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Serbian Culture, 2004.
Presents a history and description of Serbian culture, focusing on theater and entertainment.
1,335 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper presents some information of the culture of Serbia. The paper explains that Serbian theater is more than eight centuries old, beginning and continuing throughout the middle ages, to modern times. The first modern Serbian play was the school drama entitled "Traedokomedija", written by Manuil Kozacinski in the late 1600's. The paper also looks at the work of some of the more well-known Serbian playwrights.
From the Paper
"At the end of the nineteenth century, the influence of French theatre strengthened. Before the World War I, this was the influence of Comedie-Francaise and Paris Boulevard theatres, rather than new theatre trends in France. Recent styles of European dramaturgy and theatre (Naturalism, Symbolism, Expressionism) - and not only French - were sensed in Serbian dramaturgy and theatre. Borisav Stankovic introduced new sensitivity and new poetic tones in the Realist approach into the already worn-out genre of popular folk plays "with singing", with his work Kostana (first performed in 1900), which has a cult following among Serbian theatres and audiences."
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The Euro and England, 2004.
An analysis of the new Euro currency and England's decision not to join.
1,506 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the new single European currency being used in 12 countries in Europe, so far. Specifically, the paper explores why the government of England decided not to join the singular currency, showing both the advantages and disadvantages of using one currency. The paper evaluates the Euro, in general, and looks at its impact on the UK's tourism industry.
From the Paper
"Because most of the cross-border countries of UK are members of EMU, the tourism industry of UK faces a high risk of price competition with the EMU nations, through comparisons in terms of travel fares and hotel accommodations. Travel cost in UK is likely to be more expensive, than
that of a country within the Euro zone, because of the cost of currency conversion. Single currency within the Euro zone may attract more travelers because of the convenience of not needing to convert currencies. In this view, in contrast to the possible increase in tourism rate among countries within the Euro zone, UK may experience a struggle in their tourism industry because of the inconvenience and cost UK?s currency may bring to travelers."
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The Cold War and the American Society, 2004.
This paper discusses the history of the Cold War, the ideological, political, and economic impasse between the United States and the Soviet Union, and its effect on the American society.
3,070 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the Soviet Union?s physical and ideological expansion, post-World War II, into many countries, known as the ?Soviet Block?; on the other hand, the American economy was much stronger than the Soviet economy, and many countries in the United Nations were friendly toward the United States. The author points out that, during the Cold War, there was never a direct confrontation between the United States and the Soviets; however, there were conflicts between client nations, which were used to carry out the policies of the superpowers, such as Korea and Vietnam. The paper elucidates that the Vietnam War did more than any war to change the American perspective on foreign involvement
From the Paper
"The Vietnam War had a significant impact on life in the United States. College campuses became center of debate and Kent State is still remembered for a campus demonstration that turned deadly. Opposition to the war had created a movement and in response to Nixon?s decision over whether troops would be sent to Cambodia. A group of approximately 300 hundred students gathered at Kent State in Ohio to for a formal ceremony in which they burned copies of the Constitution. Mob mentality took over and that evening demonstrators moved into town and smashed shop windows as well as burning down an Army ROTC building. The mayor declared a state of emergency and as a result, the governor National Guard was called in to keep the peace. When students gathered for another anti-war rally, they resisted orders to disband. In response to this, the guardsmen stepped in, students then began to throw rocks at them, which in turn caused to guardsmen to fire. In the aftermath of the riot, four students were killed and nine were injured. At Jackson State in Mississippi, two students were killed at a similar protest. It is important to note that in both incidents, the students were unarmed."
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History of Communism in Poland and its Fall, 2004.
An in-depth analysis into how Polish companies have reacted to ethical issues and changes in business standards since the fall of Communism in 1989.
