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Black Holes, 2000.
A definition, creation of, theory, methods of discovery, observation and analysis.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, £ 28.95
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From the Paper
"Black Holes
Background
Many areas of astronomical research are inter related so that knowledge gained in one area causes a rethinking of other issues and provides evidence to solve old and new problems. One area of research that offers information useful to astronomers and physicists on many different issues is the search for black holes, an ongoing process that has been enhanced by the creation of the Hubble Space Telescope, and a central location for studying black holes is the Space Telescope Science Institute, the nerve center of the Hubble.
Black holes are theorized celestial bodies with a surface gravity so strong that nothing can escape from them, including light. If a star more massive than the Sun should undergo gravitational collapse at..."
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Psychology Of UfO', 1999.
Examines the psychology and mythology of the belief in UFOs as an example of irrational thought.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, £ 43.95
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From the Paper
"INTRODUCTION
People tend to believe all sorts of non-scientific and paranormal concepts and to accept this belief without proof. A prevalent belief is that aliens from some other cosmic body have visited the earth, though there is no direct proof of such an event. Many see this belief as deriving from the prevalence of science fiction in literature, films, and television and from anxiety brought about during the Cold War era, but in fact some belief in alien beings can be found throughout history, though identifying these interlopers as aliens from another planet is more common today than to see them as demons or emissaries from heaven or hell (even though many people believe in visitations from both these realms as well). Psychologists have considered the source of irrational beliefs of all sorts, including a belief ..."
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Mars Pathfinder, 1999.
Examines the mission's success, purpose, cost, findings, technology, Sojourner rover and its future impact.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, £ 47.95
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Abstract
The Mars Pathfinder Mission was an extremely successful venture, which has boosted the NASA Discovery Program and planet exploration in general. The data collected delivered some interesting surprises, but has contributed to our knowledge about the planet Mars and created basis for further study.
From the Paper
"Mars Pathfinder - Generating Useful Data and Goodwill
The Mars Pathfinder Mission was an extremely successful venture, which has boosted the NASA Discovery Program and planet exploration in general. The data collected delivered some interesting surprises, but has contributed to our knowledge about the planet Mars and created basis for further study.
The Mars Pathfinder mission was the second launch in the NASA Discovery Program. Missions falling under this umbrella are of short duration, three years or less, and relatively low cost at 150 million dollars. The specific mission of the Mars Pathfinder was primarily to provide an engineering demonstration of the key technologies and concepts which will eventually be used in future missions. The mission was to demonstrate a low-..."
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Supernovae, 1999.
Examines dying stars, their causes, effects, theories and the example of SNV 1987A.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 15 sources, £ 33.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the phenomenon of supernovae. The plan of the research will be to set forth the context in which supernova observation and study have emerged in recent years, and then to discuss difficulties associated with supernova definition, study, and understanding, with reference to studies that have been undertaken regarding supernovas in general and the supernova known as SNV 1987A in particular.
On February 23, 1987, a truly cosmic event occurred--or more exactly was found to have occurred. Telescopes in New Zealand and Chile observed what was called the "brightest and closest" supernova to earth since "Kepler's supernova" in 1604 (Rensberger A7; Cowen 120). This was front-page news because telescopes had witnessed the event (marked by uncommon brightness), the historic proximity of the event to earth, and the fact that the initial ..."
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Mission To Mars, 1997.
Discusses the underlying questions surrounding a manned mission to Mars. Examines whether there is sufficient technology in existence, what kinds of data can be expected, what sorts of problems can be anticipated and whether it is important.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, £ 18.95
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From the Paper
"Manned Mission to Mars
Ever since the Sojourner began sending back video images from Mars, a renewed interest in the possibility of a manned mission to Mars has occurred. Such a plan as a mission to Mars raises all sorts of scientific, technical, and philosophical questions that this analysis will attempt to deal with. The main questions covered will be: 1) is there sufficient technology right now to handle such a mission? 2) is it important? 3) what kinds of data can it be expected will be returned? and 4) what are the problems of such a mission?
Is Technology Available
According the best data available, a manned mission to Mars is conceivable using the current technology resources available."
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Fluid Regulation in Weightless State, 1996.
Examines research studies & space flight experiments measuring body fluid changes for scientific & medical purposes.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, £ 47.95
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From the Paper
" Fluid Regulation in a Microgravity Environment
The extraterrestrial environment presents human beings with innumerable physiologic challenges. Astronauts engaged in space flight may experience alteration of their bodily fluids and electrolyte balance. Weightlessness generally causes a reduction in total fluid volume. In addition, there is typically a cephalad redistribution of the blood and other body fluids. This cephalad shift initiates a series of compensatory mechanisms, many of which involve hormonal fluctuations. Unfortunately, data collected from human subjects during actual space flight is rather scarce. This paucity has led to the use of various ground-based weightlessness simulations. Two important experimental techniques include the water immersion and bed rest methods. Unfortunately though, despite the considerable research.."
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Cosmologies, 1996.
Compares world views, mythologies, origins of universe & human life among Chinese yin-yang school, Amer.-Indians & Mayans.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 10 sources, £ 33.95
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From the Paper
"Different cultures produce their own particular way of structuring the world they see around them. They use religion and ritual to explain, to gain control, and to express their own sense of connectedness to their environment. Pre-scientific societies develop their own mythologies to explain the origin of the universe and of human life. A comparison of three such societies shows how varied these ideas can be, with reference to the Maya, the ancient Chinese, and the Indians of the American southwest.
The New Text School in China was dominant throughout most of the Former Han dynasty and was given its name only later in apposition to the Old Text school, which rose to prominence in the time of Christ and gained ascendance through the Later Han dynasty. By "old" text the name means that the work was written..."
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The Search for Extra-terrestial Intelligence, 1996.
