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Biodiversity and Conservation, 2008.
This paper examines the importance of conserving biodiversity, with a focus on the tropics.
1,514 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 13 sources, APA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how ecologists are concerned about the conservation of biodiversity, for the future inheritance of the earth and its beauty and for poverty and hunger alleviation. The paper looks at several studies that show that conservation parks in tropical countries make a substantial difference in preserving biological diversity. The paper maintains that it is vitally important to preserve as much biodiversity as possible, and to do so particularly in countries where biodiversity is richest. The paper concludes that conservation managers need to put practices in place to target potential investors for the future preservation of the earth and its resources.
From the Paper
"Biodiversity and conservation have been difficult issues in the ecological field. This is not least so because of issues such as increasingly rapid species extinction and also the increasing human population and influence upon the natural environment. Nonetheless, ecologists are concerned about the conservation of biodiversity, as such conservation holds advantages not only for the future inheritance of the earth and its beauty, but also on a more practical and economic level. This is so because the diversity of species on earth have consequences for the often fragile ecosystems we as human beings share."
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Sudden Oak Death, 2008.
Analyzes, compares, and reviews two articles on sudden oak death.
2,688 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the article entitled, "Sudden Oak Death: Endangering California and Oregon Forest Ecosystems" by David M. Rizzo and Matteo Garbelotto provides a clear and comprehensive overview and assessment of the serious problem of sudden oak death and how it also analyzes in detail the functioning and range of Phytophthora ramorum pathogen in relation to concomitant environmental, ecological and site criteria. The paper then analyzes the article entitled, "Effects of Landscape Heterogeneity on the Emerging Forest Disease Sudden Oak Death" by Condeso et al. and notes how this article, in contrast to the first, is focused on a specific aspect of the problem of the spread of the pathogen P. ramorum and sudden oak death; namely the effect of landscape structure as it relates to the disease.
Outline:
Article one
Introduction
The Problem
Findings
Solutions
Conclusion
Paper 2
Introduction
The Problem
Findings
Solutions
Conclusion
Section Three
Comparison of Articles
From the Paper
"The article also emphasizes the central concern that the damage that this pathogen causes is intimately linked to the delicate and complex ecological balance in the areas concerned. This in turn relates to the fact that the pathogen also affects other biological entities. In essence one of the central problems is that it has a broad host range and that it also affects "...almost all wood plant species in coastal forests". 1 This aspect has serious implications for the understanding and treatment of the disease, as well as for the range and complexity of its impact on the trees and general ecology. This in turn is also related to the problem of the secondary impact of the disease on other organisms such as insects, which play a vital role in the maintenance of ecological balance. "
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When the Kidneys Fail, 2008.
This paper looks at the management and implications of renal failure.
1,364 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that kidneys are fist-sized, bean-shaped organs, which are located at the lowest part of the rib cage and the sides of the spine. Their major function is to remove waste products and excess fluids from the body in the form of urine. The writer points out that damage to the kidneys or reduced kidney functions can constitute chronic kidney disease or CKD. Chronic renal failure consists of a progressive loss of kidney function from disease or another cause. In addition, the writer explains that untreated CKD may lead to kidney or renal failure. The condition may need to be treated with dialysis or kidney transplantation. The writer discusses the symptoms, diagnosis and possible treatment of chronic kidney disease and renal failure.
Outline:
Psychosocial and Physiological Changes
Dietary Changes
Management and Implications
Diagnostic Strategy and Differential
From the Paper
"Dialysis performs the function of the kidneys but does not cure the disease or prevent possible complications. It may even cause those complications and even reduce one's quality of life. Hemodialysis sends the blood through a dialyzer and goes back to the body after eliminating toxins and excess fluid. It is usually done thrice a week, each time for 3 to 5 hours or more. Common negative reactions are fluid and electrolyte imbalances, hypotension, light-headedness, leg cramps, nausea and vomiting. The other type is peritoneal dialysis, which uses the peritoneum to filter the blood without removing it from the body. It uses dialysate, which is later drained through a peritoneal catheter. Peritonitis is the most common complication. A study of 336 hemodialysis and 185 peritoneal dialysis patients undergoing both types found that peritoneal dialysis was a preference 1.5 times more. The quality of care, freedom of choice and cost are major reasons for their choice. Physicians, however, prefer hemodialysis because of reimbursement trends."
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Annie Dillard's "The Giant Water Bug", 2008.
Analyzes Annie Dillard's writing style in her essay "The Giant Water Bug".
