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Genetically Modified Foods, 2008.
A look at the argument for and against genetically modified (GM) or genetically engineered (GE) foods.
2,377 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 15 sources, APA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the ongoing debate over genetically modified (GM) or genetically engineered (GE) foods, which includes such issues as labeling, GM free stores and federal regulations. The paper first explains that GM or GE foods are defined as crop plants created for human or animal consumption using the latest molecular biology techniques. The paper then relates that, despite FDA approval, opponents of GM foods can be found worldwide and their opposition concerns issues such as environmental violation, contamination of non-GM crops, harm to wildlife, and health hazards. Next, the paper looks and how those in favor of GM and GE foods point out the benefits of these foods, such as an increase in crop yield, an improvement in nutritional quality, economic growth, environmental protection, food for world poor, and health enhancement. The paper contends that it is important to educate consumers about these foods since it appears that their production will continue.
From the Paper
"From the beginning of discussions on regulations regarding GM foods, this topic has led to serious debates in government, organizations and consumers. Albert Gore, Jr. (D-Tenn.) held the first congressional hearing on the implications of genetic engineering in 1983. He used the example of the European gypsy moth and its destruction of the environment, stressing that the organisms being created today are completely new genotypes and their potential for environmental damage could be significant. He stated, it is essential that "we understand all the potential environmental ramifications of an organism before it is released into the ecosystem--instead of waiting and finding out about them after damage has occurred" (Gore, 1985, p. 12). Most American citizens who knew of this new field did not show support to alter plants and animals. They were insisting that biotechnology experiments be performed in sealed facilities and that any genetically modified products be strictly monitored."
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Occupational Health and Lighting, 2008.
This paper examines the use of lighting in managing some of the adverse effects of shift work.
2,017 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that shift work, accompanied by irregular sleeping patterns in which the individual is unable to get enough sleep, results in occupational health and safety hazards and increases the individual's chances of depression and even cancer. The paper explores how lighting in the work place can reduce these negative effects experienced by shift workers while promoting workplace occupational health and safety. The paper focuses on two products available in today's market that have been shown to be effective in re-regulation of the circadian rhythm of workers, namely, the Sunnex Biotechnologies Greenlight System and the Litebook System.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Disadvantages of Shift Work
Sunnex Biotechnologies Greenlight System
Litebook System
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Shift work has been demonstrated in scientific research to negatively affect the health of workers and even been noted to be a factor in women developing breast cancer. Shift work is a factor in many cases of depression and other health complications and diseases as well. The eye of the human being is sensitive to light in a variation of ranges based upon the wavelength of the light. Light-measurement considers the sensitivity curve of the eye, or the 'photonic response cycle' using the measurement-unit known as a 'lux'. Some light in this sensitivity range is brighter than other light. The following chart demonstrates that bright light of a yellow light than that of a deep blue light "even though their actual output may be the same.' (2001) "
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James D. Watson's "The Double Helix", 2008.
Reviews James D. Watson's "The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA" from the viewpoint of his involvement with Dr. Linus Pauling.
765 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
Although James Watson is the main protagonist and hero of his book "The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA", this paper reviews his scientific and personal relationships with Dr. Linus Pauling The author describes an episode from the book in which Pauling meets Watson and is joined by Watson's sister Elizabeth, whom Watson wants to hook up with Pauling, not knowing that he was already married. The paper is written creatively in the voice of Dr. Pauling.
From the Paper
"One day when Watson was doing his research in Copenhagen working on his DNA discoveries, he received some journal articles that I had written, that were sent over from the U.S. He later told me when we met in London that he did not understand everything I was saying in the language of lab chemistry, but that he liked some of my interesting sentences. He said that when he writes his book to tell the world how he discovered the DNA secrets, he would write it in a way that would be fun to read even for a person not up to speed in deep math and chemistry."
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Ethics and Patenting, 2008.
This paper discusses patenting and ethics and looks at the commercialization of living things.
1,271 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of biology and biodiversity. Specifically the writer discusses the possibility of patenting living things and looks at what the limitations are on this patenting process. The writer explains that living things can be patented, but there are certain limitations on the patenting process. The writer also notes that there are numerous ethical issues surrounding the patenting of living things, and the morality of this practice comes into question. However, the ethics of this practice remain in question. The writer concludes that the Patent office should have guidelines that severely restrict the issuing of patents on living things, because living things, especially humans, should never become a commodity.
