Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature on the subject of business to business (B2B) and online marketing within the Chinese tourism industry. The paper covers a wide range of issues including business to business e-travel agencies, the development of the internet, e-technologies and e-business models.

Outline:
Introduction
Business to Business E-Travel Agencies in China
Development of the Internet and E-Technologies
Relationship Between E-Technologies and the Business Model
Conclusions

From the Paper
"The advantages and disadvantages of the model will depend to a large extent on whether one considers the perspective of the customer or that of the provider. One of the issues that may be seen as related to the use of the internet in the travel sector is the issue of price. Clemons et al (1998) argue that in theory the use of the internet should have brought prices within the industry down due the increased efficacy of the market by means of greater price based information (Begg et al 2008). However, Clemons et al (1998) goes on to argue that despite the theoretical basis for the argument empirical evidence suggests that there is still a spread in prices of up to 20% between competing agencies suggesting that the greater level of information provided by the advent of the e-travel agency has not thus far resulted in lower prices for consumers. Were the theory to be correct one would expect that the spread between prices would be much lower as buyers would constantly gravitate towards the lowest cost option thus ensuring a reduction in price on the behalf of more expensive providers reducing the spread. Were such a phenomena to take place, one could see that the advantage in such a circumstance would lie with the consumer, with a clear disadvantage being felt by the providers and agents who would suffer from a reduction in profit margins due to falling prices."

Tags:internet, e-commerce, technology, reservations

Abstract
The paper explores recent developments in the tourist sector in the Polish city of Krakow. The paper covers a wide range of issues including key definitions of tourism, the social impact of tourism, the environmental impact of tourism, the role of the EU and an application of the Doxey Irridex model to analyse how a host population reacts towards the prospect of tourism.

Outline:
Introduction
Definitions
Krakow
Impacts of Tourism
Host Perceptions of Tourism
Summary of Findings

From the Paper
"From the tourist perspective one may consider that one of the most important elements which will contribute to increasing levels of tourism is Poland's ascension to the EU. Poland joined the EU in 2004 (BBC News 2003), joining the EU has allowed a grater degree of the freedom of movement of people, as such EU citizens can move freely across Poland's land boarders with other EU member states thus facilitating a greater ability for the tourist industry to take hold. Whilst Poland has not yet joined the Euro, the country still aims to join the single currency before the end of 2012 (Day 2009). This will again be another positive step from the perspective of the tourist industry for a number of reasons. In the first case those who are inbound tourists form other parts of the Euro Zone will no longer incur transactional costs in the form of currency conversion (Begg et al 2008) when travelling between there home destination and destinations such as Krakow in Poland.
"In the second instance, the adoption of the Euro will see that consumers have a greater level of transparency in there purchasing options. As such, Poland benefiting from relatively low prices may ultimately seems like a cheaper destination than other places in the Euro Zone, thus attracting even greater numbers of tourists to the city."

Tags:Doxey, Irridex, model, host, population, visitors

Abstract
Scuba diving is a rapidly growing sport, and one that is beginning to involve the entire family. Coral Divers Resort had a comfortable niche in that industry, one that had been enhanced by its owner, Jonathan Greywell's promotional strategy. According to the case study, "over the years, Greywell had established a solid reputation for the Coral Divers Resort as a safe and knowledgeable scuba diving resort. It offered not only diving, but a beachfront location.

From the Paper
"CORAL DIVERS RESORT

Introduction
Scuba diving is a rapidly growing sport, and one that is beginning to involve the entire family. Coral Divers Resort had a comfortable niche in that industry, one that had been enhanced by its owner, Jonathan Greywell's promotional strategy. According to the case study, "over the years, Greywell had established a solid reputation for the Coral Divers Resort as a safe and knowledgeable scuba diving resort. It offered not only diving, but a beachfront location. As a small but well-regarded all-around dive resort in the Bahamas, many divers had come to prefer his resort to other, crowded tourists resorts in the Caribbean."

Greywell found this niche by creating short weekend and midweek diving ventures ..."

Abstract
This paper will explain how Jevons skillfully blends his plot and his various characters' personal quirks and obsessions to reveal some of the basic concepts that form the cornerstones of basic economic theory and practice.

