Abstract
This paper analyzes how western welfare regimes tend to make a distinction between certain groups within society and how this distinction serves to deny, or at least limit, welfare entitlement for such groups. It examines two specific welfare regimes in order to illustrate these exclusions - those of Germany (pre and post unification) and Sweden. Using Esping Andersen's welfare typologies, those of conservative, liberal and social democratic, it examines welfare and labor market exclusions based on gender and race/ethnicity.

From the Paper
"The West German Guestworker system, introduced in the 1950s, saw an influx of migrant workers, most notably from Turkey, recruited into low paid, low status work. Since benefit entitlements were linked to work, this group enjoyed access to a range of welfare services and benefits. However, the labor market was racially segregated, with West German workers positioned above guestworkers, and given the equivalence principle, both wages and benefits were paid at a much lower level than to German nationals. Thus, guestworkers were particularly susceptible to poverty (Clasen, 1994)."

Tags:assimilation, asylum, collectivism, guestworker, immigration, liberal, market, multiculturalism, racism

Abstract
This paper attempts to identify the shortfalls of the 2002 Act and its inability to revolutionize the asylum system in the U.K. In particular, it focuses on the adverse impact it will have on current and future asylum seekers in respect of their entitlements to welfare support and benefits. It provides a full background of the development of U.K asylum law in order to identify the route it has taken to reach its current position and investigates the reasons why the government is demonstrating a more restrictive approach to asylum policy. It then concentrates on the failings of the previous asylum policies discussed and examines why there was a significant need for reform. It critically analyzes the government's proposals for reform, identified in the White Paper "Fairer, Faster, Firmer" in 1999 and also introduces a summary of the changes implemented by the subsequent Immigration and Asylum Act 1999. The next part identifies the failings of the 1999 Act, in particular highlighting the controversial issues surrounding refugees entitlements to receive support and then introduces the proposed changes to the 1999 asylum system and present the revolutionary reforms for 2002, allowing particular consideration to the changes to the support system and the controversial issues surrounding the accommodation centre proposals.

Outline
The Background and Development of U.K .Asylum Policy
The Reform of U.K. Asylum Policy
The Failings of the 1999 Asylum System
The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002
Poverty in the Asylum Support System
Accommodation Centres
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The legislation was constructed purely from a political perspective, which provided only for interim measures such as initial arrival and detention of the asylum seeker, the appeals process, and procedures which were to follow once the asylum application had failed. Both the 1993 and 1996 Asylum Acts failed to take into account any welfare entitlements which should be made accessible to the asylum seeker, and failed to take into consideration the likelihood that the asylum seeker would be likely to remain in the UK for several months whilst his application was processed and would therefore require a significant level of social assistance. In effect the UK asylum policy did little to help the asylum seekers in need of support and protection and has endured extreme criticism. The law of asylum should function so as to ensure the fair, efficient, and effective assessment of asylum claims, instead of following a purely exclusionary regulatory strategy based on a deterrence and punishment model of asylum policy."

Tags:government, papers, poverty, white, welfare

Abstract
This paper discusses how poverty does not mean being deprived of certain goods, but it depends on the norm for the time and place in which you live. It examines the principles established by Rowntree and Beveridge that lead to the introduction of the welfare state in the United Kingdom. The discussion covers the success of the state in defining and eradicating poverty and its sources include Oxfam, Harrington, Wilkinson, Rowntree, Beveridge and Karl Marx.

From the Paper
"Poverty also means being treated as a second-class citizen by the rest of society, even Hollywood suggested, "there is no nobility in poverty anymore". Elucidated in terms of relative poverty, as discussed by Townsend , who wrote that people are in poverty "when they lack the resources to obtain the type of diet, participate in the activities, and have the living conditions which are customary, or at least widely encouraged and approved, in the societies to which they belong". Townsend is writing about a relative deprivation, based on observations that participation in certain everyday activities varied little between income groups but fell off rapidly below a certain level of income; these people falling below the subsistence level that would provide a conventional lifestyle."

Tags:beveridge, citizen, deprivation, dickens, harrington, income, karl, marx, oxfam, poor, poverty, rowntree, social, study, subsistence, townsend, wilkinson

Abstract
This paper examines how with a mass of legislation empowering authorized officers to investigate suspected benefit fraud, whether we should concentrate on detection rather than prevention. It looks at elements of fraud, governmental powers, legislation, case law, reasons for fraud, historical and political legislative development and Acts of Parliament - before making recommendations.

From the Paper
"There is now a mass of legislation empowering authorized officers to investigate suspected fraud, where these officers can be civil servants, local authority officials or their contractors. Such powers include access to otherwise confidential information (e.g. the return of SS post, redirection arrangements, information about specific individuals from private and public sector organizations, bulk information from utilities companies, a power to request information by written notice from employers, access to electronic information held by third parties) and a power to enter premises, such as a claimant's home or place of work. Although the government's authorized officers may only enter premises where there is a reasonable suspicion of fraud, they may obtain personal information in relation to individual claims or potential offences whether by particular persons or more generally."

Tags:conservative, dwp, jobs, parliament, revenue, security, social, taxpayer

Abstract
This paper attempts to explain the role of the family in the development of social welfare. Although the examples used to illustrate the points made are from the nineteenth century, it is not just a simple historical narrative. A social constructionist approach is used in order to analyze why and how certain types of family came to be a focus of concern and intervention in this period. It examinees the influence of the middle class philanthropists, together with the Chartists and the Utilitarians, in shaping the contemporary welfare state.