19,289 words (approx. 77.2 pages), 14 sources, MLA, £ 157.95
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Abstract
The dissertation looks at the history of communism in Poland and its fall. The dissertation then looks at the economy of Poland, the main natural resources, the economy under Communism, the centrally planned economy, and the economy after the fall of Communism. The dissertation then moves on to looking at the processes of marketization and stabilization in Poland and the macroeconomic indicators for the crucial 1990-1991 period. The privatization process in Poland follows, and the subsequent structure of the economy is analyzed. The main markets supporting the economy, i.e., fuels and energy, industry, agriculture, fishing and forestry, banking and finance, and foreign trade are examined. Once the economic history of Poland has been discussed and analyzed, the dissertation then moves to looking at how Polish companies have reacted to ethical issues and changes in business standards since the fall of communism in 1989. This takes the form of looking, principally, at what constitutes ethical business in Poland, how ethical business is regulated and monitored in Poland, how changes have been made so far in business ethics in Poland since the fall of Communism, and how these changes relate to changes over the same period at an international level. A discussion of the merits of entering into the EU, in terms of business ethics, is also provided.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1: Poland?s Economy Pre-Communism?s Fall
Section 1.1. Poland?s Natural Resources
Section 1.1.1. Minerals and Fuels
Section 1.1.2. Agricultural Resources
Section 1.1.3. Labor Force
Section 1.2. The Polish Economy Under Communism
Section 1.2.1. System Structure
Section 1.2.2. Development Strategy
Section 1.3. The Centrally-Planned Economy
Section 1.3.1. Establishing the Planning Formula
Section 1.3.2. Retrenchment and Adjustment in the 1960s
Section 1.3.3. Reliance on Technology in the 1970s
Section 1.3.4. Reform Failure in the 1980s
Chapter 2: Poland?s Economy After the Fall of Communism
Section 2.1. Poland After the Fall of Communism
Section 2.2. Fall of Communism
Section 2.3. Marketization and Stabilization
Section 2.3.1. Required Short-Term Changes
Section 2.3.2. The Shock Strategy
Section 2.3.3. Initial Results
Section 2.3.4. Long-Term Requirements
Section 2.4. Macroeconomic Indicators for 1990-91
Section 2.4.1. Price Increases
Section 2.4.2. Impact on Productivity and Wages
Section 2.4.3. Statistical Distortions
Section 2.4.4. Agricultural Imbalances
Section 2.4.5. Causes of Decline
Section 2.5.The Polish Post-Communism Privatization Process
Section 2.6. Structure of Poland?s Economy: Post-Communism
Section 2.6.1. Fuels and Energy
Section 2.6.2. Coal
Section 2.6.3. Oil and Gas
Section 2.6.4. Power Generation
Section 2.6.5. Industry
Section 2.6.6. Light Industry
Section 2.6.7. Automotive Industry
Section 2.6.8. Construction Machinery
Section 2.6.9. Banking and Finance
Section 2.7. The State Banking System
Section 2.8. Banking Reform, 1990-92
Section 2.8.1. Insurance and Securities Reform
Section 2.8.2. New Financial Institutions
Section 2.8.3. Foreign Loans and Money Supply
Section 2.8.4. Foreign Trade
Section 2.8.5. The Foreign Trade Mechanism
Section 2.9. Post-communist Policy Adjustments
Section 2.10. The Role of Currency Exchange
Section 2.11. Foreign Investment
Chapter 3: Business Ethics in Poland
Section 3.1. Introduction
Section 3.2. What is Meant (and Understood) by the Term ?Business Ethics? in Poland?
Section 3.3. Developing Standards of Business Ethics in Poland
Section 3.3.1. The Polish Transition
Section 3.3.2. Difficulties in Adjusting
Section 3.3.3. Identifying the Problem: Polish Chamber Survey Results
Section 3.3.4. Setting Ethical Standards
Section 3.3.5. Letting Market Forces Work
Section 3.3.6. The Highlights from the Polish Chamber's Sample Code of Ethics
Section 3.3.7. Western Aid In Fighting Corruption
Chapter 4: Conclusions
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Poland's climate features moderate temperatures and adequate rainfall that enable cultivation of most temperate-zone crops, including all the major grains, several industrial crops, and several varieties of fruit (www.countrystudies.us/poland.htm). Crops are distributed according to the substantial regional variations in soil and length of growing season (www.countrystudies.us/poland.htm). The sandy soils of the central plains are most suitable for rye, the richer soil in the south favors wheat and barley, and the poorer soil of the north is used for oats (www.countrystudies.us/poland.htm). All parts of Poland favor potato cultivation; sugar beets, the most important industrial crop, grow mainly in the west and southeast (www.countrystudies.us/poland.htm)."
