| Papers [211-224] of 1938 :: [Page 16 of 139] | | Go to page : <— 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 —> | |
|
|
Cloning and Human Engineering, 2007.
An examination of the arguments for and against cloning and human engineering.
1,838 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper attempts to provide an overview of the controversial topic of cloning and human engineering. It discusses the various arguments for and against cloning in practice and theory. It looks at the scientific and medical implications of human engineering, as well as the ramifications and implications for society as a whole. The paper also describes how cloning has affected philosophy, religion and politics.
Outline:
Introduction
Cloning: A Brief Overview
Stem Cell Research
The Arguments For and Against Cloning
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Cloning has also initiated the possibly of engineering body parts from cells. Stem cell cloning is one of the most exiting and controversial areas in contemporary genetic research. However the reality of cloning has a long history and forms of cloning has been observed and used by scientists and biologists in the past. In fact cloning takes place in nature to a great extent. "Clones frequently occur naturally. Potato plants reproduce vegetatively by growing tubers from which the new plant will grow. Potatoes are clones". (Biology) Cloning activity has also been observed in colonies of bacteria where scientists have observed the replication of identical genetic duplicates."
| |
|
"The Selfish Gene", 2007.
An analysis of the objections to Richard Dawkins' suggestions about how to approach the study of biology, as presented in his book, "The Selfish Gene."
1,748 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the arguments presented by Richard Dawkins in "The Selfish Gene," for a challenging new approach to the study of biology and evolution. The paper suggests that, upon examination, many of the objections to Dawkins' "The Selfish Gene" are based on misunderstandings or gross misrepresentations of Dawkins' original text. The paper discusses this interpretation.
From the Paper
"Both ehtology and sociobiology consider the evolutionary advantages of certain behaviors. Ethology is specifically interested in studying animal behavior, though there is some overlap with psychology. Sociobiology, more broadly, argues that genes play a decisive role in the development of behaviors and that behaviors must be considered in terms of the evolutionary advantage that they offer individuals and species (Hergenhahn, 2005: pp. 559-565). Sociobiology in particular can be seen as the primary intelletual influence, or ally, for Dawkins in The Selfish Gene. Dawkins, too, argues that behavior must be considered in terms of its evolutionary advantage, paying particular attention to altruism and selfishness. His unique contribution to this field of study is his focus on individual genes as the most relevant building blocks of evolution and natural selection. It is not, by his characterization that people are animals that just happen to be made up of genes, but rather that genes just happened to organize themselves into people because this increased their chances for long-term survival."
| |
|
Organ Donation, 2007.
A brief look at some of the ethical dilemmas associated with organ donation.
806 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 17.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
Organ donation is removing specific tissues of the human body for transplanting or grafting into another person. Both cadavers and living persons can be donors, but both also have to fulfill certain criterion in order to eligibly donate. This paper examines how bioethics, politics and personal issues have arisen in concern of organ donation.
From the Paper
"There is a waiting list for legal organs to be donated but for indeterminate lengths of time. The fear of literally dying while still waiting to be a recipient has pushed people to deal with the black market. The "black market organ donation" relies upon the ends justifying the means. This is discussed in teleological and utilitarian issues. Concern also focused on the imbalance of the trade because the market is for only those who can afford, therefore only gives chance for the well-off. The black market has been referred to as the transplant trade outside of the United States. Legalization of the international organ trade would lead to increased supply, lowering prices. Therefore the poor might be able to afford such organs as well."
| |
|
DNA, 2007.
This paper discusses the subject of DNA and looks at its reliability.
1,542 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses DNA, which is short for deoxyribonucleic acid. The writer notes that the code contained within the DNA determines whether the organism turns out to be a fish or a dandelion, a person or a chimp. Further, the writer points out that it also creates the characteristics that make one individual similar to, but still different from, another. The writer explains DNA testing and notes that now that there are more reliable procedures, such as DNA testing, there are fewer people who are wrongfully convicted. The writer discusses convictions as they relate to DNA evidence.
From the Paper
"Wrongful convictions are not often talked about in the news, but they are occasionally mentioned when they are incredibly significant, such as a man who was wrongfully convicted 20 years ago and then was freed based on DNA evidence or some other new way of determining whether the person was actually guilty. These are the exceptions rather than the rules, but these do happen, and they can significantly affect the lives of many people. Not only is the life of the wrongly accused changed forever, but his or her family and friends are all affected as well. This is a very serious concern, and naturally the criminal justice system tries to avoid wrongful convictions as much as they can. It is not always possible, however, to avoid wrongfully convicting someone if there is a great deal of circumstantial evidence or if there are witnesses who claim the person is guilty of a particular crime."
| |
|
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, 2007.
