Abstract
This paper looks at the prevalence of Internet use and examines aspects such as the impact it has on our communication, employment, shopping habits, leisure and use of information. It discusses equality of access and the possibility that the Internet could become part of high culture as well as the positive and negative possibilities of electronic communication, including its potential use in terrorism, decentralisation of society and destruction of communities. The paper concludes that while there are arguments that suggest that the Internet is responsible for isolating people and weakening social controls and community bonds, it could also be argued that the Internet is a form of glue within modern societies, providing yet another means of communication to further strengthen the bonds within communities and families.

From the Paper
"The internet was originally developed by the US military as a form of transmitting messages and information between officers in different locations, and was then developed further by universities, with the aim of encouraging more academic debate between scholars across the world. With the advent of the personal computer and the boom in personal ownership, the internet became accessible to millions of households during the 1990s and its growth and popularity has continued, with the advance of high-speed and digital connections becoming more readily available. "

Tags:broadband, communication, communities, comunality, consumerism, culture, decentralisation, email, employment, gramsci, hegemony, social, terrorism

Abstract
This paper looks at the impact of the Black Death and subsequent epidemics on the conditions of laborers, craftsmen and other peasants in late 14th century England. It examines how the Black Death meant a great deal of change for the peasant and laborer populations of England. It discusses how as well as increasing existing trends such as the leasing off of lords' lands. The plague had many effects in which the laborers and peasantry challenged the existing elites through issues such as increased wage demands and a widespread questioning of the power held by the Church.

From the Paper
"Trends among the conditions of the peasantry that are often attributed to the plague include an increase in the cost of labor that resulted in many landlords renting out their land for others to cultivate it rather than employing peasants to work on the land. Although, after the Plague it is clear that the number of peasants renting land from their lords increased, Myers suggests that Lords had began leasing demesnes before the black death because of an economic depression. Before the Black Death the growth of the population put a strain on resources and there was a slump in the economy. The Landlords increased the labor obligations of peasants in an effort to increase production."

Tags:disease, medieval, plague, lords, church, land

Abstract
The paper discusses how the contribution of a positivist methodology to criminology cannot be underestimated and how the very name criminology did not become common until the 1890?s and the rise of positivism. It looks at how the work of Cesare Lombroso established a new method of conducting criminal inquiry even though the work of Guerry and Quetelet on French crime statistics and social data had already introduced a positivistic approach into the study of crime especially with regard to the social links with criminal behaviour. It also explores how the work of the Italian School of Criminology (scula positiva) with people like Enrico Ferri used the methodology that Cesare Lombroso introduced but applied them to different areas of inquiry. It shows how this multi-factor scientific approach allowed the science of crime to develop and become an internationally recognised academic field and encouraged people all over the world to try and search for causal links between crime and various factors like poverty and education levels.

From the Paper
"The work of Lombroso was new and radical but what is more important to the development of positivism and its subsequent influence on modern criminology were the methods that he employed in his study. The scientific methods he used revolutionised the study of crime, his new model of approach sought to identify, categorise and measure differences between criminals. Lombroso published his findings in 1876 in L?Umo Delinquente (The Delinquent Mind) and his work and methods gave rise to a new international movement. The Italian School of Criminology (scula positiva) emerged and took the methodology of Lombroso and expanded upon them. The work of people such as Enrico Ferri according to David Garland, "showed a considerable diversity and eclecticism." The "French School" focused mainly upon the sociological and environmental determinants of crime and the "German School" included the study criminalistics and the development of new forensic techniques."

Tags:durkheim, lombroso, poverty, education

Abstract
This essay discusses the competing claims of both the stockholder and the stakeholder approaches to corporate social responsibility. The author provides an explanation for corporate social responsibility and puts forth arguments for similarities and differences in the stockholder and stakeholder approaches to this movement. Evidence to support these arguments are provided throughout the paper.

From the Paper
" Before discussing the competing claims, it must be understood what is meant by the term corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility is just one aspect of business ethics and has become increasingly important for companies operating in the global economy. It is a fast developing and increasingly competitive field. There is no single, commonly accepted definition of corporate social responsibility but it generally refers to the idea that businesses are accountable for the effects of their actions on the community and should seek socially and economically beneficial results. It involves operating a business in a way that meets ethical and legal standards as well as meeting public expectation. Decisions taken by managers need to satisfy the needs of the community and companies must be accountable for the way in which their results are achieved. Being socially responsible is based on the idea that businesses are not isolated organizations but are integrated with the whole society and have dramatic effects on society's problems, structure and its future."

Tags:friedman, stakeholder, stockholder, management, companies, drucker

Abstract
This essay analyzes what the contingency theory is; what the basic features of contingency theory are and which are the main contingencies which affect the structure or design of an organization. It also discusses the main criticisms against or disadvantages of the contingency theory and the relation between contingency theory and matrix organization. It asks how the contingency theory can be practically applied through a matrix organization. The paper then defines matrix organization and specifies its different forms, while looking at its advantages and the disadvantages.

From the Paper
"What must be the ideal structure of an organization? This is a question which great management thinkers from Adam Smith to Argyris and Weber to Woodward tried to answer. But none of them was able to give a perfect answer. Be it be the Classical Approach or the Human relations one, the Systems Approach or the most modern Contingency Approach none of these theories were fully correct and none was able to give a one best universal structure of organization. In reality it is not possible too. The Contingency Theorists were the first to project this fact."

