| Papers [15-28] of 1889 :: [Page 2 of 135] | | Go to page : <— 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 —> | |
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Animal Cruelty, 2008.
A review of the cruel and brutal practice of using animals for experimentation in the name of science.
1,375 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper first analyzes the history of using animals for experimentation, and then explains the British Cruelty to Animals Act of 1876.The paper concludes by explaining the reasons why it is unethical to use animals for experimentation, and why the trend must be halted.
Outline:
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The term 'cruelty' in itself is defined by the Webster's Dictionary as "causing, or of a kind to cause pain, distress, etc. cruel implies indifference to the suffering of others." (Paul; Elder, 211) What this means is that cruelty can encompass the means by which an innocent is forced to experience pain, for some purpose of the inflictor's own, which he could stop if he wished to, but does not. This would bring us to the actual point: in what way is cruelty to animals justifiable in the name of science? Why must an animal be made to suffer untold pain and misery, just so that scientists could analyze and experiment with drugs or scientific methods meant for human beings? As a matter of fact, even common household items, cosmetics, and shampoos, soaps, furniture polish and oven cleaners are tested on animals before they are approved and marketed for humans. For example, a few drops of liquid or granules are dropped into a rabbit's eyes, to test whether it causes irritation, and if does, then the human being would benefit, because the shampoo would be withdrawn, improved, and tested again, and yet again, while the poor creature would suffer untold misery on account of the testing procedures. At times, animals are immobilized in stocks, wherein their heads alone may protrude, and experiments are then conducted, with no anesthesia to dull the pain."
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Corona Viruses, 2008.
The paper examines the Corona virus, responsible for SARS, its biological characteristics and recent research findings.
1,432 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
In the wake of the recent SARS outbreak and worldwide concern, the author of this paper take a close look at Corona viruses, the virus connected to the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - SARS as well as over one third of cases of the common cold. The paper discusses the biological structure of Corona viruses and the various testing methods used to discover and determine the variants of the virus. In his conclusion, the author discusses recent research findings relating to the virus. The paper has one scan of a corona virus cell.
Outline:
Introduction
Corona Viruses: Genome Structure and Categories:
Carona Viruses: Recent Fndings:
From the Paper
"Latest findings about corona virus infection in poultry and avian population reveals that the number of avian species in which corona viruses have been spotted have gone up twice in the space of a couple of years. Whereas the corona viruses in these species have all been in corona virus Group 3, as for the well known corona viruses of the domestic fowl, turkey and pheasant, experimental proof is found to recommend that birds are not restricted to infection with Group 3 corona viruses. Experiments with several of the Group 1 corona viruses which by far have been from mammals have indicated that they are not restricted to multiplying or causing disease in a single host."
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Perception: Smell, Taste and Sight, 2008.
This paper looks at different perceptions and examines the impact of smell and sight on taste.
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 55.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that taste is something that is directly influenced by the smell and the sight of the object that one is faced with. Further, the writer notes that a human being is almost always influenced a great deal with the visual, olfactory and taste cues that one receives when confronted with an object of any kind. The writer discusses that one must examine what taste means, at the very outset, if one is to understand how taste can play such a great role in offering olfactory and visual clues to an individual. The writer concludes that the senses of smell and sight work together in making the food that one eats appear to be more appetizing, while at the same time, the brain keeps busy recording the various and several visual, olfactory and taste cues offered by the food placed in front of us, and these can eventually dictate the amount of food that one ultimately consumes.
From the Paper
"Taste buds for all four taste groups of sweet, salty, bitter and sour can be found throughout the mouth, but specific kinds of buds are clustered together in certain areas. While sweetness is detected by taste buds on the tip of the tongue, the taste buds for sour tastes are located on the sides of the tongue, and for salty tastes, toward the front. Bitter taste buds are located on the very back of the tongue can make people gag, and this can often serve as a natural defense mechanism to help prevent poisoning. It is an amazing fact that taste buds are replaced completely once every three to four days, to take the place of those taste buds that have been worn out by scalding or freezing. As a person grows older, his taste buds are not replaced as quickly, and this means that he would need more of the substance in order to taste it properly. Scientists have been able to prove their theory that food habits and tastes are by and large hereditary, and that one's taste in foods is directly influenced by one's heredity. Food preferences are often found to run in families, and also, culture and familiarity with one type of food, both of which may influence the foods that one eats. "
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Nature Vs. Nurture, 2008.
A look at the roles of genetics and the environment in the development of the personality.