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?The Viennese Revolution of 1848?, 2002.
This paper is a review of John Rath?s ?The Viennese Revolution of 1848?, which chronicles both sides of the Austrian-Hungarian revolution from its onset to its conclusion.
835 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Viennese Revolution of 1848 took place with the backdrop of liberal-conservative squabbling throughout Europe; poor living conditions and constant warring left the upper and middle classes wanting an end to the aristocratic regimes of most European nations and an increase in the people?s liberties. The author points out that the original cause behind the revolution was the broad idea of liberalism, but,once the revolutionaries came into power, this broad idea took on different interpretations by different ethnic groups.The paper concludes that this polarization ultimately created problems for further unification of the revolutionaries and might have led to the final fall of Vienna.
From the Paper
"The ruling regime was split on whether or not to make concessions. Metternich, Archduke Ludwig, and his cabinet were insistent that the revolutionaries be granted none of their demands, while other some of the archdukes that were more sympathetic to the cause were willing to grant reforms. The disagreements in the imperial government led to inactivity of government, and progress revolutionary activity by the liberal-leaning populace. Rath notes the proliferation of political and social calls for reform, ?As the populace became more and more agitated by the ever increasing reports of revolutionary disturbances, various liberal elements in Vienna summoned courage to demand reforms from the government, and many individuals and groups hastened to draft petitions, obtain signatures for them, and send them to the authorities.?"
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Stanislavsky, 2002.
Explores how Russian history influenced the theories of Constantin Stanislavsky and Russian theater in general.
1,754 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
Constantin Stanislavsky is the father of modern acting theory. His theories which he extols in his four books, "My Life in Art" (1924), "An Actor Prepares" (1936), "Building a Character" (1941) and "Creating a Role" (1961) have had an unparalleled effect on actors and acting instructors throughout the world. Acting theorists such as Vsevelod Meyerhold, Uta Hagen and Bertold Brecht have all taken his theories into account while developing their own. Indeed, entire movements in world drama have been in part inspired by the work of Stanislavsky.
This paper focuses on Stanislavsky's influence on Russia. During his life and his career, Russia went through many changes. Two major events in Russian history would determine the fate of theatre and as a result Stanislavsky. The first was the failed revolution in 1905, or ?The Great Rehearsal,? as Lenin called it. The second major event which affected Stanislavsky (which in turn affected Russian theater) was the 1917 revolution.
From the Paper
"Konstantin Stanislavsky developed the Moscow Art Theatre in 1898. The creation of this particular theatre was important in that it differed from many of the other theatres of the time. It was a fully professional theatre organization and it emphasized new plays as opposed to older work. Stanislavsky believed that new plays would bring the theatre to life. His theatrical philosophy was that the actor was an educator and that plays were tools of education. As a result the initial work produced at the theatre was not successful. It wasn?t until Stanislavsky partnered with a young playwright named Anton Chekhov that the theatre attained any commercial success."
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Post Communism, 2002.
A look at the variant paths of post-communist Russia, Poland and Hungary.
1,460 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the past ten years have seen great changes in the formerly communist countries of Eastern Europe and how bound together for years under the Soviet yoke, these nations have now embarked upon their own individual paths as sovereign states. In particular it looks at Russia, Poland, and Hungary and how all three once shared a common form of government and a single social system. It analyzes how these three distinct nations were put together into the crucible of the Communist State and how each have emerged re-cast in a different manner. Russia, Poland and Hungary seek their own futures in the contemporary world.
From the Paper
"The Communist state as it came to exist in the Soviet Bloc was first developed in Russia. In many ways, many of its principles were deeply ingrained in Russian History. The autocracy of the tsars was reflected in the authoritarian nature of the communist party and state apparatus. Just as the Tsar of All the Russia had once demanded absolute and unquestioning obedience from his many subject peoples, so too did the Russian Communist State demand unblinking loyalty from its citizens. And as no power was beyond the tsar, so was no aspect of political, social, or cultural control outside the scope of the ruling Communist party. The Communist Party as first led by Vladimir Illyich Lenin, and further developed by Joseph Stalin, controlled every aspect of its people?s lives."