This paper discusses the tissue disease of systemic lupus erythematosus.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 16.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that is also simply called lupus. The writer explains that this is an inflammatory connective tissue disease which is manifested in variable signs and symptoms. The writer notes that this condition may affect multiple organ systems with immune complexes and a large array of auto antibodies, particularly antinuclear antibodies. Further, the writer points out that there are also genetic factors that play a role in the development and expression of SLE and environmental factors may also trigger the disease in genetically susceptible hosts.
From the Paper
"The cause of SLE is still unknown. This is an immunologic disorder with the production of auto antibodies. There are different triggering factors of this disease which includes sunlight exposure. Specific medications could also trigger SLE. They initiate immune response in individuals who are susceptible to develop SLE. The two most common of these are Hydralazine and Procainamide. Some anticonvulsants, antiemetics, antituberculars and antibiotics could be among those that trigger this disease."
"The pathophysiology of this disease is not completely known. Studies show that the production of abnormal antibodies by B cells remains the hallmark sign of lupus erythematosus. Such auto antibodies like anti double-stranded DNA and anti-Smith, are very specific for systemic lupus erythematosus. Anti-RNP, anti-Rho and anti-La, are also present in other autoimmune diseases. Whether the B cells themselves are intrinsically abnormal is a subject of current research. One of the underlying deficiencies in SLE may be emphasized on apoptosis, or programmed cell death; cellular antigens exposed during apoptosis incite an immune response."
| |
|
Gestational Surrogacy, 2007.
This paper discusses different kinds of surrogacy and argues that gestational surrogacy is not the best type.
1,653 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 33.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this article, the writer presents the types of surrogacy and then develops the arguments which emphasize that gestational surrogacy is not the best type. Next, the writer presents a solution for replacing commercial surrogacy, followed by a brief presentation of non-commercial surrogacy. Further, reasons for which the writer considers non-commercial surrogacy to be better than gestational surrogacy are presented. The end of the paper presents a brief conclusion of all the arguments which have been stated. The writer maintains that gestational surrogacy should be replaced in all cases by non-commercial surrogacy, a practice that would allow a closer relationship between the parents and the surrogate mother and would be able to develop under the jurisdiction of several law stipulations.
From the Paper
"Even though in the recent years it seems that the authorities in many parts of the world have understood the reasons for which people choose this practice and, in addition, they attempted to offer support through law and several facilities - for example, in the state of Virginia the law is especially suitable for facilitating surrogate arrangements, and independent legal advice on this issue can be provided to appropriate couples through our consultant network -, there are still many reasons for which gestational surrogacy is still not an overall accepted practice. Among these reasons there might be encountered the ethnical issues it might create, the lack of proper legislation regarding the norm and cultural problems as well. Even though, the practice cannot be totally forbidden, because in this way many couples would be left without the chance of having their own children."
| |
|
Bark Scorpions, 2007.
An analysis of the habitat and activities of the bark scorpion.
914 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the bark scorpion of Southwest North America. It discusses the preferred conditions and habitat of the bark scorpion and how it acquired some of the other names that it is known by. The paper also discusses the danger of the bark scorpion and their relationship to people, including reports of previous fatalities from bark scorpion stings.
From the Paper
"The scorpion's preferred temperature is a night above 70 F. Scorpions are active at night, and spend their days where it is cool and moist. Scorpions have extra layers of fat on their exoskeleton to retain water. Scorpions get most of their water from their food. They feed on a variety of insects, spiders, centipedes, and even other scorpions. One unique feature of the Bark Scorpion is, while most scorpion species are solitary in nature, they may be found in groups of 20-30. Also, much to the distress of many homeowners (where bark scorpions also make their homes) "the bark scorpion is also one of relatively few species that are able climbers" (Gouge et.al, 2007). Because of their small size, the Bark Scorpion is sometimes called the Home Scorpion, because it is the species most commonly found in infested homes."
| |
|
Embryonic Stem Cell Research, 2007.
An analysis of the debate over the ethics of embryonic stem cell research.
1,848 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the background to and the ethical debate over embryonic stem cell research. The paper begins by discussing the production of stem cells in the body. It then discusses research into stem cells. The paper analyzes both sides of the debate over whether stem cell research is ethical and cites examples of how the research can be used for medical advancements. The paper concludes that a unanimous opinion on the ethics of conducting embryonic stem cell research may not be possible in a pluralistic society.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Many otherwise terminal or incurable and life-threatening conditions may be cured by embryonic stem cell research (Kulka 2005). Research should be viewed as aligned with the mandate for respect and in the light of an absence of suitable substitutes. Furthermore, specific procedures and limitations suggested by the NIH already insure that federally conducted research would be consistent with the respect, which should be shown embryos. NIH guidelines included banning commercialization of embryos. Informed consent from donors should be included among the requirements. Sufficient and careful limitations for the conduct of embryonic stem cell research will establish adequate respect for the embryo as a form of human life (Kulka) to satisfy objections and allow the research to proceed in its pursuit to save lives rather than destroy, neglect or allow them to simply wither away."
| |
|
Animal and Plant Domestication, 2007.