From the Paper
"This created impetus to patent all types of living things, from bacterium to the Harvard mouse, and today, patents are routinely granted on living things, seemingly without any thought. The Patent office does not allow the patenting of a human being, but in the case of the law on mammal cloning, humans are not excluded from the language of the patent, which leaves the patent open to human as well as other types of mammal cloning. Therefore, the Patent office is sending mixed messages with its granting of patents, and it could be conceivable that the office would support a patent for human beings in the future. This is a frightening thought for many people who do not support the idea of cloning humans on both religious and moral grounds, and it will certainly lead to a public outcry if it occurs."
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Understanding the Arctic Fox, 2008.
The paper is a study of the arctic fox and the role it plays in the environmental balance of the arctic region.
2,868 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 60.95
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Abstract
Peripheral to the concern and implications of the melting arctic regions is the concern about the wildlife supported by the region. The author of the paper focuses his study on the arctic fox. The writer attempts to build an understanding and image of this creature about which very little attention has been given in discussions on environmental concerns. This paper examines the role of the arctic fox in the environmental balance of the arctic region; because in the harsh environment of the arctic where it becomes very easy to forget about global warming and endangered habitats in sub zero temperatures, every life form, including the arctic fox, is but a component in the balance of nature and life in the region.
From the Paper
"Concerns about the lemming population as a vanishing food source upon which the arctic fox relies is probably less of an issue than what the access to the region will mean to the arctic fox as a species. With the changing weather, it can be expected that mankind will expand his own habitat into regions previously unpopulated in the arctic. A region where the harsh weather itself, the frozen tundra, the snow, are the roaming grounds of the arctic fox, it can be expected that we might see a decline in the numbers of artic fox as a result of man's presence over the environmental changes. The artic fox, described as a "hardy" animal, is no doubt, like foxes in other regions, able to sustain itself as a small predator and as a scavenger of bigger animals; but it probably cannot stave off the harm it faces by the presence of mankind in its environment."
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Adrenal Glands, 2008.
An overview of the function of the adrenal glands and the condition of adrenal fatigue.
2,167 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper outlines the organization of our body and explains the meaning of the term 'homeostasis'. The paper focuses on the adrenal glands and their function, which is to help the body cope with stresses and emergencies. The paper discusses adrenal fatigue, its signs and symptoms and its treatments.
Outline:
The Body Organization
Homeostasis
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Fatigue
Signs and Symptoms
Treatments
Flu, Allergies and the Adrenals
From the Paper
"The human body is an organized system, which consists of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems (Degen 2008). A cell is the basic unit of structure and function in every living thing or organism. It performs the basic functions to keep the organism alive. Most cells are microscopic. Each cell is covered by a cell membrane. Inside it is the nucleus, which controls and directs the cell's activities. It also contains all the information on the cell's characteristics. Cells form a tissue to perform the same function. The four basic types of tissue are muscle, nervous, connective and epithelial. Tissues, in turn, form an organ."
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The Causes of Schizophrenia, 2008.
A paper exploring how genetics, brain damage and environmental stresses interact to cause schizophrenia.
1,663 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the complex interplay of genetic predispositions, the environment and physical factors in the development of schizophrenia. The paper then details the uncontrollable biological, genetic and environmental factors as well as the controllable genetic and nurturing factors and highlights how their role is still unclear in causing schizophrenia to manifest itself.
From the Paper
"Schizophrenia is one of the most severe chronic mental illnesses an individual can face over the course of his or her lifetime. People with schizophrenia can suffer a wide range of debilitating symptoms, including hearing voices that are not really there, feeling as if their thoughts are being controlled by outside forces, fearing that their minds can be read against their will, or they can exhibit other paranoid symptoms that alienate the individual from the rest of society. Schizophrenics often find it difficult to organize their thoughts and communicate with other people. Instead, they may speak with jumbled and disordered phrases (Spearing, 2002)."
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Fragile X Syndrome: Causation and Controversy, 2008.
An analysis of the causation and controversy surrounding fragile X syndrome.
