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"Beyond Hitler's Grasp", 2002.
A review of the non-fiction work "Beyond Hitler's Grasp" by Michael Bar-Zohar.
949 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly reviews the work by Bar-Zohar called "Beyond Hitler's Grasp". The paper begins by stating that Peshev's story, along with many others, was long forgotten but has been revived, and he has become a major heroic figure in Bulgaria. The writer explores the actions of the main character Peshev, in light of his Bulgarian nationality and background and the risks he faced in helping the Jews the way he did.
From the Paper
"Dimiter Peshev was the vice president of the Bulgarian Parliament, and when he heard the rumors of the impending deportations of the Jews, he formed an action group in the town of Kustendil. He took his case to higher-ups, appearing before the minister of the interior to insist that the deportation orders be altered immediately. Peshev was particularly motivated by humanitarian concerns, but he also had political motivations because in the aftermath of the German failure at Stalingrad, it was believed that Bulgaria should not become involved in such a monstrous act because that would endanger her chances of disengaging from the German alliance when necessary."
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Hitler and the Holocaust: Intentionalism vs. Functionalism, 2002.
A detailed historiographical analysis of the theories of intentionalism and functionalism as they relate to the Final Solution and the Holocaust.
2,985 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the theories of intentionalism and functionalism in relation to the development and implementation of Hitler's Final Solution. The first theory holds that the Final Solution was the direct result of Hitler's anti-Semitic ideology and his orders to that effect. The second theory of functionalism asserts that the Final Solution developed haphazardly as a result of external pressures. The paper draws upon a wealth of historiographical evidence to support its findings. The writer weighs the merits of both theories and ultimately finds in favor of the theory of intentionalism.
From the Paper
"The Holocaust was the deliberate and bureaucratic annihilation of eleven million people, six million of whom were Jews, by Hitler and his Nazi regime between 1933 and 1945. The Holocaust was the greatest genocidal attempt ever made and arguably the greatest demonstration of man?s inhumanity to man that the world has ever seen. Even now, the Holocaust?s legacy of death and destruction strikes fear and sorrow into the hearts of people around the world. Perhaps one of the greatest and most pressing questions of modern civilization is just how and why the horrible atrocities of the Holocaust occurred. There are two modern theories as to the origin of Hitler?s Final Solution, the final plan for the extermination of all Jews and other ?inferior? peoples. These two theories are known simply as intentionalism and functionalism. The traditional theory of intentionalism holds that there is a clear linear relation between Hitler?s anti-Semitic ideology and the Final Solution."
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Supersessionism, 2002.
An exploration of supersessionism at it relates to the Jews during the Holocaust.
1,578 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the concept of supersessionism, as it relates to the Jews and anti-Semitism in general. The writer defines supersessionism as the historical and/or religious absorption, of Jews in this case, into the Christian realm. The paper also explores the question of the identity and responsibility of Christians and Jews in light of the Holocaust and the issues of individual religious belief, history and culture.
From the Paper
"The dangers of supersessionism are exemplified in the attitude of the Catholic Church to the converted Jew Edith Stein who was murdered by the Nazis. The Church has declared that it did not intend to usurp the suffering of the Jews by honoring Edith, but the act still causes distrust among Jews. At the same time, where there is conflict, there is the hope of ongoing dialogue, and Garber makes clear that the Catholic Church has tried to explain the meaning of its actions from its perspective, and Jewish leaders have shown appreciation for that. Both religions believe in God's redemption of human beings, but in different ways."
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Modern Jewish History, 2002.
Examines Jewish history with an emphasis on the Holocaust and the Haskalah, the Jewish enlightenment.
1,269 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
In modern times, the transformation of both the religious and traditional aspects of Judaism from traditional beliefs and customs led directly to the formation of a Jewish homeland. This essay traces the causes and effects of both the Haskalah or Jewish Enlightenment and the Holocaust, the two most important events in contemporary Jewish history. Special attention is given to their contribution to the Zionist effort to establish the state of Israel.