An analysis of the domestication of plants and animals in the context of the genetic research model.
1,202 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 26.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses animal and plant domestication. It summarizes the anthropological approach to domestication and briefly compares it to the genetic research model. The paper evaluates domestication as a process in the puzzle of developing a record of early man. The paper then compares archaeological evidence as it applies to the animal record and the plant record.
From the Paper
"The archaeological record with regard to plant domestication includes a number of variable evidences. These evidences can be sought through examination of a chain of evidence in the record. A behavioral change occurs, in the manner that people are interacting with the plant, a genetic change occurs in the plant and a morphological change occurs where the plant becomes different in the record. Utilizing this chain the archeologist can look at a whole myriad of evidence seeking everything from geological changes wrought by human intervention, such as landscape alterations that indicate agricultural clearing and a general disturbance of the area for the purpose of planting, evidence of human intervention to obtain water for irrigation as well as specific comparative changes that have occurred within the plant itself, through comparison of wild species with suspected domesticates as they appear regionally, side by side in the record. (Smith 16)"
| |
|
Global Warming & the Ecosystem, 2006.
A discussion regarding global warming and its effects on the ecosystem.
2,742 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 52.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper reviews the impact that global warming has on human communities and ecosystems, and how it represents a great challenge for the entire planet. The paper reports that specialists recommend we try to find alternative sources of energy, and meanwhile, use less of the fossil-fuel energy. The paper further discusses the Kyoto Protocol.
Outline:
Abstract
Historical Perspectives of the Problem
The Impacts on and Responses of Humans or other living organisms to the Environmental Variation
Changes in the Ecosystem and Biosphere Structure
Ecosystem Dynamics Relative to Repair and Restoration
Economic Costs and Social Costs of the Ecological/Environmental Impact
Prevention and Public Awareness Effort Aimed at the Problem
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Another issue is represented by the more and more often natural disasters like storms, floods and hurricanes that damage and even destroy people's establishments. The regions most vulnerable to sea-level rise are river deltas such as the Nile delta in Egypt, the Ganges in Bangladesh, the Yangtze and Hwang Ho in China, the Mekong and also the United States that could loose 8000 square miles (20,000 km2) of land, valued at about $650 billion, and 30-80% of its coastal wetlands . Insurance companies are also affected by the natural disasters that come along and in order to avoid bankruptcy they try to develop new strategies on the market and diminish the risks."
| |
|
The Sustainability Movement, 2006.
An in-depth look at the sustainability movement and the current ecological and environmental issues.
3,323 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 59.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the sustainability movement. Specifically, the paper discusses the definition of the sustainability movement, reviews examples of the movement and focuses on sustainability and natural resources. The paper reports that the sustainability movement is gaining ground in the United States and around the world. The paper goes on to discuss how, in order for the planet and her people to survive, the world's people must embrace the sustainability movement, for modern man is using up the Earth's resources at an alarming, and perhaps catastrophic rate.
Outline:
I. Introduction
a. Thesis Statement
II. Define Sustainability
a. Use national and International Definitions.
b. Also Define Sustainability and Natural Resources.
III. Describe the Sustainability Movement
a. Biodiversity
b. Ecology
c. Community
d. Commerce
e. Natural Resources
f. Biosphere
IV. Biodiversity
a. Describe how Biodiversity and Sustainability Support One
Another.
b. Use "biodiversity in food" to Show How Consumers can make a
Difference When They Buy Food.
V. Sustainability and Natural Resources
a. Describe how the natural world works in relationship to
sustainability.
b. Discuss the Overfishing of the Oceans.
c. Discuss Genetic Crops
d. Discuss the Natural World and the Effects of Global Warming.
e. Discuss Other Natural Resource Issues, such as Animals
Displaced by Global Warming and Other Issues.
f. Problems
g. Application of Elements.
VI. Education and Sustainability
a. Use Goodall Institute information to show how educating
children now can create future sustainability leaders.
VII. Create new sustainability project that has to do with natural
resources. (Create a local, accepted currency.)
a. Identify and Describe Project.
b. Explain how to pitch it to community, including businesses it
would affect.
c. Problems and Solutions.