1,469 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses fragile X syndrome, the specific collection of often quite diverse physical, behavioral and mental afflictions that are caused by a specific gene change. The paper discusses the range of symptoms and concerns regarding the transmission of the syndrome as well as the controversy over attempting to identify carriers of the syndrome.
From the Paper
"Medical ethicists like Dorothy Nelkin oppose such programs, even with the parent's consent, arguing that the school system should treat the symptoms of the syndrome, if it is present--in short, an autistic-like Fragile X sufferer should be treated in the same method as a child with autism with another cause, just as a Fragile X sufferer experiencing difficulty reading should receive resource room help. The argument is that because the level of impairment is so varied, a relatively mildly impaired child could be unfairly tarnished with the label of hopelessly unable to learn because of a genetic defect. Of course, the issue of genetic testing is, invariably a thorny one, as is the danger of identifying a child with a mild case as 'marked' may do more harm than good, and stigmatize him or her for life. Nelkin even argues that there is a danger that "a false diagnosis of Fragile-X could stigmatize a child as potentially disabled" wrongfully (Nelkin 1996: 540). However, there is no denying that this disease is genetic, and an unidentified individual could pass on the trait to his or her offspring."
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Williams Syndrome, 2008.
An overview of the genetic neurodevelopmental disorder known as Williams syndrome.
1,748 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the social behavior and social characteristics of Williams syndrome as well as the differences in the brain systems and networks. The paper looks at how individuals with Williams syndrome have specific strengths and weaknesses and notes that the study of the human brain in general may gain much from the study of this syndrome.
Outline:
Abstract
Statement of Problem
Introduction
Effect, Social Behavior and Social Characteristics of WS
Brain Differences in Individuals with WS
Major Findings
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Williams Syndrome is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder that is rare and is only recently being understood by science, and occurs in only one in 7,500 live births. This condition stems from a deletion, or genetic aberration which results in a missing hormone, on chromosome 7q11.23 and causes the individual to display physical and neuropsychological profile characteristics. Also included in the gene deletion is gene ELN, which is the gene responsible for coding important elastic protein, elastin, in connective tissues that are especially present in the larger blood vessels in the body such as the aorta."
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"The Selfish Gene" and "Savage Inequalities", 2008.
A critique of Richard Dawkins' "The Selfish Gene" and Jonathan Kozol's "Savage Inequalities".
3,224 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 12 sources, APA, £ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the the Darwinian theory of evolution present in the books "The Selfish Gene" by Richard Dawkins and "Savage Inequalities" by Jonathan Kozol. The author critiques Richard Dawkins' suggestion of a 'selfish gene' in his book, in which he takes the complex science of genetics and uses it to explain sociological phenomenon. The author argues that Dawkins, does not advocate the idea that evolution is equatable with morality instead, he divorces evolution from morality to present his theory of how evolution shapes sociology. The author also discusses Jonathan Kozol's concerns about the moral and political implications of Social Darwinism and critiques that, although Kozol does a good job with describing the problems of social inequalities, he hardly addresses educational reforms.
From the Paper
"Research reveals that meaningful educational reform is going to require an overarching change in the social structure value memes. First, society is going to have to understand that all children are equal and deserve equal educational opportunities. It would be easy to suggest that society should view all humans as equal, but that is an impossible goal. Adults recognize that not all human beings are equal. Through life circumstances, by the time people enter into adult life, they do have differences in potential. Furthermore, by adulthood, differences in choices have frequently furthered the gap in potential. To pretend that those differences do not exist is to try to establish a meme that will not take root because it is contradicted by the daily life experiences of members of both the dominant the subordinate social class."
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Permeable Reactive Barriers, 2008.
A review of research and innovative technologies that have evolved to assist the removal of heavy metal from groundwater.
1,204 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper notes that heavy metals pose devastating health risks to humans. The paper comments that methods for removing heavy metals from water has become the focus of the development of remediation technologies and that permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) are the latest technology to be investigated for a multitude of site applications. This technology appeals to the "green" side of groundwater remediation and represents the newest attempts at large scale, low-cost technology for heavy metals and a variety of other contaminants. PRB's are in situ methods for purifying ground water that has been contaminated with a variety of substances. The paper discusses the introduction of this system, its applications, advantages and disadvantages.
