Abstract
The following paper examines how all Greek sports, even the Olympic events, were performed in the nude. This paper examines how nudity in and of itself wasn't the purpose of the art, but was used to best represent the images. The writer explores how women were banned from the Olympics because it was held in a sacred area. This paper also explores how the the nudity in sports gave sculptors a reason to study the human body more closely, and its proportion and movements. The writer traces back early attempts to capture the human form and examines how over time, nude sculptures became smoother and more realistic, while still adhering to the quest for the ideal.

From the Paper
"Even though sculptors eventually worked out the proportions in their work. the Greeks were not known for experimentation with style. Once they found an image that was pleasing, they tended to stick with it. The typical male statue, the Kouros style, had a very distinct pattern that was followed: "The figure stands erect and strictly frontal with his left leg advanced, his arms tense at his sides with fists clenched. Details are represented with strength and simplicity. The eyes are big and almond-shaped, the ears large and so carved as to form a kind of decorative adjunct; the essential parts of the body are clearly defined and subject to an established canon of proportions, while muscles and bones form surface patterns on the marble. The work already has those qualities of grandeur and proportion which characterize all the best Greek sculpture throughout its history." (Carver) The male form was the highest level of ideal beauty."

Tags:glazing, process, decoration, ornament, mythological, characters, three-dimensional, image, Francois, Vase, Ergotimos, Kleitias

Abstract
This paper describes the protest by John Carlos and Tommie Smith at the 1968 Summer Olympic Games, during a period when the U.S. was at war with Civil Rights. It looks at what these men hoped to achieve and whether their protests had any significant ramifications.

From the Paper
"The 1960s were a time of racial upheaval in the Untied States. From Martin Luther King, Jr. to Malcolm X and the Black Panthers, the decade symbolizes an outbreak of the Civil Rights Movement. When remembering the political upheaval, many images come to mind. One of the most powerful illustrations of the time is two black men fighting societal oppression at the 1968 Mexico City Summer Olympics. On October 16, 1968, Tommie Smith and John Carlos stood on the medal stand, Olympic medals around their necks, heads bowed, and gloved fists raised high in defiance while the Star Spangled Banner played pompously from the loudspeakers. On the podium, both wore black socks and carried their track shoes. Smith had a black scarf tied around his neck, while Carlos wore an African beaded necklace. A few bars into the national anthem, the protest drew crowd attention. Carlos and Smith later reported they could feel the hatred in the air. Catcalls, boos and hisses rang out, interrupted by a few sparse cheers."

Tags:black, civil, freedom, jr, king, luther, martin, olympics, panthers, protest, rights

From the Paper
" The Olympic Games began in ancient Greece in 776 BC and continued until 395 AD. The games were held at Olympia on the Peloponnesse and attracted visitors from all over the Greek world. The central attraction was the games, of course, but Olympia, the site of the games, was also a reason many visitors came just to see this huge architectural achievement. The games were revived a century ago and have become a major business enterprise televised around the world, and countries compete for the right to host both the winter and summer games.
The ancient games were held in honor of Zeus, the supreme god in Greek mythology, and visitors to Olympia were making a pilgrimage to Zeus's most sacred place, the grove known as Altis (Swaddling 7). There are several legends regarding the origin..."

From the Paper
"DETRAINING
Introduction
Detraining by athletes results in decreased effects of many aspects of muscle conditioning in the human body. Detraining changes in enzyme activity, cholesterol levels, oxygen consumption, muscle strength and endurance, and muscle atrophy are demonstrated; exercise benefits may be lost after four to eight weeks of detraining.

Effects of Detraining
The effects of proper training are numerous. Increases motor-skill performance are found; training produces adjustments to the muscles which make them injury-resistant. Exercise produces less muscle protein accumulation in the blood, indicating less tissue damage and muscle soreness for the trained.."

Abstract
This paper examines how the ancient Greeks determined who would win the pentathlon, a competition of professional athletes who participated in numerous sporting events in Olympia. The author discusses the Olympiad Games, who was allowed to participate, particular events-javelin, discus, wrestling, etc., festivities, and awards presented to victors.

From the Paper
"An event that was intended to show all-round development was the pentathlon. Five events were included in this activity. They were running, long jumping, discus throw, javelin throw, and wrestling. The exact order of events and the precise method of determining a winner are not known. Wrestling is believed to have been the last event and may have decided the winner of the pentathlon if a participant did not have a clear advantage in the first four events. Historians have somewhat been able, with some degree of certainty, to determine how the winner of the pentathlon was actually decided. If a point system had been employed, as in our modern games, there would be no difficulty in crowning a champion; however, no evidence has been produced to support a point system in the Greek pentathlon. With the absence of such a scoring system, we are able only to present some theories and assumptions about the Greek pentathlon."

Tags:emperor, antioch, slaves, hellenistic, demeter, games, discus

Abstract
This paper examines how, for the organizers and advertisers of the Olympics, the event is much more than a series of sport competitions and how, from the moment the bid is placed to host the Olympics, host nations are vying companies for sponsorship, advertising, broadcasting rights, and merchandising rights. It looks at how the games have become much more than sporting achievements, but an opportune time to increase job opportunities and revenue for a country that prepares well in advance for a chance to host the Olympic games and all the visitors and athletes that will be visiting their shores. It analyzes how the Olympic games can make a positive impact on a country's economy and how, in commercializing the games, the Olympics has turned into another money-making event for struggling economies and money-hungry countries.