1,211 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how behavior is partly a function of inherent biological factors and partly a function of external conditioning and exposure to the environment. The paper first outlines the findings of experimental observation of primates with known biological predispositions that suggests that the environment is more important than genetics. The paper then examines studies of identical human twins and deviant behavior that suggest that biology and environment are equally responsible for behavior. The paper concludes that our psychological development is likely a function of the complex interrelationship between our genetic heritage and the many influential experiences to which we are exposed during our formative developmental stages.
Outline:
Introduction
Nature
Nurture
Interplay Between Nature and Nurture
The Significance of Extreme (Deviant) Human Behavior and Identical Twin Studies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Human beings and other so-called "higher" forms of biological life are products of their environments in many respects. Exposure to certain environmental factors and being reared under certain circumstances can influence the direction of many types of behavior. At the same time, the field of genetics demonstrates conclusively that inheritance also determines much of the development of everything from fundamental aspects of personality to the most superficial habits, likes, and dislikes."
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The Immune System and Stress, 2008.
This paper looks at the possible effects of stress on the immune system.
932 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of the immune system. Specifically, the writer discusses how negative emotions such as anger, depression, sadness, over-thinking and anxiety can affect the immune system. The writer points out that almost all forms of stress, such as anger, depression, sadness, and anxiety can negatively affect the immune system. Studies show this can lead to many other ailments and diseases, including cancer. The writer maintains that stress is a powerful force and it can cause powerful reactions in our bodies. Too much stress can also lead to permanent damage, as several medical studies indicate. The writer concludes that managing stress and anxiety is good for a healthy existence, and as these studies show, it can also help to reduce instances of serious diseases such as cancer.
From the Paper
"This build up of the immune system to chronic stress can also lead to many other conditions, such as tolerance and dependency on many types of drugs. For example, a person under chronic stress who relies on aspirin or other pain relievers may develop a tolerance to the drugs, requiring more drugs to gain the same affect as fewer drug dosages before. Thus, the immune system in high gear can build up tolerances to drugs and other medications in its continued effort to protect the body and fight stress and anxiety. This is also dangerous, because the patient must take more drugs to gain the same result, and some drugs may simply become useless, leading the patient to need new drugs, or perhaps to a situation where no drugs will work against the problem. Continued stress, then, can lead to a wide variety of health problems, all concerning how the immune system reacts and what it does to manage the body in times of stress."
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The Role of Diet in the Evolution of Hominids, 2008.
An examination of the role of diet in evolution and the relationship between brain size and diet.
1,600 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and examines the role and importance of diet in the evolution of hominids. The paper also looks at the substantial evidence of the link between increased brain capacity and power and evolution and diet among hominids. The paper concludes that diet played a significant role in evolution and that brain size is related to a radical change of diet in the distant past, however, diet should be seen in conjunction with and in relation to other factors.
Table of Contents:
Introduction and Overview
Brain Power and Diet
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are many theories about the way that diet affected evolutionary selection in hominids. There is little doubt that diet played a significant role and that brain size is related to a radical change of diet in the distant past. However, what scholars are also at pains to point out is that diet should be seen in conjunction with and in relation to other factors, such as social structure. As Spuhler (1959) states, "The change to a partially carnivorous diet had extremely broad implications for the social organization of early hominoids" (Diet, Evolution, and Culture). Diet and other factors should be considered in the intricate and immensely complex task of attempting to understand our origins through the evolutionary selection process of hominids."
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DNA Identification of Mass Fatalities, 2008.
A look at the importance of DNA analysis, particularly after mass fatalities occur.
4,910 words (approx. 19.6 pages), 18 sources, APA, £ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how DNA analysis is carried out and its importance in certain circumstances. It particularly deals with the trauma of 9/11 and explains the advantages that DNA had over other identification methods in such a scenario. The author has included references to several studies that have been carried out as well as a diagram depicting human chromosomes and other tables of interest.
Outline:
Introduction
The aftermath of the terrorist attack on the Twin Towers
How important is DNA evidence in this case?
Will everyone get identified?
Restrictions on how DNA evidence can be used
Fragment sizes
Decomposing DNA
How does the analysis get proper resource and funding?