785 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 0 sources, £ 19.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Annie Dillard's essay on "The Giant Water Bug" begins as an example of nonfiction, meditative nature writing and ends with a murder---of the frog. The author points out that,to convey a sense of meandering in her thoughts and her walking path while she watches the frog, Dillard uses long sentences and often repeats words, particularly adjectives. The paper relates that the injection of biological language suggests a sharp change in narrative tone and a reminder of the scientific aspects of nature and natural survival.
From the Paper
"Nature's real ugliness injects itself into the homespun narratives about frogs. A lower life form begins to devour a higher life form. The giant water bug that the author had only read about and appreciated in an academic sense rears its ugly head. She knows it "eats insects, tadpoles, fish, and frogs." But suddenly its presence injects drama into the descriptive passage. Now the fear and ominous nature of the passage's description of the frog's skin, its fear, and the occasional use of biological vocabulary becomes all comes together."
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Genetic Counseling, 2008.
A discussion on genetic counseling with an emphasis on grief and bereavement counseling in relation to interpreting and making decisions about a genetic screening.
2,290 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that as genetic screening becomes more common so will the need to deal with persons who are displeased with its results and revelations. The paper then discusses how clinicians must acquire grief and bereavement counseling skills if they are to provide advice and information about interpreting and making decisions about a genetic screening. The paper emphasizes the importance of having such skills and presents examples of situations that illustrate why grief and bereavement counseling skills are so important in genetic screening. The paper concludes that, if the counseling experience is to be satisfactory, the counselor must help parents meet the immediate and long-term social needs of affected individuals in addition to their medical needs.
From the Paper
"However imperfectly it is disseminated, via phone, or arranging for another appointment at a later date, follow-up counseling is just as essential as follow-up physical care. Many counselors believe "the couple should be advised not to have another child until the grieving process has been completed. Counseling should be directed at helping the couple overcome feelings of guilt, feelings of decreased self-worth and feelings of defectiveness. Referral to support groups may be helpful or the use of non-judgmental counseling and support structures that are accessible within the couple's own community (Rosenfeld 1992:1). Providing advice about creating such groups within communities without access to the more extensive array of options in urban locations should be a long-term goal pursued by the health care community."
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Assisted Reproductive Rechnology, 2008.
An analysis of the capitalistic significance that assisted reproductive technology has brought along with the accommodation of the children produced from this technology.
5,436 words (approx. 21.7 pages), 34 sources, MLA, £ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper examines egg donation and to a lesser extent, sperm bank markets in the U.S. and the U.K., looking at the industry's pricing mechanisms (payment in the U.S. versus non-payment in the U.K.) and trends, and analyzing the implications in both systems. The papers contends that the altruistic model adopted by the U.K. may be shortsighted and inefficient, while the compensation scheme in the U.S. is unbalanced and at times excessive. The paper also discusses how a more transparent structure in both countries, allowing open discussion of the system, would partially alleviate economic distortions. Finally, some of the non-economic concerns and developments that affect the market are considered.
Outline:
Introduction
Size of Market in Egg and Sperm Donation
A Brief Description of the Process
Buyers and Sellers
Product Differentiation and Price Discrimination
Altruism in Blood Donation
Pricing Mechanism of Sperm Banks
Changing Technology
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Assisted reproductive technology, specifically egg and sperm donation, is a globally viable option. To date, there is no global consensus on whether or not there should be a commercial market, what regulations should be enforced, what enforcement mechanisms should be adopted, or how to address the ethical and moral dilemmas within the baby business. In the United States (U.S.), payment to egg donors is unofficially accepted, yet compensation for ovum donors to stem cell research is strictly prohibited. Because payment of the first is regulated by state law, there are 50 different possible pricing schemes in the U.S. In contrast, the United Kingdom (U.K.) officially forbids payment to egg donors. The U.K. system relies on altruism and egg sharing to attract suppliers into the fertility pool. Other countries, including Canada, India, and some European nations have adopted other payment and donation systems for collecting gametes. The global market for oocyte products does not have a cohesive framework within which to work. "
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Ethanol: The Fuel or Food Dilemma, 2008.
This paper explores the advantages and disadvantages of ethanol as an alternative to fossil fuels.
2,394 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the strong reliance on other countries for fossil fuels and the problem of global warming that has encouraged many to promote the use of ethanol as a natural renewable energy source. The paper looks carefully at this alternative and how it compares to other energy sources. The paper discusses how it takes considerable energy to produce ethanol and could divert corn and soybeans from the nation's food supply thus causing a food crisis. The paper stresses the need to look carefully at this alternative and explore all its potential ramifications before any far-reaching decisions are made.