From the Paper
"Advertisers, as in the Super Bowl and World Series, are prepared to pay exorbitant prices for ad time during the Opening Ceremonies as well as significant events important to its viewers, i.e. basketball events and other events which feature prominent sport personalities. NBC acquired the rights to provide broadcast coverage of the Olympic Games for an 8 year period starting from 2000 in which they paid $3.6 billion for the rights (McClellan, 2003) and on top of their profits through advertising; the network stands to commercially gain beyond any Super Bowl or World Series."

Tags:opening, ceremony, sponsorship, advertising, broadcasting, merchandising

Abstract
This paper looks at the history of sport, the ancient olympics and the roles of women in sport, both in organisation and participation. Gender logic is discussed at length and subsequently the subject moves onto the military and partnership models of sports organisations.

From the Paper
"As is common knowledge the Olympic Games motto is 'Citius, Altius, Fortius', which translated into English becomes 'Faster, Higher, Stronger'. The idea behind this is that athletes will surpass the boundaries of performance whilst striving to become Olympic champion. This motto did not actually come about until Baron Pierre De Coubertin borrowed the phrase to attach to his revival of the Olympic Games in the 1890's, but the Ancient Greeks certainly participated in this way also. Serious doubts lingered over whether or not women could hold to this ideal, indeed it was thought that women were simply incapable of going fast, climbing high or being strong, never mind surpassing themselves in these areas."

Tags:coakley, development, feminism, hera, herean, logic, olympics

Abstract
This paper examines why a high standard of ethical behavior is just as important for non-profit corporations as it is for for-profit corporations. The paper makes special reference to the recent problems with the United States Olympic Committee, which demonstrated that even non-profit organizations are subject to corporate failure and need to be monitored and regulated. The paper suggests that a responsible organization will in fact benefit from its own proper actions, as well as ultimately benefiting the wider business and social community.

From the Paper
"To take up the moral objections first, one can argue that corporate social responsibility must be practiced because it is the right thing to do. A business executive should never find himself or herself asking the question: "If I conduct my business in an unethical way, how much more money will I make?" Rather, each individual must determine how much gain is reasonable and, having decided this, match those expectations of financial gain with a business that can be carried out in a responsible and moral fashion (www.business-ethics.org). This is true rather one is raising money for a charity or trying to make a profit."

Tags:olympics, committee, enron, leadership, ethics

Abstract
The paper discusses the Olympic sponsorship and advertising by companies such as McDonalds, Coke and Budweiser and decries the negative messages that are transmitted to the public through the association of athletes with these unhealthy products. The paper provides evidence of the International Olympic Committee (IOC)'s commitment to its premier sponsors like McDonalds. The paper strongly believes that the IOC should devise a process to select its sponsors not based on the capital they are willing and able to provide, but on the basis of the worth they have to provide to the Olympic Games.

From the Paper
"In No Logo, Naomi Klein claims that Nike has three guiding principles to branding sports: "Create sport celebrities...destroy the competition...and sell pieces of the brand as if it were the Berlin Wall" (51-66). This describes Nike's cutthroat attitude for sustaining its dominating status in the athletic industry. Supplying its sponsored athletes with the latest equipment, Nike is justified in their efforts to surpass their competition through Olympic sponsorships. However, there are some companies that seem out of place in the athletic world. Sponsors such as McDonalds, Coke, and Budweiser, have all provided evidence for the need of Olympic sponsorship screening because fast food, sugary sodas, and alcohol have no place in athletics."

Tags:athletes, capital, fast-food, sodas, alcohol, advertising

Abstract
This paper first relates that the purpose of exercise can vary widely for an individual and that these variations determine the type (cardiovascular, resistance, etc...), the duration, frequency, and intensity of the exercises. The paper then describes an overall training program composed to improve aspects typically associated with an elite road cyclist with a high baseline fitness level, with a 2 month period specifically dedicated towards individual pursuit training (specifically the skill aspects of individual pursuit). The paper also proposes an exercise training program consisting of four separate macrocycles. Two tables and three graphs are included with the paper.

Outline:
Introduction
Research and Methodology
Lactate Threshold / OBLA Training
VO2max Training
Individual Pursuit Skills Training
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Injury is a constant threat to any exercise training programme. Due to the nature of the sport (cycling) the likelihood of injury is less common, however, as more training and racing occurs, patterns of overuse injury become evident (So, Ng and Ng 2005). There is limited research available that looks at the association between weekly training duration and injury occurrence for individual pursuit, although there is evidence available for a closely related sport (triathlons). The evidence suggests there is a U-shaped association between weekly training duration and injury occurrence, where the optimal weekly training duration is 7 hours (Shaw et al. 2004). It can be assumed that same association could exist for cycling. If this association exists, the optimal weekly training duration would be higher, because cycling is non-impact activity. For this reason, this exercise training programme would have a weekly training duration of no more than double that of the optimal weekly training duration of triathletes, 14 hours.
"

Tags:injury, macrocycles, lactate, threshold