Abstract
Karen Horney (1885-1953) was a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who has become popularly known as a prominent opponent of Freud's approach to feminine psychology. But this work formed only a part of Horney's career and her most important contribution to psychoanalysis is her mature theory, in which she also departed from Freud, that stresses relationships and other social factors as the primary forces operating in the development and functioning of personality.

From the Paper
"Karen Horney (1885-1953) was a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who has become popularly known as a prominent opponent of Freud's approach to feminine psychology. But this work formed only a part of Horney's career and her most important contribution to psychoanalysis is her mature theory, in which she also departed from Freud, that stresses relationships and other social factors as the primary forces operating in the development and functioning of personality. Horney's theory developed steadily throughout her long career and her departures from psychoanalytic orthodoxy often isolated her at first, and then led to productive work that attracted followers.

Horney was born Karen Danielsen in Hamburg, Germany. In the early part of the century there was, among educated Europeans, a growing "atmosphere of social and political excitement concerning ..."

Abstract
This paper examines the ideas of Gloria Steinem about women in the workplace. The author provides a brief biography of Steinem. The paper explores the ways Steinem seeks to redefine the workplace and the home to improve women's political and cultural position.

Abstract
This paper argues the moral superiority of egoism in Ayn Rand's "The Fountainhead."

Abstract
This paper provides an analysis of postmodernism and a discussion of the contributions of postcolonial feminist Bell Hooks. Issues addressed in this paper include the politics of difference, racism, essentialism and references are made specifically to the writings of bell hooks.

Abstract
This paper explains that, ultimately, Nietzsche has little important insight to offer on the subject of women, a disappointing oversight from a philosopher who repeatedly offered such perceptive and daring views on many important subjects. The author points out that Nietzsche argues that much of a woman's philosophy becomes distorted, including the maternal instinct, and that a woman's desire for children ultimately becomes a way for the woman to make up for her sexual indiscretions. The paper relates that Nietzsche reveals sexist attitudes in the terms that he uses to refer to women, which include cows, cats, and birds. This was an especially strong insult in the language of the time, which saw these creatures as lower animals that were far inferior to man in many important ways, including the use of reason and intellect.

From the Paper
"Despite the clear disapproval of the racist and sexist aspects of his work, Nietzsche has nonetheless made a clear and important contribution to both modern philosophy and to the culture of the modern western world. His often-quoted idea of the "superman", his views on the will to power, and his shattering statement that God is dead, have made an undeniable impact on the political and social landscape of Europe and North America. He is one of the rare philosophers whose name sparks instant recognition in almost any North American, a true testament to the lasting power of his ideals, and the degree to which work has infiltrated modern life."

Tags:attitudes, contradictory, sexist, society, language

Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses the implication of silence that is portrayed in Maxine Hong Kingston's book "The Woman Warrior". The writer examines how this aspect of silence relates to the narrator's Chinese roots. Further, the writer explores the debilitating and empowering effects of the silence.

From the Paper
"In Maxine Hong Kingston's "The Woman Warrior Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts" the concept of silence plays a significant role in illustrating concepts of gender, culture and prejudice. Above all, silence is used as a symbolic representation of the muting of individuality and individual expression due to gender culture and prejudice. These forces of gender culture and prejudice that undermine individuality and stifle expression manifest themselves both within the culture of the individual and the mainstream culture. Kingston's semi-autobiographical novel demonstrates the struggle ..."

Tags:culture, gender, prejudice, bias, oppression, voice, expression, identity, potentiality, language, reading, learning, writing, education

Abstract
This paper examines how empirical research has revealed that there are winners and losers in the global system and how abstract feminist theories based on empirical research maintain that women in general are the losers. This paper analyses mainstream global political economy (GPE) theories especially in regard to economic development (Structural Adjustment Policies (SAP), flexibilisation, employment and how the theory and reality are questioned by feminists. It also assesses the UN's 'gender agenda' and gender mainstreaming within the context of feminist critiques.
Outline
Mainstream GPE Theories
Economic Development
Structural Adjustment Policies (SAP)
Flexibilisation
Employment
Gender Agenda: Gender Mainstreaming in the UN
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In radical feminist theory, theory and practice are not separate but are 'rather in a constant and dialectical relationship with each other. Experience leads to the refinement of theory, which itself feeds back into experience, and so on and so on.' Theory should be pragmatic, practical and everyday; political change is effected through personal change. Early feminists criticised realist and liberal economic doctrines as state centric; women's experience was ignored, and where noted, was distorted. "

Tags:capitalism, development, imf, liberalism, mainstreaming, neo, patriarchy, system, un

From the Paper
"Michel Foucault, in The History of Sexuality, can definitely be considered a feminist, if one sees feminism as a search for truth about human nature, relationships, and the role and function of power in defining one's identity (including one's sexuality). Foucault argues that since the eighteenth century Western civilization has increasingly become obsessed with talking and thinking about sex as a subject, rather than partaking of "bodies and pleasures" (157). Feminism certainly posits that a woman to be authentically alive must overcome alienation from her body, whether that alienation is imposed upon her by an individual male or by "power" as it is exercised by the entire structure of society. This generalized sense of power is what Foucault posits as the controlling force behind the history of sexuality and the accompanying increase in public discourse ..."

Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that women are discriminated against in the workplace with lower salaries and fewer promotions compared to men, regardless of the education or experience they have. The writer questions why people take employers to court for discrimination. The writer notes that before discussing how women are discriminated against it is important to understand why discrimination is wrong.

From the Paper
"Four out of ten American women visit one of Wal-Mart's stores weekly ... Yet Wal-Mart is not only a horrifyingly stingy employer: Many workers say it is also a sexist one. Wal-Mart is not the only business discrimination against women. Five different areas of discrimination are race, sex, religion, age, and disability. Another large company that discriminates against women is Boeing."

Tags:discrimination, women, workplace

Abstract
This paper explains that John Stuart Mill is often classified as a Liberal Feminist because of his "Subjection of Women", which explores the concepts of Liberal and Radical Feminism in relation to Mill's theory of utilitarian and his ideas about women's place in economic and societal terms. The author points out that Liberal Feminism is a branch of feminism, which uses the language of liberty, rights and legal equality, as opposed to the radical branch of second wave feminism who believed that the main tenet of feminism was the oppression of women by men. The paper states that most of Mill's writings are concerned with middle- or upper-class married women and he favours the traditional division of labour within the family; this incongruous coupling of patriarchy and capitalism by John Stuart Mill and the Liberal Feminists is criticised.

From the Paper
"John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) was raised as a Utilitarian, influenced by Jeremy Bentham and his father, James Mill. His writings include On Liberty (1859), Utilitarianism (1863) and the Subjection of Women (1869), as well as many articles in various periodicals including the Utilitarian journal the Westminster Review. In 1851, after a long relationship he married Harriet Taylor, to whom he was apparently devoted, although her contribution to his work is disputed. To this Okin states: 'the difficult circumstances of their relationship must have increased the strength of his convictions, and of his determination to do what he could to have women's many disabilities remedied.' On her death in 1858 Mill was allegedly devastated: 'His despondency was frightful.'" His Utilitarian beginnings were at odds with his later liberal

Tags:utilitarian, radical, equality, capitalism, critics