From the Paper
"As the power of host states began to rise, Jewish autonomy decreased, and with it, the authority of the traditional Jewish leaders, the rabbis, also decreased. In their place, maskilim gained power, promoting the rational thinking inherent in the general European Enlightenment. The most famous maskil, Moses Mendelssohn, advocated reforms in
which the Jews would be able to socially and culturally integrate into their host societies (Finder Sept. 12, 2002). This was to be accomplished largely through reformed education in which secular subjects were added to the more traditional religious subjects (Sorkin 53). The learning of vernacular languages, adoption of local manners, and reformation of economic behavior were also goals of the Haskalah. The ultimate goal of the Haskalah was to achieve full citizenship for Jews by convincing the surrounding gentile, or non-Jewish, population of the equality of their Jewish neighbors (Sorkin 5). This process was unsystematic and often required changes to Jewish traditions."
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The United States and Hitler?s Jews, 2000.
An examination of the U.S. response to Hitler's treatment of European Jewry.
4,005 words (approx. 16.0 pages), 15 sources, MLA, £ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the responses of the American public, press and government to the Holocaust in Europe during World War II. It discusses whether the U.S. government did enough to stop the genocide of over six million Jews. It shows how the U.S. government did very little to stop Hitler, how the press made little effort to give the proper coverage and how this kept the public ill-informed and passive.
From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to examine the responses of the American public, press and government to the Holocaust in Europe during World War II and to ask the question: Did the U.S. do enough to stop the genocide to over six million Jews?. The answer is simple: no. The U.S. government did very little to stop Hitler, the press made little effort to give the proper coverage and that in turn kept the public ill-informed and they acted very passively. There were different responses and actions taken by the U.S. While President Roosevelt had good intentions, he failed to help the Jews in Europe. The State Department of the U.S. took many actions to actually hinder the efforts of the people and government officials. The civilians of the United States were very passive towards relief of the victims of the Holocaust. However, there were some individuals, Jewish and non-Jewish alike, that made incredible efforts to do anything that they could. But over all, not enough was done to help the victims of the Holocaust."
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Leni Riefenstahl's Contribution to Hitler's Campaign, 2002.
This paper looks at the work and contribution to Hitler's campaign, of Leni Riefenstahl, German actress and filmmaker who directed "The Triumph of the Will" in 1934.
1,775 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
The writer examines the film "Triumph of the Spirit" and more closely the filmmaker "Leni Riefenstahl". The paper attempts to analyze whether Leni's participation in the production of this movie assisted and promoted Hitler's ideas and actions, and by doing so, placed her in the role or war criminal, not just film maker. The writer uses direct quotes from the time as well as historical stories to explore her involvement in Hitler's campaign and her subsequent guilt or innocence.
From the Paper
"Consider first the nature of the film itself. The documentary Triumph of the Will, directed by Leni Riefenstahl, presents the Nazi era through a particular prism showing it as heroic, elevating, and inspiring. The film is actually less overt about the propaganda elements than one might expect, with Riefenstahl hiding them in elegiac and poetic images whose effect is to elevate the Nazi party and its leader. The occasion was the Nuremberg rally in 1935 at which Hitler made a rousing speech that solidified his political power over the people. The film is not objective at all, and while the subject matter may be considered frightening and horrible, the techniques used by Riefenstahl in shaping the footage remain among the prime examples of documentary film-making. As propaganda, the film is extremely effective."
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"Maus", 2003.
A review of the comic book "Maus" by Art Spielegman with an emphasis on how it discusses the Holocaust, through this non-academic form.
1,327 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the comic book "Maus" by Art Spielegman and analyzes how its portrayal of the history of the Holocaust is shown as subjective to its characters and relationships, mediated by time and memory. It looks at how Spielegman?s task is challenging in its scope, in trying to grasp the human dimensions of an unfathomable experience of a Holocaust survivor. It evaluates how the medium of the comic strip aids in the creating a larger exposure to the story, as well as demonstrating the assembly of a history as a narrative through its use of inclusive interviews and interview methods.
From the Paper
"Remembering is a construction of the past, clips of memory placed into frame. Maus examines the limitations of the techniques of recording experience, by engaging the problems of oral history and memory. The comic strip is a story about telling a story, the testimony of a witness to a significant historical event, as well as a telling of that event. Because it is only one man?s story of the Holocaust, his interpretation is limited in the larger picture of the Holocaust. Yet it also becomes everyman?s story due to the personalizing of the event, the ability an individual?s story has to humanize and universalize. Artie discusses his father?s romances, depression, things that would not otherwise be included or deemed important in a life history during a time of war and genocide. "
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Elie Wiesel?s ?Night?, 2002.
