
From the Paper
"Lithuania is an independent republic. It is a multi-party, parliamentary democracy. The president, who is the head of the state, is elected directly for 5 years. He is also commander in chief overseeing foreign and security policy. The president nominates the prime minister and his cabinet and a number of other top civil servants. The Lithuanian parliament (Seimas) has 141 members that are elected for a 4-year term. 71 of the members are elected in single constituencies, and the other half (70) are elected in the nationwide vote by party lists. To be represented in the Seimas a party must receive at least 5% of the national vote."
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