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Transylvania, 2002.
Discusses the fascinating history of this area of Romania and its decline under communist rule.
2,042 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
Copsa Mica is a small town in the Carpathian Mountains of Transylvanian central Romania. Originally a small Lutheran hamlet built in 1402 and known for its Saxon churches, it descended into hell under the communists; a hell comprised of poorly built concrete housing caked black with the leaden fumes of a nearby smelting plant. The paper shows that Copsa Mica gained international notoriety in 1990, following the downfall of the Ceausescu regime, for being one of the most heavily polluted cities in Eastern Europe. According to a CNN report, two out of every three children suffered from a form of mental retardation due to the devastating effects of the town?s carbon plant and metal works. The paper shows that this real tragedy reflects the legacy of Transylvania, an area of Romania known to the West for the Dracula legend. Since the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, this area has been a point of conflict between empires, ethnicities, religions and ideologies.
From the Paper
"The aftermath of the First World War also gave rise to Communism. Communist agitators had first arrived from Germany to destabilize Romania. Russian communists, who wished to expand communist influence after 1917, complimented their numbers. Romanian communism was originally small and limited to academic circles, but agitators were backed by the powerful Soviet regime and managed to blow up the Senate building in Bucharest. Their efforts served but to cauterize Romanians against Communist influence. However, the Russians seized Bessarabia in 1940, compelling Romania under Marshal Ion Antonescu to join the Germans. The Germans, in turn, allowed Hungary to re-annex part of Transylvania including Copsa Mica. Romania regained this territory after the Soviet Union invaded Hungary, causing Romania to switch sides and ally with the United Nations."
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Bosnia, 2002.
A description of the country of Bosnia.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
A brief essay on the country of Bosnia. The paper includes a look at the history, geography and politics of the former Yugoslavian state. The paper explains that due to the long history of invasions and conquerors, the Bosnian people is made of a wide mix of ethnic and religious groups. This is the cause of the many conflicts that exist even to this day.
From the Paper
"The area has a long history, and during the years of Ottoman rule, many Christians became Muslim, and moved into the ruling class working for the Turks. Other residents of the areas viewed this as collaboration, especially when the pattern was repeated during World War II and the same group of people collaborated with the Nazis. This has caused tremendous resentment against Bosnian Muslims by Catholics and Orthodox."
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The Cold War, 2002.
This paper discusses the Cold War, the heightened tension that existed between the two major powers of the world, the United States and the Soviet Union, during the period following the World War II until the end of 1980s.
965 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that the Cold War dominated international politics while it lasted as the two major world powers, United States and the Soviet Union, were locked in intense political and ideological rivalry. The author points out that although the Cold War started after the Second World War, it had its roots in the events that occurred towards the end of World War I. The author believes that the policies of Perestroika and Glasnost by the Mikhail accelerated the collapse of Communism and ended the Cold War.
From the Paper
"One of the most serious Cold War events was the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. It occurred in a dangerous standoff between the Soviets and the US when the latter discovered the secret deployment of Soviet nuclear missiles in Communist Cuba. Only sensible decision making by the US President (Kennedy) and the Soviet leader (Khrushchev) who ignored the advice of ?hawks? prevented a nuclear holocaust. Events that led to the ultimate collapse of the Soviet Union were triggered by the policies of the Reagan administration which stepped up military spending that the ailing economy of the Soviet Union was unable to match. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 to prop up a communist regime resulted in a costly war for the Russians and proved to be the last straw."
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The Republic of Belarus, 2002.
A brief insight into the Republic of Belarus including its history, politics and economy.
3,069 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the Republic of Belarus or Respublika Belarus, which is located in East Central Europe. It is bounded by Russia to the east, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west and the Baltic republics of Latvia and Lithuania to the northwest.