This paper reviews Elie Wiesel?s ?Night? in which he recounts his experience in the concentration camps of World War II.
860 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 17.95
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Abstract
This paper states that Elie Wiesel?s ?Night? is a terrifying account of the horrors of Holocaust through the eyes of a child who sees his family killed and whose own spirit is sorely tested, even these many years later, as he looks back on these events. The paper explains that the boy questions everything that in the past has provided some sense of stability--the community, the family, and God as well. The author feels that this book is an exploration of personal identity and an attempt for one man to come to grips with the fact that he has survived while so many did not.
From the Paper
"The Holocaust tested those who survived and left them with questions that cannot be answered, or with answers, they could not understand. Moshe says the questions come from the soul and stay there until death, and the question of how and why this could happen is such a question. It is evident that this book is in part an attempt to come to grips with that question, though ultimately the boy who wonders about God in the beginning and who feels by the end that he has been all but abandoned by God never finds the answer as to why this has happened."
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"Night", 2002.
Analysis of the themes and symbols in Elie Wiesel's novel, "Night".
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the historical and personal importance of the themes and symbols in Elie Wiesel's award-winning novel on the Holocaust, "Night." The paper examines the symbolism behind the title, the main character's struggle to maintain faith in God and the "silence" of God, the inhumanity of the holocaust, and the change in the father-son relationship between Eliezer and his father.
From the Paper
"Elie Wiesel?s Night is a deep and dark first hand look into the horrors of the Holocaust. However, more than being just a book on the external events that occurred during this horrific period, it is a story of the internal struggle of a boy who was the only one of his family and one of the extremely fortunate people in the camps to have survived long enough to be rescued. Although the boy in Night is not Elie Wiesel himself, he writes the novel as an autobiography in which the story is virtually the same as was his own, but with some minor details changed. It is really a human document, a first-hand look into the horrific and barely believable acts of inhumanity of the holocaust, and an in-depth look into the slow, torturous destruction of a human soul. This is more than a witnessing of events, more than a historical first-person account of facts. This is a personal story that was similar to millions of others, a story of a moment in history where even God could not have existed. By analyzing the themes and symbols of this work we can better understand the impact the holocaust had on the world and the souls of humanity, the horrific historical impact, and begin to understand what humanity is truly capable of doing to its own kind."
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WWII Chemical Warfare, 1997.
The December 1943 Luftwaffe attack on Bari, Italy.
4,016 words (approx. 16.1 pages), 13 sources, APA, £ 63.95
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Abstract
Historical paper on the little known accidental release of toxic mustard gas during WWII by the Americans. The paper examines in great deal the attack on Bari and discusses many of the battles before and after this attack. It questions whether the American's use of chemical agents was useful in achieving their goals and how this impacted the rest of World War Two.
From the Paper
"During World War II, one of the main goals of the Nazis in Germany was to destroy as many ?unwanted? populations as possible. To accomplish this, many of the ?unwanted,? including Jews, Gypsies, Disabled people and Homosexuals, were imprisoned in death camps. Finding quick and efficient ways of exterminating these people was a continuous challenge throughout the war. The gas chambers finally became the most efficient way, and the most common chemical used in the chambers was Zyklon B. However, Himmler, the Reichsfuhrer-SS, was never satisfied with the operation of the death camps, nor the success of Zyklon B. Himmler was constantly searching for more economical methods to exterminate large segments of the unwanted population, and ironically, an allied catastrophe in 1943 gave him an opportunity to test a toxic war gas. The Luftwaffe bombing of allied merchant ships in the harbor at Bari, Italy, on December 3, 1943, was one of the German Air Force?s most successful missions of the entire war. Twenty five ships were sunk, instantly killing 2000 persons. It was the worst allied naval disaster except for Pearl Harbor; and it seriously delayed allied efforts to overrun Italy. But the real horror of the event and one of the best kept secrets of Word War II was the unleashing of 100 tons of poison gas! "
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Zionism During The Holocaust, 2002.
Examines Zionism during the period of 1942-1945.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 12 sources, £ 55.95
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Abstract
Examines Zionism during the period of 1942-1945. Argues that Zionism during this time has been marked by a disregard for the events in Europe. Concern of Zionists for their cause over the plight of European Jewry. Zionists collabortion with Nazis to achieve their political aims. Brief discussion of Zionism in general.