From the Paper
"The story begins in a place known as Cinnamon Bay Plantation located on the Caribbean Island of St. John. Immediately, the reader is alerted to the role economics will play by the author choosing this location. It may seem that a vacation island is the very antithesis of economic work in practice. Yet once the location was also a plantation, forming the basis of its own, self-enclosed economic structure. It was once a structure that produced goods to be consumed and sold at a profit, now it will produce the necessary setting for a murder, by bringing those who wish to kill certain individuals into contact with those individuals, much as a marker brings suppliers and consumers into contact."

Tags:outset, author, Marshall, Jevons, professor, economics, lacks, sense, humor, profession

Abstract
This paper deals with the issues faced by small to medium sized business operating in the tourism sector who contract out transport and accommodation operations as part of a package tour. In addition to analyzing various options for these businesses, the report also gives a clear set of recommendations on the subject of outsourcing travel and accommodation options.

Outline:
Introduction
Contracts for Accommodation and Other Services
Contracts for Transportation
Recommendations
Conclusions

From the Paper
"In the first instance, the company must select between contracting directly with accommodation providers or through the use of a third party agency (Cooper et al 2008). Negotiation directly may help the company to save money by excluding the fees of a third party however, the downside is that the company may have to deal with a large number of accommodation providers each with their own peculiarities and unique circumstances. On the other hand, the company could opt to use another intermediary who will undertake such sub-contracting on the behalf of the tour operator, for the tour operator this reduces complexity in the contracting process in that the tour operator now has only a single point of contact (Holloway et al 2009). However, on the downside the tour operator will now incur additional costs from the fees levied from a third party, in addition the tour operator will also lose a degree of control over the accommodation which is to be provided and arranged by the third party. This may have an impact upon the tour operator whose clientele falls with the A and B social bands and so have very specific requirements in relation to their individual accommodation needs in comparison to other segments of the market."

Tags:outsourcing, service, providers, hotels, cruises

Abstract
This paper discuses the development of the Chinese tourism industry, with specific reference to the development of outbound tourism development. The paper analyses both statistical data and political issues which indicate the key trends and reasons for the large scale growth in Chinese outbound tourism in recent decades. A chart is included in the paper.

Outline:
Chinese Tourist Industry Development
Products
Political Reforms and Barriers to Entry
The Modern Chinese Tourism Industry
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Research indicates (WTO 2003) that the majority of Chinese tourists join touring groups in which a multitude of countries are visited on a pre-arranged package tour. Typically those who participate in such tours are willing to spend large amounts of money both on the tour itself and in the destination countries visited. It is indicated that the majority of those who buy such products will do so during the three major official Chinese holidays consisting of the Chinese New Year, The May holiday or the National Holiday (WTO 2003). Despite the growth of the Chinese outbound tourist sector research would seem to indicate that the top destinations for Chinese tourists remain those with a closer geographic proximity with Hong Kong and Macau receiving the largest number of visitors at 47m and 10.6m respectively. Other top destinations include Vietnam (3.8m), South Korea (3.6m) and Japan (2.8m) (Euromoitor 2007). As such one can see that all of these top destinations lie within the Asian region and one may debate as to whether or not those figures included under Hong Kong and Macau should truly represent outbound tourism now that these are an integral part of China. Yet when these figures are compared to China's inbound tourism sector there is a discrepancy between the counties Chinese tourists visit and those who visit China as inbound tourists. Research indicates that the top five countries providing inbound tourism for China in 2006 were South Korea, Japan, The US, Russia and Malaysia. The rest of the top 10 providers of inbound tourist visitors included four other Asian nations and one EU country (Travel guide China 2010)."

Tags:travellers, tours, visas, documentation, economy

Abstract
This paper is based on findings from a research project that aimed to examine the investment environment in China (Far East/Pacific Rim). The goal of the research is to assist the C.E.O of the Quality Inns Hotel Chain gather the information to analyse and evaluate the profile of the hotel industry in China. The paper identifies and discusses five main categories of facts and issues that Quality Inns Hotel Group will be facing when enter to China hotel industry, namely: market and development of the industry; political and economical environment; operational issues; suitable key strategies; and logical way and order to develop.

Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Economic and Political Environment
The Market and Development of the Hotel Industry in China
The Hotel Operation Issues in China
Strategies
A Logical and Effective Route of Development
Recommendation and Conclusion

From the Paper
"Many studies on international business management have focused on cultural differences, cultural adjustment and adjustment failures of expatriate managers (Pizam, 1993; Hall and Hall, 1990; Francis, 1991; Lee, 1998; Tse, Francis and Walls, 1994). One study reported about a 40% failure rate of expatriates assigned to overseas positions (Tung, 1981). These failures were not the result of technical incompetence, but were because of cultural differences in the foreign country. Communication across cultures has a major impact on the effectiveness of management operations (Munter, 1993; Shuter, 1989). Since language is an important tool for communication, the expatriate manager's ability to speak the host language can enhance his management effectiveness and help gain respect from local staff (Harries and Bandin, 1973; Seward, 1975; Terpstra, 1978).
Expatriate managers in China might experience confusion, frustration and failure due to sudden government policy changes (Shenker, 1990; Stross, 1991)."

Tags:culture, expatriate, issues, manager, operational, polical, quality, service, shanghai

Abstract
This paper is written in response to Beverly Haviland's "The Return of the Alien: Henry James in New York, 1904". In her piece of writing, Haviland discusses James; return to the United States after an absence of over twenty years. She details how James had to redefine "his conception of national identity in a way that bears careful consideration for what it suggests about how ethnic and racial identities are formed and transformed over time and under changing circumstances". Although Haviland writes a useful introduction to this topic, there are a number of issues that she either misses or appears to misinterpret. It is the intention of this article to identify and then expand upon or correct these aspects. This paper argues that Haviland lacks a holistic approach to studying issues of identity and gives several examples of this and counter-arguments too.

From the Paper
"However, identity may not be explained by cultural and economic factors alone. Also important are political and social factors relevant to the era. Politically, the period of James' writing at the turn of the twentieth century was one of radical change with the industrial revolution and America's increasingly active participation in international issues (including both civil and state wars). Socially, there were repercussions from these other factors such as the development of distinct sections of society: the rich and the poor, the urban and the rural, the civilized and the uncouth."

Tags:american, identity, scene, travelogue

Abstract
This paper aims to compare and contrast the current literature on the topic of the impact of events on the host area/country. It analyses both positive and negative impacts from different aspects, namely economic, social and cultural, physical and environmental and political. It develops further to weigh up the evidence and evaluates how far events can exert a positive impact.
Outline
Introduction
The Impact of Events
Tourism and Economic Impact
Social and Cultural Impacts
Physical and Environmental Impacts
Political Impacts
Negative Impacts
Conclusion
Recommendations

From the Paper
"All events in some way reflect the culture of the place in which they are held. However, some events are held primarily for their cultural significance. Carnivals, heritage festivals, food festivals, and independence celebrations are examples of these types of events. Annual carnival celebrations in Trinidad and Tobago and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil are well known examples of huge cultural celebrations. The nation's beliefs and traditions of many cultures have come together and for a brief five days each year, the whole country forgets their differences to celebrate life. Carnival is such an important aspect of life in Trinidad that many schools believe that sponsoring a carnival band is a way to teach young people about their roots and culture. In this way, communities work together to develop stronger friendships and greater respect for the many cultures that make up Trinidad."

Tags:austrialia, china, olympic, social, tourism, culture

Abstract
This paper attempts to throw some light on the issue of skills shortage and labour shrinkage, which is identified as a global issue. The study is limited to the U.K. hospitality industry due to the wide scope of the subject discussed. The actions taken by the government, commercial organisations, educational institutes and trade associations to tackle this problem are critically analysed and recommendations are made for corrective action to improve the approach towards solving this issue.

From the Paper
"The negative image of the hospitality industry in turn leads to failure in attracting more young and skilled students and labour towards it. Also, many service employees have a negative perception of their jobs, who feel their job is humiliating, insulting and demeaning as they cater to the needs and sometimes eccentric wants of customers (Ghiselli, La Lopa, & Bai, 2001). Although hospitality acts as the largest provider of the non-standard employment (ILO 2001), according to Brien (2004) a job in this sector is often considered as 'a job till they get a real job'."

Tags:students, job, provider, skill