From the Paper
"This year more than ever, Americans are beginning to be concerned about alternative fuels, do to the possibility of global warming, the significant increase of gasoline for automobiles and other vehicles and the growing tendency toward green concerns. Deciding on what alternatives of fuel to use, for automobiles for example, is not easy. There are a number of factors to consider that are known in addition to a number of unknowns as well. One of the alternatives that has been receiving considerable coverage this past year is ethanol. Similar to other options, however, it too has its plusses and minuses."
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Bioethical Research, 2008.
This paper discusses the issue of ethics within the field of biology.
1,555 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that one of the elements of research that has an impact on how the research is conducted and how it is then applied is the ethics of the research design. The writer discusses that any research design is required to follow certain ethical requirements, notably those involving informed consent, but others relate to how people are chosen, what they are told of the research, how the research is analyzed, how the findings are presented and how any findings are used to implement action after that. The writer points out that certain types of research raise more ethical issues than others, and ethical concepts have been set forth more directly for some types of research than for others. How well these requirements are followed has an impact on public health, future research, legislation, and public welfare. The writer concludes that bioethics has also become more and more enmeshed with religious issues in an era where abortion is more common and the possibility of human cloning is raised, even simply the cloning of cells for stem cell research.
From the Paper
"The ethical guidelines for research, and especially for this type of research, begin with the requirement for informed consent. This means that all of the participants have to understand that they are being diverted to one or the other of these methods of treatment and that they are willing to do so. This means that the choice has been explained to them and that they understand the implications, which in this case would be that one treatment may be more effective than the other. This means that participants must be informed about the purpose of the research, how long it is to last, and the procedures to be followed. They have to know that they have the right to decline to participate and that they may indeed withdraw once the research begins if they feel that this would benefit them. The possible consequences of being in one group or the other need to be explained, which in this case means explaining the hypothesis that one of these methods is more effective than the other."
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Animal Rights, 2008.
A discussion on how ethics and morality extend to matters associated with the treatment of animals.
3,528 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper summarizes and critiques several different theories associated with the ethical treatment of animals. The paper focuses on the treatment of animals as it relates to hunting and trapping animals, eating animals, using animals for research, and the manner in which domestic and wild animals are treated. The paper summarizes and critiques several theories including anthropocentrism, animal liberation, strong animal rights theory, weak(er) animal rights theory, two-factor egalitarianism, biocentric egalitarianism and ecocentric views.
Outline:
Introduction
Anthropocentrism
Animal Liberation
Biocentric Egalitarianism
Weak Animal Rights Theory
Strong Animal Rights Theory
Two Factor Egalitarianism
Ecocentric Views
Opinion Concerning Ethical Issues and the best Theory to Address These Issues
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Finally, as it relates to the manner in which domestic and wild animals are treated, there must be standards associated with their treatment. As it relates to domestic animals there are many laws that govern their treatment and the responsibilities that owners have for their pets. As it relates to wild animals there is a definite need to have animals at zoos for the purpose of educating people. If an animal is near extinction people might have more compassion and a greater understanding of the plight of the animal if they were educated about their existence and why it needs to be preserved. Educating people may also challenge them to do what they can to preserve a particular species. As with domestic animals there are rules a regulations that govern the treatment of animals at zoos and aquariums, these regulations should be adhered to and in some cases the laws. "
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Sickle Cell Anemia, 2008.
This paper discusses the dynamics of the condition known as sickle cell anemia.
1,568 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the molecular genetics of sickle cell anemia and how this disorder alters the red cell's function of homeostasis. The paper relates that the sickle cell gene is spread widely throughout Africa, the Middle East and India and countries in which there are large numbers of African immigrants, including the United States. The paper includes a map (as an appendix) that shows the regions of the world in which the sickle cell gene is most commonly found.
Outline:
Introduction
Molecular Genetics
Metabolic Pathways
Homeostasis
Population Dynamics
Evolution
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are a number of hereditary anemias, which feature disorders of the structure or synthesis of hemoglobin, deficiencies of enzymes which provide energy to red blood cells or protect the red blood cells from damage, or abnormalities in the proteins found in the cell membranes of red blood cells. Inherited diseases of hemoglobin are the most important, and these are termed hemoglobinopathies; it is into this category that sickle cell anemia falls. Sickle cell anemia has a genetic basis, and was the first genetic disease to be characterized at the molecular level (Ingram, 2004"
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Sustainable Development, 2008.
This paper explores sustainable development and the Clean Water Act.
2,096 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that sustainable development involves balancing human needs with the preservation and protection of the natural environment. The paper then discusses the Clean Water Act and its many environmental and social benefits but highlights the difficulty in enforcing this type of legislation. The paper concludes that individuals that are concerned about their environment must speak up and make a strong case for sustainable development.