DNA management
Source of DNA samples
Using Identification Number on the site
Storing into the database
How DNA analysis (methods) can be utilized in making identification
DNA Extraction
DNA amplification and analysis (PCR)
Mitochondrial DNA
Single nucleotide polymorphism
Short Tandem Repeat analysis
Identifying victims
Probability ratio in linking to the victims
Linking victims using relatives and family member's DNA
Limitation of modern technology
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"The deaths of thousands of innocent people can traumatize an entire nation, and this was the case on September 11, 2001 when terrorists attacked the World Trade Center and Pentagon. According to Gonzalez, Schofield and Schmitt (2006), "On September 11, 2001, 2,792 people were killed in terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City. The number of victims, the condition of their remains, and the duration of the recovery effort made the identification of the victims the most difficult ever undertaken by the forensic community in this country" (p. 3). The use of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as a means of providing virtually positive identification of victims of mass disasters is of fairly recent origin having been introduced about 50 years ago, but the impetus is on to use these techniques for a wider range of forensic applications. For example, during the 1990s, a number of states began to develop DNA identification programs, and in 1993, the FBI implemented CODIS, a national program designed to (a) support federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies in their creation of a population statistical database; (b) improve DNA forensic analysis methods; and (c) to serve humanitarian purposes such as the identification of missing persons or the human remains from mass disasters (Lyon, 2002). The FBI in particular favored the development of the CODIS application based on its "productivity and efficiency," but former director of the FBI crime laboratory John Hicks described the computer databank as "nothing more than an information management and screening tool" (Hoeffel, 1990, p. 527). The former director also indicated, though, that he expected that the initiative would ". . . save time and effort, and courts will have fewer cases to process because investigations can be better focused and coordinated" (FBI, 1991, p. 37). The CODIS application links the DNA profiles of convicts gathered by scattered state law enforcement DNA labs, encourages uniform standards, and pools DNA data to facilitate identification of criminals across borders (Lyon, 2002). The thirteen DNA sites used in the CODIS database are illustrated in Figure 1 below."
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Robert Feulgen, 2008.
An overview of the life and scientific achievements of Robert Feulgen.
921 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
The paper outlines the background of Robert Feulgen and discusses how he initiated the discovery of the importance of DNA. The paper also explains his staining technique known as the Feulgen reaction. The paper reveals that it has not been until quite recently that science has come to value the importance of his work.
From the Paper
"Joachim Wilhelm Robert Feulgen, was born in Werden (or Essen-Werden), Germany on September 2, 1884. His father owned a factory yet his upbringing was working class and unremarkable, except for the fact that he was an extraordinary student. This may have been due to the loss his father at the age of nine while Feulgen was attending primary school in Werden. The circumstances of his father's death are unknown. However, his academic abilities garnered him a scholarship to attend the University of Freiburg at Breisgau in 1905. He then pursued a medical residency in the City Hospital of Kiel."
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Non-Human Species and Learning, 2008.
A look at two studies by Haque, et.al. and J.F.Briggs, K.I. Fitz and D.C. Riccio that used rats to gain knowledge pertaining to learning processes.
1,304 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper examines research by Haque, et. al. that used rats to better understand how to ward off the effects of aging on the brain, and research by Briggs, Fitz and Riccio that gauged information loss in conditioned learning when contexts change. The paper describes these studies and relates that both studies could have long-term implications for helping academicians understand how to enhance learning in human and non-human species.
Outline:
Green Tea and Learning
Memory Retrieval and Context in Rats
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Non-human species are frequently the subject of academic research designed to ascertain a better understanding of learning, intelligence and educational processes. The use of rats, which are inexpensive, reproduce quickly, have mild temperaments and are prone to conditioning, is particularly common (Humane Society, 2007). Two recent studies by Haque, et.al. (2006) and Briggs, Fitz and Riccio (2007) used rats to gain knowledge pertaining to learning processes and how learning can be impaired."
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Astrocytic Tumors, 2008.
A discussion of astrocytic brain tumors and their treatments.
2,676 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 14 sources, MLA, £ 57.95
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Abstract
The paper offers a brief overview of astrocytoma and explains the condition, it's pathogenesis, the various classifications, the diagnosis and the possible treatment methods. The paper shows how we are still a long way from providing complete relief for all the different types of astrocytomas.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
The Glial Cells
Tumor Grades
Pathogenesis
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Biomarker for Astrocytoma
Treatment
Chemotherapy
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Brain tumor is one of the most lethal forms of cancers with more than 13,000 deaths every year in the United States. Though we are still a long way from developing medical interventions that promise total recovery, advancements in the diagnostic methods such as MRS, ultrasonic aspiration and in surgical procedures such as intraoperative neuronavigation, Gamma Knife radiosurgery, etc, have improved the precision for the surgeon and outcome for the patient to a significant extent. It is hoped that our increasing understanding of the molecular pathology of the disease propelled by the huge amount of research devoted to the field would lead to developing a successful treatment plan for astrocytoma and all other forms of brain tumors in the near future."
