Abstract
This paper aims to compare and contrast the current literature on the topic of the impact of events on the host area/country. It analyses both positive and negative impacts from different aspects, namely economic, social and cultural, physical and environmental and political. It develops further to weigh up the evidence and evaluates how far events can exert a positive impact.
Outline
Introduction
The Impact of Events
Tourism and Economic Impact
Social and Cultural Impacts
Physical and Environmental Impacts
Political Impacts
Negative Impacts
Conclusion
Recommendations

From the Paper
"All events in some way reflect the culture of the place in which they are held. However, some events are held primarily for their cultural significance. Carnivals, heritage festivals, food festivals, and independence celebrations are examples of these types of events. Annual carnival celebrations in Trinidad and Tobago and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil are well known examples of huge cultural celebrations. The nation's beliefs and traditions of many cultures have come together and for a brief five days each year, the whole country forgets their differences to celebrate life. Carnival is such an important aspect of life in Trinidad that many schools believe that sponsoring a carnival band is a way to teach young people about their roots and culture. In this way, communities work together to develop stronger friendships and greater respect for the many cultures that make up Trinidad."

Tags:austrialia, china, olympic, social, tourism, culture

Abstract
This paper examines two major incidents that had a profound and negative effect on the football match Arsenal vs. Manchester United, 25th November 2004 and its outcome. It looks a how the first is the continuous intentional rule violations that the Manchester United players were guilty of, which dramatically reduced the footballing standard of the game. It also discusses the manner in which the game was won, a penalty decision.

From the Paper
"When we advance our investigation into intentional rule violations further, we find that some forms of it are classified as cheating. According to Loland "cheating is an attempt to gain an advantage by violating the shared interpretation of the basic rules of the parties engaged without being caught and held responsible for it. The goal of the cheater is that the advantage gained is not eliminated or compensated for". Most commentators find cheating both logically and morally completely unacceptable since it is an exploitation of those who are competing in good faith by intentionally trying to gain an illicit advantage. The incompatibility thesis states that it is logically impossible to win games if you cheat."

Tags:adherence, philosophy, play, rule, sports, violation

Abstract
This paper discusses the wider issues of interaction between public, planning and politics and views the interaction of the three within the context a controversial development proposal - plans for a new football stadium in Guildford. The main inputs from politicians, the people and the planning system are discussed at various stages at the planning process.

From the Paper
"Guildford is a town that has seen the relative decline of its football abilities. The application was made as a direct response to the wish of AFC Guildford to progress to the Nationwide Conference League. The club currently play on the pitch at the center of the running track at the Spectrum Leisure Center. The track however is not capable of being upgraded to the requirements of the Conference football league. There is an area of green land adjacent to the Spectrum Leisure Center, which it was felt could possibly accommodate better facilities. With these historical and practical issues in mind the planning application for a new stadium was submitted in February 2004. The stadium would be built by the Trinity Investment Co. Ltd on behalf of AFC Guildford. Such a large scale and controversial issue could not be decided within the normal eight week deadline. The application was concluded in January 2005."

Tags:surrey, politicians

Abstract
This paper is a research study to answer three questions to improve knowledge within the physiological and psychological fields of sport science. The first and second questions studied are the effect of anabolic steroids on an athlete's performance and aggression personality measure. The third research question aims to find out if older athletes (aged 35-45 years) experience higher anxiety than younger athletes.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Method
Results
Research Question One
Research Question Two
Research Question Three
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"There is debate as to whether older people are really at lower risk for depressive disorders, or whether endorsement of symptoms is low. A study by Christensen et al, (1999) assessed the effects of age on anxiety and depression, and examined whether age had direct effects on self-report of individual symptoms independent of its effect on the underlying dimensions of anxiety and depression. Structural equation modelling was used to assess the structure of the items and their associations with age and a number of demographic variables. They sampled 2622 participants aged between 18 and 79 years. Results found that both scales were found to fit satisfactorily to a two factor model. Items with direct age effects reflected physical (feeling slowed down; waking early) and psychological (hopeless about the future) components of depression."

Tags:depression, sport, science, testerone

Abstract
This paper examines how Richard Brautigan?s 1961 novel, "Trout Fishing In America", is on the surface, a disorganised, funny and sprawling book that slotted into the beat and hippie culture of the 1960s seamlessly. In particular, it looks at how underneath the seemingly careless array of ?flippant? chapters lies a hugely complex and rigidly structured portrait of modern and mythical America focusing on the broken American dream, loss of innocence and so much more. It shows how disappointment, loss and death form the great undercurrent of the trout stream throughout Brautigan?s work and fester throughout, from the first page to the last.

From the Paper
"Another usage of this dead past and the disappointment and despair that the present brings, is instilled in the "mayonnaise jar that rests on the grave of the American dream." Indeed, as well as giving a colloquial, non feeling account on an eighteen year old killed in a bar brawl it is an echo back to similar epitaph in Moby Dick. However, all the valour, glamour and general positives of a heroic epitaph have been totally removed in favour of a comical and almost embarrassing death, merely a hundred years later. This death goes a long way to detail the changed conditions of what has happened in America according to Brautigan."