Discusses the history & methods of the Search for Extra-Terrestial Intelligence (SETI). Examines both professional, government funded efforts & private, amateur ones.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 8 sources, £ 57.95
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From the Paper
"For almost as long as people have studied the sky, the question of whether intelligent beings exist elsewhere has remained. Until recently, only conjecture and flights of imagination provided any answers at all.
Mars, being one of Earth's closer planetary neighbors, often evoked conjecture. In the 1890's the astronomer Percival Lowell misinterpreted the discoveries of a contemporary, Giovanni Schiaparelli, as canals cut into the Martian surface (Blazing a trail to Mars, 97). In 1922, Guglielmo Marconi used a radio receiver aboard his private yacht to listen for broadcasts from Mars (Shostak, 1995, 1). The search for extra terrestrial intelligence has widened considerably since then. Recent..."
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Black Holes, 2002.
An introduction one of space's greatest phenomenons, black holes.
577 words (approx. 2.3 pages), 4 sources, £ 12.95
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Abstract
The paper defines black holes and explains what they are made up of. The paper explores common misconceptions surrounding black holes, as well as other mysteries. Finally the paper examines theories regarding how black holes eventually end.
From the Paper
"Black holes, one of space?s greatest phenomenons, appear to be tremendous concentrations of matter, usually at the center of a galaxy; however, smaller back holes are possible. The matter is in the form of neutrons, protons, and electrons, tightly packed together by their mutual gravitational attraction. The beautifully descriptive name comes from the fact that light cannot exit from a Black hole. They are suspected to form in the death and collapse of a star that began with more than10 times the sun's mass (those with less mass become white dwarfs or neutron stars)."
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Mars Global Surveyor, 2001.
Nature, function & purpose of Mars Observer mission. NASA timeline. Instrumentation. Outline.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, £ 23.95
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From the Paper
"The Mars Global Surveyor is an American spacecraft which went into orbit around Mars on September 12, 1997 to conduct a detailed photographic survey of the planet beginning in March 1998. The spacecraft used a formerly untried technique called aerobraking to turn its initially highly elongated orbit into a circular orbit by dipping into the outer atmosphere of the planet. This was a $273 million project that began sending important data about the planet's surface at a quarter of the cost of the Mars Observer mission, which had failed in 1993 (Lawler, 2000).
Mars has long been a particular goal for space exploration. The planet has excited the human imagination, perhaps because of the many literary and dramatic works that suggested civilizations on Mars, and certainly because of the long-ago.."
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Cassini Spacecraft, 2001.
Description & complexity of spacecraft; its characteristics; tests; purpose of probe including outline.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, £ 23.95
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From the Paper
"The Cassini spacecraft was launched on October 15, 1997 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station using a U.S. Air Force Titan IVB/Centaur launch vehicle. The launch vehicle consisted of a two stage Titan IV booster rocket, two strap on solid rocket motors, the Centaur upper stage, and a payload enclosure or fairing. The complete Cassini flight system included the launch vehicle and the spacecraft, and the spacecraft, in turn, is composed of the orbiter and the Huygens probe. Such a space mission develops from a set of scientific goals, and in this case, science hopes to gain a better understanding of the planet Saturn, its famous rings, its magnetosphere, its principal moon Titan, and its other moons or "icy satellites." There may also be many other benefits, including technology spin offs, international cooperation, and educational motivation for people..."
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Voyager Interstellar Mission, 2001.
Purpose & history of mission. Discoveries of Voyager 1& 2. Modification of original plans. Outline.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, £ 23.95
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From the Paper
"ne of mankind's great dreams is the discovery of other planetary systems and the ability to travel to them, and a first step in fulfilling this dream is the unmanned probe represented by the Voyager Interstellar Mission. This is a difficult mission by any measure. Voyager I was launched September 5, 1977, and after it has been speeding along for more than 20 years, it is now 6.8 billion miles away from Earth traveling at nearly 51,000 miles per hour. In cosmic terms, that is only about 10 light hours away. However, the closest star to Earth is Proxima Centauri, which is 4.3 light years, or 25 trillion miles, away. If Voyager were pointed in the right direction, it is calculated that it would take some 74,000 years to make the trip. However, effective interstellar missions must occur on a human time scale preferably within an individual's lifetime..."
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Hubble Space Telescope, 2001.
History & purpose of space-based observatory. Instrumentation. Projects & discoveries. Outline.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, £ 23.95
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From the Paper
"The Hubble Space Telescope is a cooperative program of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for the operation of a long lived space based observatory for the benefit of the international astronomical community. The idea was first developed in the 1940s, designed and built in the 1970s and 80s, and made operational only in the 1990s. This was to be a different type of mission for NASA, to create a long term space based observatory. In order to accomplish this goal and to protect the spacecraft against instrument and equipment failures, NASA had always planned on regular servicing missions. The Hubble has special grapple fixtures, 76 handholds, and is stabilized in all three axes. The Hubble is a 2.4 meter reflecting telescope which was deployed in low ..."
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The Challenger Space Shuttle Disaster, 2001.
Looks at the problems and failures in the decision making process that led to the led to the Challenger space shuttle disaster.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 0 sources, £ 38.95
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From the Paper
"In order for the stakeholders in the shuttle program are to be satisfied that a disaster of the Challenger type will never occur again the decision making process that allowed the disaster must be explored. It is fair to state that certain kinds of decisions that stood on their own merit should no longer have credence.
In the broadest possible sense, despite the tremendous accomplishments of the engineers, scientists, and management involved in the shuttle program, the greatest mistake in respect to Challenger was enthusiasm. The groundwork for any project from ditch-digging to landing a rocket on the moon, must be laid with careful, methodical work that allows for no shortcutting..."
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