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Eugenics, 2008.
An examination of the history and current practice of eugenics.
988 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the philosophy and practice of eugenics. It describes how eugenics is used today and the historical role that it has played in immigration. The paper looks at the differences between positive and negative eugenics and discusses the ethical considerations that need to be taken into account when discussing the practice of eugenics.
Table of Contents:
Overview of Eugenics
Eugenics Today
Eugenics and Immigration
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Even in modern culture, eugenics continues to play a role in immigration. For example, the story depicted in Dirty Pretty Things tells of two immigrants living in London who are forced to engage in sexual acts and the harvesting of their own body parts in order to remain in the country illegally. Although this may not seem like eugenics at the forefront, at its most basic level it is still a result of eugenics. For instance, if the national government did not place strict limitations on immigrants from Africa and Muslim countries (the locales of the movie's main characters) they would not have to live in London illegally. If they were not living in London illegally, then they would not have to subject themselves to such inhumane treatment as forced sex and organ harvesting. Thus, the effects of modern-day eugenics extend well beyond just limiting who can and cannot come to a country. (Frears, 2002)."
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Shortleaf Pine and Fire, 2008.
A discussion of the effects of wildland and prescribed fire on the shortleaf pine species.
2,549 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the effects of wildland and prescribed fire on the ecosystems of eastern and midwestern forests in the US. The paper discusses three detrimental effects of fire on an ecological system in general and then focuses on the shortleaf pine species and explains how the shortleaf pine actually benefits from both wildland and prescribed fire in a number of ways. The paper does note, however, that caution is needed to ensure that prescribed fires are performed properly. The paper includes a map and a table.
From the Paper
"First, it is important to understand what makes up the shortleaf pine species. The shortleaf pine, scientifically named Pinus echinata, is a member of the Pinaceae family of trees. It is the most common of the southern yellow pines, with an average height between 70 and 100 feet. The trunk, on average, is between one and a half and three feet. It is considered one of the larger pines, and has a broad, open crown. The needles of the species are slender and flexible, and vary from dark blue to light green in color. They are often between two and four inches in length, with two or three in each needle bundle. The cones of the shortleaf pine are long and egg-shaped, dull brown in color, and vary from one and one half to three inches in length. The cones remain attached following maturity, but do open at that time to reveal thin, keeled scales with small prickles (Farjon, 2001)."
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Cnidarians' Defenses, 2008.
This paper explores cnidarians' stings and how they are utilized as a defense.
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the four main groups of cnidarians and their characteristics. The paper focuses on their sting, the danger they pose to humans and the treatment needed for their stings. The paper then discusses how human occupation of coral islands tends to destroy coral reefs, which grow in all the world's oceans. The paper includes a huge amount of source material complete with drawings and photographs.
From the Paper
"Cnidarians are made up of several groups that sometimes are divided into four and sometimes into six categories. Most agree, however, that Anthozoa (corals), Scyphozoa (jellyfish), Cubozoa (box jellies), Hydrozoa (medusae, siphonophores, hydroids, fire corals) and Scyphozoa (true jellyfish) make up the four main groups. Staurozoa (stalked jellyfish) and Polypodiozoa (a single specie: Polypodium hydriforme Ussow, 1885 - a parasite) may be added to the previous four. Their name comes from the Greek word "cnidos," meaning stinging nettle. Cubuozoa jellyfish have also been called "sea wasps.""
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Global Warming and Polar Bears, 2008.
An examination of how global warming and increased human contact are affecting the polar bear population.
2,787 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 14 sources, MLA, £ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how global warming is threatening the polar bear population. It describes the historical threat of humans to polar bears and how global warming is forcing some polar bear populations to move south and inland in their search for more ample food supplies and therefore into contact with humans. The paper briefly looks at possible solutions to the problem.
Table of Contents:
How Global Warming is Threatening Polar Bears
The Historic Human Threat
Global Warming: Humans vs. Polar Bears
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Protecting the polar bear from the direct and indirect threats posed by global warming is going to require a multi-national effort. First, the nations of the world, particularly those with a stake in protecting polar bears, must become more serious about global warming. For example, the United States can sign and adhere to the Kyoto Protocol, which calls for the reduction of harmful greenhouse gases, among other measures. A decade after this landmark agreement was first struck, the U.S. is still not a signatory, even though it only calls for a 5 percent reduction in emissions by industrialized nations (Hillman, et.al., 168). The U.S. is also the world's largest producer of carbon emissions, as the average American's carbon contribution is five time the world average (Hillman, et.al., 35)."
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