From the Paper
"HISTORY OF ZIONISM DURING THE HOLOCAUST
The history and roots of the Holocaust go back a long way. While the industry of death and destruction did not operate before 1942, its roots were firmly established in the 19th century. Jewish aspirations for emancipation emerged out of the national struggles in Europe. When the hopes for liberation through democratic change were dashed, other alternatives for improving the lot of the Jews in Europe achieved prominence.
It is the purpose of this paper to examine the history of Zionism during the period of the Holocaust (1942-1945) and suggest that this ..."
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"Shoah: The Paradigmatic Genocide: Essays in Exegesis and Eisequesis" by Zev Garber, 2002.
A review of the concepts in the book on the dangers of supersessionism for Jews.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, £ 27.95
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Abstract
Reviews concepts in book on the dangers of supressonism for Jews. Examines historical/religious absorption of Jews into the Christian realm (supersessionism). Nazi Germany. Conversion of Edith Stetin by the Caltholic Church; view of her martyrdom & its implications for the suffering of Jews during the Holocaust. Martyrdom of Death of the Maidens. Questions of identity & responsibility of Christians & Jews in light of the Shoah.
From the Paper
"In Shoah: The Paradigmatic Genocide: Essays in Exegesis and Eisegesis, Zev Garber writes that Jews must protect themselves from supersessionism, or the historical/religious absorption into the Christian realm, as if the Jews were merely incomplete Christians. Supersessionism is a danger to both Christians who would even subconsciously espouse it, and who would be antisemitic in doing so, and to Jews whose religion could be weakened by the view. Supersessionism, inadvertently or not, is a force aligned with the forces which created Nazi Germany, although it comes disguised as a sign of Christian sympathy for the suffering of Jews.
The dangers of supersessionism are exemplified in the attitude of the Catholic Church to the converted Jew Edith Stein who was murdered by the Nazis. The Church has declared that..."
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Maus I and II, 2002.
An analysis of Art Spiegelman's books "Maus I" and "Maus II" about what it means to be human.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, £ 18.95
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Abstract
Analysis of Art Spiegelman's books MAUS I and MAUS II about what it means to be human. Plot. Importance of the family and of people helping each other. Concept of fate. Horrors of Auschwitz & the Holocaust. Book's comic book style and format. Characters of mice who embody the highest human ideals.
From the Paper
"Maus is presented by its author, Art Spiegelman, in an unusual comic-book-style format. The form selected has a number of powerful advantages--it is a fresh approach to a much-told story, it humanizes and personalizes the tragedy much more than might a dry narrative, it feeds to the particular understanding of a visual society and a generation more attuned to the image than to the word, it may be a more palatable mode of presentation of such difficult subject matter for some people, and it accomplishes all of this in an ironic fashion, utilizing the methods of the comic book to tell a very un-comic story.
The mice in Maus are if anything more human than human beings because they embody all of the ideals that humans prize. This fact is heightened by these characters being portrayed as mice--the characteristics we see in them are not the..."
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The Holocaust, 2002.
Discusses scope of Nazi genocide.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, £ 37.95
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Abstract
Discusses scope of Nazi genocide. Hitler's rise to power and his policies toward the Jews; Wannsee Conference. Medical experiments in the Camps. Nazi biomedical politics. Understanding genocide. Cites visit to Museum of Tolerance and two poems by Terezin ghetto children. Genocide of other societies. Argues that moral and historical education are the only ways to avoide genocide.
From the Paper
"The Holocaust was the persecution and systematic killing of 6,000,000 European Jews by Nazi Germany during World War II. The original plan to simply remove the Jews from Germany and the lands Germany conquered were changed to include the "Final Solution" in which the murder to the Jews was carried out. One of the most horrifying aspects of the living death of the concentration camps was the use of the victims in brutal medical experiments performed by German doctors who served in the army or were Nazi Party members. The study of the facts about the Holocaust, the visit to the Museum of Tolerance, and reading poems by children who were interned in the Terezin ghetto and who died there or in the death camps have expanded my understanding of the Holocaust itself and of genocide in general, which has happened so many times in history. These experiences and the..."
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