Tags:beat, kerouac, american, dream

Abstract
This paper looks at the history of sport, the ancient olympics and the roles of women in sport, both in organisation and participation. Gender logic is discussed at length and subsequently the subject moves onto the military and partnership models of sports organisations.

From the Paper
"As is common knowledge the Olympic Games motto is 'Citius, Altius, Fortius', which translated into English becomes 'Faster, Higher, Stronger'. The idea behind this is that athletes will surpass the boundaries of performance whilst striving to become Olympic champion. This motto did not actually come about until Baron Pierre De Coubertin borrowed the phrase to attach to his revival of the Olympic Games in the 1890's, but the Ancient Greeks certainly participated in this way also. Serious doubts lingered over whether or not women could hold to this ideal, indeed it was thought that women were simply incapable of going fast, climbing high or being strong, never mind surpassing themselves in these areas."

Tags:coakley, development, feminism, hera, herean, logic, olympics

Abstract
This paper first relates that the purpose of exercise can vary widely for an individual and that these variations determine the type (cardiovascular, resistance, etc...), the duration, frequency, and intensity of the exercises. The paper then describes an overall training program composed to improve aspects typically associated with an elite road cyclist with a high baseline fitness level, with a 2 month period specifically dedicated towards individual pursuit training (specifically the skill aspects of individual pursuit). The paper also proposes an exercise training program consisting of four separate macrocycles. Two tables and three graphs are included with the paper.

Outline:
Introduction
Research and Methodology
Lactate Threshold / OBLA Training
VO2max Training
Individual Pursuit Skills Training
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Injury is a constant threat to any exercise training programme. Due to the nature of the sport (cycling) the likelihood of injury is less common, however, as more training and racing occurs, patterns of overuse injury become evident (So, Ng and Ng 2005). There is limited research available that looks at the association between weekly training duration and injury occurrence for individual pursuit, although there is evidence available for a closely related sport (triathlons). The evidence suggests there is a U-shaped association between weekly training duration and injury occurrence, where the optimal weekly training duration is 7 hours (Shaw et al. 2004). It can be assumed that same association could exist for cycling. If this association exists, the optimal weekly training duration would be higher, because cycling is non-impact activity. For this reason, this exercise training programme would have a weekly training duration of no more than double that of the optimal weekly training duration of triathletes, 14 hours.
"

Tags:injury, macrocycles, lactate, threshold

Abstract
This paper examines how sport and performance enhancing drugs have gone hand in hand since the beginning of time. It looks at look at their history right up to the present, concentrating on the case of Ben Johnson. It also discusses the three main arguments that are used to support the prevailing policy of 'law and order': That they will give competitors an unfair advantage, that they are unsafe and that they will change the nature of sports for the worse.

From the Paper
"In 1989 Sir Arthur Gold, of the British Olympic Committee, observed that testing at major competitions (where most of the testing takes place) is a "waste of time" because the only people that get caught are the "careless and ill-advised" (Wadhwaney 2002). This view is supported by the fact that in the 1998 Tour de France no riders tested positive as a result of doping tests by the Tour operators, but it is clear that people do take drugs, as the British Olympic Survey in 1996, which indicated indicates that 48% of athletes agreed doping was a problem; of these 86% stated it was most prevalent in track and field events. In 1989, an Australian Senate Standing Committee Report concluded that 70% of athletes who had competed internationally had taken drugs (Sheedan & Quinn 2002a)."

Tags:ben, johnson, steroids

Abstract
This paper examines how it is an evolutionary fact that neither men nor women are born equally and how the genomes of males and females are designed to be different so that physiologically males generally have higher levels of muscular mass, maximal aerobic and anaerobic power. It concentrates on these processes and attempts to explain why there are differences in these between men and women.

From the Paper
"A women's maximal strength in either isometric or dynamic contractions of the leg muscles is on average sixty-five to seventy five percent of a man's maximum value. For trunk muscles women have only sixty to seventy percent of their male counter parts maximal values. The major disadvantage in maximal strength is in elbow flexion and extension. Females can only attain fifty percent of the male's maximum. Women have a smaller muscle mass than men so their maximal muscle strength will be different. There is no evidence for sex differences in the quality of skeletal muscle so it is concluded that muscle mass determines the potential for developing strength."

Tags:aerobic, anaerobic, cardiovascular, exercise, fibres, muscular

Abstract
This paper examines how coaching is a fulfilling and time-consuming activity that places one in a position of leadership and how it is about developing people through improving their performance at all levels, which involves setting increasingly challenging tasks. A good coach always places the best interests of a player before winning, being in a position to meet and identify the needs of a performer through roles and responsibilities.

From the Paper
"A responsible coach exemplifies the behaviors described in the National Code of Ethics where good coaching guidelines stem, this coaching practice this applies to all standards and levels of coaching. In the general understanding a responsible coach as a professional is to exemplify the highest moral character, behaviour and leadership possible. Respect is the ingrained factor of a good coach, respect of integrity and personality of players, respect of sports officials and the rules of the game in letter and in sprit, whilst encouraging respect for other athletics and its values. This will include promoting ethical relationships with others coaches."

Tags:ethics, drugs, performance