Outline:
Introduction
Case Studies
Advantages/Disadvantages
Issues That Could be Encountered with Full-Scale Implementation
Cost Analysis
Alternatives to Technology
Conclusion and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Another key advantage is that it is highly customizable to the needs of the site. The configuration of the membrane can be modified to fit the hydrogeology of the site. The ability to customize PRBs makes it suitable for a number of sites where other technologies may be inappropriate. One of the key disadvantages of the technology is that it can take a long time before a reduction in contaminant will be noticed. This is particularly true where the natural water flow of the site is slow. There may be some species that are not cleaned by the system. The system must be maintained and repaired as needed. The technology is so new that no one knows how long the barrier will last before it has to be replaced."
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The Eden Project, 2008.
An examination of the purpose, target audiences and marketing for the Eden Project.
5,620 words (approx. 22.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Eden Project, which is one of the largest ecotourism sites in the world. It discusses the purpose of the Eden Project and how it utilizes the natural environment of Cornwall. The paper then looks at how the Eden Project has developed, including target audiences and marketing campaigns. The paper contains graphs and tables.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
How Does Eden Project Benefit the Community?
Leisure Opportunities in Cornwall
Leisure Spending in Cornwall
Cornish Holiday Pattern
Development of Eden
Stakeholders
Advertising Efforts of the Past
The Experience at Eden
Marketing Plan
Target Marketing
Marketing Mix
Proposed Marketing Mix
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Eden project promotes to two different target markets. Future marketing can still maintain connections with the younger demographic group that are already addressed by the current market mix, while continuing to build the older demographic group. In the beginning, the project took advantage of the press, and traditional method of reaching the older target audience through brochures and leaflets. However, they eventually began to take advantage of the opportunities that the Internet has to offer. The following will discuss each of the elements of the marketing mix that will be used to grow the older demographic segment of the target audience, while still continuing to promote concerts and other events to the younger demographic group."
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Biometric Entry and Ignition System, 2008.
This paper looks at the use of biometric identification devices for vehicles.
822 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that biometric devices such as fingerprint identification gadgets have only recently been applied to the motor industry. The writer points out that biometric technology developed beyond fingerprinting during the 1960s and 1970s, with the implementation of military biometric authentication procedures. The writer also notes that, controversially, biometric technology has also become part of the security measures put in place after 9/11. At airports, for example, biometric identification has been used to increase safety and security during flights. The writer discusses fingerprint biometric technology concentrating on the use of a fingerprint device within the motor industry. The writer concludes that with thorough research, fingerprinting devices for cars and other vehicles can join the existing pool of available devices in order to maintain the car owner's peace of mind and general security.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Background and Introduction
Main Conclusions
Recommendations
From the Paper
"Because of its groundbreaking technology and the fact that it makes car theft more difficult than ordinary immobilizing devices, biometric fingerprinting devices for immobilizing and car door locking holds particular advantages over other anti-theft devices. The main advantage is that thieves who steal the car keys cannot either unlock or start vehicles with such devices. This is also useful for other vehicles such as trucks that hold valuable cargo. Of course there is the possibility of cutting off fingers, but the availability of easier targets of car theft can make this fairly unlikely.
"Generally, the use of fingerprinting in developing anti-theft devices for cars appears to have a very bright future. As the technology develops, the use of car keys could be entirely eliminated in the future."
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Ethical Dilemmas in Genetic Testing, 2008.
An argument of the importance of genetic testing despite the ethical dilemmas that are involved.
2,806 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses medical ethical dilemmas that are related to genetic testing. In particular, the paper looks at the development of testing and potential treatment of genetically based disease or disease risk. The paper also discusses the value of genetic testing based on the idea that one must know what causes a disease or a disease risk before it can be prevented.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Ethic of Care vs. Ethic of Justice
Economic Issues of Genetic Testing
Stigmatization
Conclusion
From the Paper
"What the long term effects of selecting out these traits of abnormality may do is an unknown, but it could fundamentally shift the paradigm of what is an acceptable allocation for resources and support. Traditional models of care and resources could be significantly impacted by the idea that we as a world have the resources and information necessary to select these abnormalities out of the gene pool and if that is not done then it is no longer society's responsibility to care for an support those who are mentally and or physically abnormal. Additionally, the fundamental idea of what it means as parent to raise a child with a disability may be shifted, as more and more people seek out the avoidance of such through genetic testing."
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