Tags:advantage, approach, management, overlay, systems, thinking, thought

Abstract
This paper examines how global economic forces enable sections of third world society to be more easily exploited. It investigates how the first world does not play on a level playing field by using the Multi-Fibre Agreement. The views of protesters, the World Bank, and others are reviewed. The paper ends by touching upon future developments, such as the impact of China becoming a full member of the World Trade Organization.

From the Paper
"During the past three decades, remarkable internationalisation of the world economy has taken place. This process has become known as globalisation. Globalisation can be defined as "The increasing integration of national economies into expanding international markets" (Todaro: 1997). Neo-liberal authors and institutions, such as the IMF, state that globalisation is driven by four main factors; free market ideology; technological breakthroughs in communication; the shifting of economic activity to the developing world; and the opening up of previously closed borders. These factors of globalisation have inevitably led to changes in conditions of labour in third world employment. Here we will look at what the changes have been. We will then examine the views taken on these conditions by 'anti-sweatshop' campaigners, and the response of the International Labour Organisation and the World Bank."

Tags:globalisation, globilization, labor, trade, world, bank, multi-fibre, arrangement, third, world, china, world, trade, organisation, organikzation, wto

Abstract
This paper defines insider dealing and the types of activities that are involved in this particular type of trading. The author examines arguments in favor of regulations restricting and prohibiting insider dealing, as well as reasons for why legislation should be abolished and trading permitted.

From the Paper
"In determining the appropriate legislative responses to deal with insider trading, it is necessary to understand what is constitutes and its effect, both negative and positive, on the securities market. Insider trading occurs when a person who possesses non-public information trades in the security market or communicates such information to others who trade. The person using this information violates insider trading laws if they owe a responsibility of confidentiality and trust not to use the information. People who are tipped off by an insider can also be prosecuted for insider trading. The key idea about insider trading is that it provides the market with information. Those who trade with inside knowledge sell at higher prices and buy at lower prices, resulting in corporate insiders earning abnormal profits."

Tags:dealing, ethics, laws, trading, sec, regulations, supreme, court

Abstract
This paper provides a detailed evaluation of Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar and innate Language Acquisition Device, which is central to the field of linguistics and psycholinguistics. It reviews the controversies surrounding Chomsky's theory and discusses alternative theories.

From the Paper
"Language acquisition is undeniably biologically programmed as children all over the world, from varying cultures and linguistic environments produce the same levels of language at the same stages. Chomsky proposes that this is a direct result of Universal Grammar, which is an inherent part of every human mind. However, his theory of an innate Language Acquisition Device provokes controversy on two grounds. First is the debate between nature and nurture, with many theorists criticizing Chomsky for dismissing any environmental factors. Second, is the dispute as to whether language acquisition is an independent innate faculty as Chomsky claims, or part of the child's wider cognitive development. Such disagreements demonstrate the enormous impact Chomsky's theory has had on the field of linguistics and reflects how "the Universal Grammar theory is for many the central pillar in our understanding of language." (Cook, V. Inside Language. Arnold. 1997, p249)"

Tags:acquisition, behaviorism, chomsky, development, grammar, lad, language, linguistics, nativist, psycholinguistics, universal

Abstract
This essay examines the role of women and motherhood during the 1930?s, when the Nazi regime took over Germany. It takes a hard look at the views and opinions about women by the leaders of the Nazi regime.

From the Paper
"The Nazi regime's views of what a woman's role should be and what they actually were, were very different. A woman's place was in the home, looking after her husband, her home, and most importantly, her children. The Nazi ideology saw women as inferior to men, a woman should be at home and having children, "Kinder, Kirche, Kuche". Goebbels said "a woman's primary, rightful, and appropriate place is in the family, and the most wonderful task that she can perform is to present her country and people with children."[i] The image of marriage and motherhood was sold not only as a benefit to the individual and family but also an obligation to the state. The regime believed in this so much that women could apply for marriage loans, where a woman who was getting married could apply for a marriage loan, on the proviso that she left the job market. "

Tags:germany, history, hitler, motherhood, nazi, roles, homemaker, women, marriage, ideology

Abstract
The paper examines the reconstruction of family composition in 17th and 18th centuries by historian, P. Laslett in his book "The World We Have Lost". It explores why some theories such as the late age of first marriage that was apparently unique to pre-modern Europe, have not been challenged, while others, such as the notion of a stable nuclear pattern, have been disputed at length.

From the Paper
"Because early modern Europe was principally a rural and class-based society, the family structure during this era was highly reliant upon on social rank. When there was land and money at stake, marriage within the same social class was paramount. The poor were also limited to marrying within their social class, but had a larger pool of potential mates from which to choose. This was a time in history in which two-generation households, rather than three-generation households, were customary. The oldest members of the household traditionally bestowed any holdings they had to the next generation upon retirement, and remained in close proximity to the family. The close support that existed between relatives living in separate but neighboring homes makes it difficult to distinguish whether the independent nuclear family was the basic family unit during this time, or whether it was actually the extended family (Laslett, 1984)."

Tags:18th, 19th, Weber, Karl, Marx, Western