From the Paper
"Although the family in general was the focus of these philanthropic and state interventions, it was the woman in particular who was singled out as the cause of the working class condition. In a report published in 1842, Edwin Chadwick claimed, "The improvidence of which we are speaking is to be traced in very many instances to extreme ignorance on the part of the wives of these people." (Edwin Chadwick, 1842, Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population of Great Britain, 1965 edn, p.205, quoted in Mooney, 1998, p.64). Paradoxically, the Evangelists saw the woman as the savior of society. As John (1980) noted, the reaffirmation of the value of matriarchal control within the home was deemed essential to the process of social reform."

Tags:class, education, labour, law, patriarchy, poor, private

Abstract
This paper examines how since the implementation of the modern British welfare state in 1945, the various regimes have been organized around an ideological triangle of family, work and nation. It looks at how this concept draws attention to the way in which welfare policies and practices are the product of a society characterized by normative representations of class, race and gender, which in turn determine the constitution of welfare citizenship. It shows how since 1945, ideological assumptions underpinning the social settlement have altered along with the changing political, economic and social landscape of Britain. It maps these changes, demonstrating the consequences for the development of successive welfare regimes. It also gives a chronological account of the way in which assumptions about class, race and gender influence welfare policy and practice.

From the Paper
"During the immediate post-war years there was a significant labor shortage and so the British government began a deliberate policy of encouraging immigration from Commonwealth countries. The British Nationality Act 1948 enshrined in law the right of Commonwealth citizens and their families to work and settle in Britain. However, many migrants found that despite Commonwealth citizenship, their immediate welfare needs were not being met (Clarke et al, 2001). For example, the eligibility criteria for provision of public housing, with regards to length of residence, served to exclude the newly arrived migrants."

Tags:citizenship, class, conservatism, discrimination, immigration, labour, liberalism

Abstract
This paper provides an overview health care provision before implementation of the national health service (NHS) in 1948 which bought universal free health care for all, including the impact of the industrial revolution, poor law, smallpox epidemic and Beveridge. It looks at how the provision of universal free health care worsened the accessibility to it of the poor and how although the aim of the NHS was to remove class inequalities in accessing this health care however, its implementation seems to have shifted the disadvantage of the middle classes to the lower classes.

From the Paper
"To receive care under the Poor Law had to be in receipt of a medical order, which was available from one person the Relieving Officer. To obtain this order the Relieving Officer had to be tracked down and then the patient had to attend a meeting to explain why he could not pay for his medical care. If the patient was unable to do this then the only other option open to him was to be treated in a voluntary hospital."

Tags:beveridge, health, law, poor, smallpox, class

Abstract
This paper examines how John Mills proposes that welfare consists solely of the maximisation of pleasure and how the amount of pleasure derived from experiences is affected by their intensity and length. It considers whether Mills is a Benthamite hedonist or whether he values things other than pleasure. It also looks at how Mills does allow things other than pleasure affect welfare, but tries to remain a hedonist by making a distiction between higher and lower pleasures - thus allowing him to remain a hedonist by overcoming some of the problems of hedonism.

From the Paper
"It is very difficult to believe that Mill really does value higher pleasures solely for the greater pleasure they are supposed to generate. That Mill's account of welfare is to some extent an answer to critics, who he says saw it as a 'doctrine worthy only of swine', furthers the suspicion that these higher pleasures are valued for reasons other than the pleasure associated with them. Either one can view Mill as an extremely dull character incapable of enjoying lower pleasures or as some kind of moralist with a mission to promote the intellectual sources of his higher pleasures. If one is to take him as the former their are still problems with his account, for example his insistence that reading poetry is a higher pleasure, aside from questions of elitism or pretension, seems contradictory as a large proportion of poetry deals with lower pleasures - it does not make sense to rank reading about love in poetry as a higher pleasure than actually experiencing it first hand."

Tags:bentham, haydn, utilitarianism

Abstract
This paper analyzes how Britain is considered to be a liberal-democracy, whereby individuals select to vote for a candidate whose beliefs and values reflect their own and who is expected to lead the government forward and to develop policy in accordance with the values set out in their manifesto and in the interests of the public. It examines a selection of health and welfare policies that appear to have political motivations such as the 1906 Education Act and the 1948 NHS Act in order to establish the extent to which politics influences policy.

From the Paper
"In post-war Britain health care was diverse. It was supplied on a private basis to those who could afford to pay for it and by voluntary organizations for those who couldn't. There was private insurance, state insurance (for workers) and free care for those with no insurance. There was a wide variety in the quality of care received. The same could be said for the knowledge of the doctors. Their geographical distribution posed further problems due to the fact that most doctors worked in affluent areas as there was money to be made there however, it was in the poor areas that they were needed most. Hospitals were forced to borrow money from the state, as there was an increased demand for their services following the war. As a result, the hospitals were facing the threat of closure."

Tags:nhs, education, government, aids, insurance

Abstract
This paper looks at the Greek philosophical approach to medicine, the influence Greek medicine and doctors had on the Romans and how medicine and attitudes towards medicine evolved in the Roman world with respect to the relationship between doctor and patient. It discusses the famous influential doctors or medicine men of the time such as Hippocrates and examines the medical knowledge, equipment and training that was available at the time.

From the Paper
"Professional ethics were seen as very important and were much more standard and accepted than many treatment practices which could be controversial and disagreed with. Gaining the trust of patients and the general public was seen as vital and doctors were quick to announce the hopelessness of a case if they felt they might not be able to save a patient. Accusations of murder against doctors by angry family members were common and clearly would do medical reputations and careers any good. Doctors would try to portray themselves in certain lights. Presentation was important and a confident doctor with the appearance of success would persuade patient and family of his abilities."

Tags:hippocrates, doctor, patient