Outline
The Land
The People
Culture
Economy
Government and History
Problems
Hints and Lesson
From the Paper
"Before 1990, the Communist Party of and in Belarus monopolized power with the participation of a coalition of pro-reform groups in elections to the Supreme Soviet. The legislature then was hardly changed, with most of the seats won by Communist Party members. The Party was banned after an attempted take-over of the Soviet government in August 199, but the ban was lifted in February 1993, which restored and reconstituted in the Party of Communists of Belarus (PCB). Thereon, the Communists won a plurality seat in the 1995 election to the Supreme Soviet. There too were the Agrarian Party, the United Civic Party and the main opposition group since 1988, the Belarusian Popular front or BPF. These were only a few of the more than 20 active political parties in Belarus in 1996."
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Eastern and Western Europe: A Political Comparison, 2002.
An analysis of the differing cultures and mentalities and politics of Eastern and Western Europe.
1,502 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Eastern and Western Europe have always been different from each other, both politically and socially. Clear distinctions have always been drawn between the two areas. It shows how from their ancient beginnings, shrouded in the mists of history to modern times, Eastern and Western Europe have followed different paths in their development. Even today, the political and social climate in these two areas is distinctly different, and it is obvious to a traveler that they are in one or the other without being told. This paper explores the divergent developments of Eastern and Western Europe and looks for the various factors that contributed to the different paths each region has taken.
From the Paper
"Eastern Europe is a region that traditionally encompasses all of the land from the Balkans to Czechoslovakia to Poland. Eastern Europe today is just beginning to recover from decades under Communist rule, and capitalism is beginning to re-emerge. There is a highly concentrated number of working class people in Easter Europe, one of the highest concentrations of any area in the world. However, despite this high concentration of working people, there is still a large amount of collectivized state property, a remnant of communism. Any strike or disruption in the workforce in Eastern Europe is automatically a political situation, because the employer is the state. There is also a high degree of pollution in Eastern Europe, caused by the rapid push toward industrialization forced on it by the communists. This pollution has lead to environmental degradation and a high number of people operating at less than optimal health in the region. Eastern Europe today is struggling; it is not thriving, but it has not yet bowed down its head in defeat."
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Former Soviet Satellites and the European Union, 2002.
This paper discusses the possibility that Hungary, Belarus and Ukraine might join the European Union.
3,570 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper states that each country---Hungary, Belarus and Ukraine--- has a long history of special internal concerns, foreign relations goals, and socio-political aims that make joining the European Union a difficult decision. The author feels that Hungary, which is more like the West, is more likely to join the EU. The paper contends that Belarus and Ukraine, whose economies and societies are intertwined with Russia, more likely will turn towards Russia. Several long quotations. End notes.
From the Paper
"Diplomatic relations were opened between Hungary and the European West in August 1988. This was followed by the Europe Agreement which was signed on December 16, 1991. This gave Hungary the status of an associated state within the European Union. As a result, there began a steady flow of Western funds into the Hungarian economy. Hungary was one of the first beneficiaries of the European Union?s new PHARE program, a program specifically designed to render financial assistance to countries seeking admission into the European Union. Since 1990, Hungary has received more than ?1 billion under this program. Importantly, these funds do not have to be repaid, and have contributed successfully to the reinvigoration of Hungary?s infrastructure: economic development and restructuring, environmental investments, research and development, public administration, human resources development, and various other tasks deems necessary to prepare estate for membership in the European Union. Furthermore, Hungary also benefits from two additional programs, the Instrument for Structural Policies for Pre-Accession, and the Special Accession Program for Agriculture and Rural Development. Under these programs, Hungary expects to receive nearly ?140 million each year over the course of the next few years. This cooperation with the West has been an extremely positive experience for Hungary."
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Poland and the EU, 2002.
A look at the process that Poland has to undertake in order to become a full member of the European Union.
987 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a brief look at the history of Poland and then focuses on its current political and economic status. It explains that the country is set to become a full EU member by mid 2004 and examines what conditions and criteria the country needs to meet and uphold in order for this to occur.
From the Paper
"Among the ten prospective members of the European Union Specified by the Nice conference, Poland bears the distinction of both having the largest population at 38.6 million, and the largest GDP at 176 billion. From 1997 through 2001, the Polish economy has grown at a steady 4.1% a year and is in many ways beginning to resemble its new western partners rather than its still-troubled eastern neighbors. (Economist, Jul. 29, 2002) Despite this, Poland differs from the traditional continental powers in several distinct ways. Perhaps most unique is the Republic's relationship with the United States."
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