From the Paper
"The term 'sustainable development' is one that many people still do not understand the meaning of, and there are arguments as to whether it is even a correct and proper term for what it is intending to describe. Broadly, however, sustainable development involves the balancing act that is required between human needs and the preservation and protection of the natural environment (Girard, 1998). This balance is not easy to attain, because there are always individuals ready to argue for one side of the issue or the other, and often they have difficulty finding any kind of willingness to meet in the middle. This is unfortunate, but it is the human condition in today's society and it does not appear to be changing. "
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Plague in the Modern Era, 2008.
This paper gives a thorough overview of the plague, including it's history, transmission, forms, symptoms and preventions in the Modern era.
3,000 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history of the plague, stating that the "Black Death" that gripped Medieval Europe was not the first reported incident of a plague epidemic, which was actually first recorded in AD 541. The paper also talks about the causes of these mass epidemics, which modern scientists now understand as being the living conditions in Medieval Europe, including overcrowded conditions and a lack of hygiene. However, as the paper analyzes, plagues are still found in modern times because the plague could be transmitted by almost any mammal, since fleas are pests that plague almost every mammal species. Specifically, this paper looks into the different transmission avenues of the plague virus, as well as the three different forms of the plague: bubonic plague, pneumonic plague, and septicemic plague and the symptoms of each. Furthermore, treatment regimes, geographic areas of infection and prevention techniques are discussed in this paper. All references for this paper are contained in the footnotes provided.
From the Paper
"The treatment regime is the same, regardless of the type of plague involved. When plague is suspected, the patient is to be immediately isolated. A suspected plague diagnosis can be made from a combination of symptoms and risk factors. The risk factors include living in an area of known plague foci, contact with sick animals (including employment as a veterinarian or in a similar position), wilderness activity, fleabite, or recent plague in the community. Furthermore, a plague diagnosis triggers reporting requirements to certain health departments, including the Centers for Disease Control. The Centers for Disease Control reports plague incidents to the World Health Organization. Laboratory tests can confirm a plague diagnosis. Diagnostic tests include: a complete blood count, a urinalysis, arterial blood gas, peripheral smear looking for Y pestis coccobaccilus, gram stain, cultures of blood, sputum, and bubo aspirate, chest radiography, specialized diagnostic testing, a F1 antigen rapid diagnostic test, Y pestis fluorescent antibody stain, and a Y pestis fluorescent antibody titer."
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Extinction, 2008.
An examination of extinction and its relation to the total ecosystem.
1,674 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses that fact that the ability of a species to survive the extinction of another, depends on its ability to adapt. The paper continues and states that omnivores fair better than those with a limited range of food because if a single food source disappears from the environment, it can more easily find another suitable food source. More highly specialized members of the ecosystem will not be able to substitute food as those that can eat a variety of food. The paper details that the extinction of a single food species will quickly follow the elimination of their major food source. The paper supports the thesis that non-random species loss will have a more devastating effect on the community and than random species loss.
Outline:
Research Methods and Extinction
The Example of Plants and Avian Species
Conclusions
From the Paper
" In order to understand the extent and severity of the current crisis that we are facing regarding the rapid decline in bird species, we must look to past extinction events. Geochemical analysis is often used in conjunction with paleontological data in order to examine past extinctions more closely (Martin, 2007). Fossil evidence analyzed in this manner demonstrates that increasing oxygen levels increases the number of species as well. As oxygen levels decrease, the number of species in the fossil record decreases as well."
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Dyslexia, 2008.
A review on the subject of dyslexia, focusing on the causes, symptoms and the handling of the affliction.
1,838 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the condition known as dyslexia and explains the problem. The paper shows that recent research has highlighted that dyslexia is caused by specific gene configuration and abnormalities in the human brain, yet no one presently can agree to exactly why this disorder occurs. The paper discusses the resulting problems such as learning difficulties, reading and sociability and comments on the remedial assistance that is offered to sufferers.
From the Paper
"Not surprisingly, a good number of people with dyslexia experience various problems related to the psychological nature of the disorder. First of all, some individuals exhibit aggressive behavior in the form of exerting power over others or engaging in violent activities,
either at home or in a school environment. This aggression may be linked to feelings of inadequacy or low esteem, due to being excluded from certain groups because of dyslexia. Also, some individuals may experience symptoms of withdrawal, due to "finding it difficult to respond to their disability in a positive manner; also, children with dyslexia may intentionally avoid any and all contact with persons outside of their immediate families, such as teachers, school principals and other educational staff members" (Doyle, 145-46). On occasion, children (and even adults) may experience periods of deep depression, due to their inability to fully comprehend that most of their peers do not have dyslexia. Generally speaking, the symptoms of dyslexia may include feelings of sadness, loneliness and isolation, sleep disturbances and complaints of being bored."
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