VIII. Conclusion
From the Paper
"Creating the program relies on support from local businesses and banks, and thus, it would need to be "pitched" to local businesses and banks. The most difficult aspect of convincing others would be that the community currencies work, and help grow local businesses. Using models on the east coast as an example of successful programs should be an aspect of the pitch. For example, Ithaca, New York created "Ithaca Hours" which are worth $10 (the average hourly wage in Ithaca). The dollars became so popular that local credit union employees took part of their salaries in "Hours," and a newspaper grew to advertise participating businesses and offer low-cost ads for businesses who accepted the Hours. Many other communities have created their own currencies as well, and the models for these endeavors should be used to convince the local community that it can work and it can help the economy (Swann and Witt). "
| |
|
Ecology, 2006.
A look at ecology in relation to environmentalism.
919 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the subject of ecology. According to the paper, ecology can be defined as the study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms, and how such distributions are affected by interactions between organisms and their environment. The paper reports that ecology could be said to be the core science that impacts our knowledge of environmentalism.
From the Paper
"One of the fundamental shifts within ecology in the modern era is the inclusion of human ecology within the discipline. While human ecology itself has been included within the study of ecology for well over half a century, it only gained prominence in the late 1970s. Human ecology deals with how humans as organisms affect the environment as well as other organisms. This field is perhaps the most important development to environmental science in the past century precisely because now we have a much deeper understanding of how and why humanity influences the natural environment around us, deeply contributing to our awareness and knowledge of environmental damage and the harmful affects of pollution. Overall, it is evident that ecology has expanded at a tremendous pace because it has increased the scope that the field itself examines. By including human ecology as one of its disciplines, ecology now takes on significance not only as a scientific field but in both economic and political terms as well."
| |
|
Benefits of Cloning, 2007.
An analysis of the potential benefits of cloning.
3,688 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 13 sources, APA, £ 64.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of cloning and an analysis of the potential benefits to be realized through cloning technology. An assessment of the possible negative consequences and the impact of cloning technology is followed by a discussion of possible alternative approaches. The paper then presents the viewpoints of opponents to cloning. A summary of the research and salient findings are presented in the conclusion.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Analysis
History and Background of Cloning
Possible Negative Consequences and their Consequences
Alternative Solutions
Rebuttals of Opponents
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Cloning is a fundamental component of the biological processes of the majority of living things because the body cells of plants and animals are actually clones that are derived from the mitosis of a single fertilized egg (Baird, 2002). According to this author, "A clone is the name for a group of organisms or other living matter with exactly the same genetic material. The word clone has been applied to cells as well as to organisms, so a group of cells stemming from a single cell is also called a clone. Cloning is the production of an exact genetic duplicate of a living organism or cell" (Baird, 2002, p. 20). For many observers today, though, the processes involved in cloning can be confusing and may not be able to be satisfied with a simple definition. Nevertheless, cloning frequently takes place in the natural world without any human involvement; for instance, in humans and other higher animals, clones develop naturally through genetically identical multiple births (Baird, 2002). Single-celled organisms including bacteria, protozoa, and yeast, also produce genetically identical offspring through asexual reproduction; offspring from these organisms develop from only one parent and are therefore considered to be clones (Baird, 2002). Likewise, plants are able to reproduce asexually through a process called vegetative propagation and a number of plants exhibit this ability by producing suckers, tubers, or bulbs to colonize the area surrounding the parent. In addition, simple animals such as hydras and flatworms can be cloned through asexual reproduction or the process of regeneration (Baird, 2002). "
| |
|
Theories of Race and Ethnicity, 2007.
This paper looks at different works to examine theories of race and ethnicity.
1,123 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 24.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the concept of race. The writer points out that the concept of race is not valid from a biological point of view, due to what has been discovered through DNA research. The writer claims that the work of Michael Banton and Henry E. Hale, and the essays of Michael J. Bamshad / Steve E. Olson and Satel give the reader plenty of ideas from which to cull out the meaning of "race" and "ethnicity." The writer concludes by pointing out that there really is no "race" per se; the world is made up of cultural groups based on their own attraction and relationship to others of like cultures.
From the Paper
"That said, the issue is more complicated than merely saying that race and biology are now officially divorced, and that is simply because medicine is involved. And in the past, when medicine became intertwined with race, ethnic peoples of color and biology, a reader learns to his utter horror, shame and brutally callus disregard for human life, is sometimes not far behind. For example, Satel explains that when the "Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment" was conducted (hundreds of sharecroppers - African-Americans - were part of the experiment but never told they had syphilis), those humans (incredibly) were not given penicillin, and many died. Using humans as guinea pigs in a study of what happens to the body when syphilis is left untreated borders on the viciousness of some of Nazi Germany's "human experiments" on innocent Jews."
|
|
|
