Abstract
This paper is a position paper on multicultural curriculum. The paper discusses what a multicultural curriculum is and why it is needed in today's multicultural classrooms. It looks at the division among those who support a multicultural curriculum and those who don't. The paper briefly discusses how to teach the multicultural curriculum.

From the Paper
"According to Gollnick and Chinn multicultural education has the purpose of further developing a democratic society by providing and promoting a respect and understanding of diverse ethnic and cultural groups ..."

Tags:multicultural, curriculum

Abstract
This paper is an in-depth discussion of multiculturalism, it defines it and states that an entirely different view of culture is needed in the intellectual discourse of society. Elst analyzes culture using the example of analyzing sex. Elst makes it clear in his analysis that pluralities of identity are the norm, that everyone is multi-ethnic and multi-racial in some fashion. Finally, the paper concludes that each individual should study and redefine his own culture.

From the Paper
"Even in the current, mainstream political debate over what constitutes "multiculturalism," it is common cultural parlance to view culture as a static entity. Multiculturalism is defined as the manner in which more cultures are integrated into the fabric of the dominant discourse, rather than as a way of deconstructing notions of how culture itself is perceived and unperceived. As the title of Dirk Van Der Elst's book Culture as Given, Culture as Choice, suggests, however, framing the debate in such a fashion is not necessarily the most radical choice. Elst suggests that nothing really exists as "culture," rather culture itself is a constructed, socially produced norm."

Tags:cultural, multiculturalism, Dirk, Van, Der, Elst, social, norm

From the Paper
"This study will provide a critical analysis of The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society, by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.


Schlesinger's argument is essentially that the United States is in danger of breaking up into ethnic camps, that such a breakup will be a dangerous and counter-productive occurrence, and that he hopes and believes that it will not happen after all. It is not only a short book (115 pages, not counting the Foreword), it is a book short on argument. It is probably not a coincidence that the word "reflections" appears in the book's sub-title, because there is a superficial tone to the book, as if it had been a brief essay stretched into book-length. The same basic thesis is repeated over and over: America was once a..."

Abstract
Modern teachers have much to reflect on when designing their classroom plan. Our multicultural world has changed the needs of the students and thus changed what goes into classroom planning. This paper shows that all teachers must start with a new look at themselves so that they may make plans for the students and not for themselves. The paper shows that the teachers also need to make adjustments for the various types of students they will be teaching, for every student deserves a chance at success.

Paper Outline:
Abstract
The Awareness' Necessary to Teach in a Multicultural Environment
Self-Knowledge
Other Viewpoints
Discourse
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"There is so much that goes into creating a successful environment in any classroom, much less one that is multicultural. Teachers today have many things to consider for the good of their students and many obstacles to overcome because of political restraints. The best things a teacher can do to get the best environment possible is to first take a look at self-knowledge, analyzing their own identity as well as asking the students to look at who they are; making students aware of the multiple points of view to be learned; and to alter their classroom discourse style so as to allow every student to participate."

Tags:minority, assessment, paired, learning, Hispanic

Abstract
In this paper, the writer explores Rothenberg's three main themes in her book "Race, Class, and Gender in the United States": the formation and definition of differences, historical accounts of race, class and gender, and suggestions for moving beyond racism, sexism and classism. The writer shows how Rothenberg presents the reader with the materials to formulate a personal opinion on the issues of race, class, and gender and to determine how they affect him in contemporary society. The writer also offers a personal response to Rothenberg's ideas.

From the Paper
"A primary theme in Rothenberg's (2007) book is the formation and definition of differences. Sections I-IV constructs the basis on how society in the United States construct differences in the areas of race, class, and gender and helps the reader to think about the meaning of racism, classism and sexism (p. 3). Section I contains readings that investigates how White privilege was developed by the construction of racial differences among the European settlers, slaves and natives to create a division of labor. Also discussed was how there developed a greater distinction among Jewish immigrants and how they were grafted into the White majority and other immigrants after World War II. Section I-IV of Rothenberg's (2007) book also discusses the construction of gender and how differences in gender have created differences in the division of labor, pay, and gender roles and stereotypes."

Tags:segregation, prejucide, discrimination, stereotypes, oppression

Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of diversity management and to what extent the processes and practices of diversity management represent a true change from previous equality initiatives such as equal opportunities (EO) and affirmative action in the US. The paper identifies six fundamental commercial reasons for engaging in diversity management but also considers the criticism of the diversity management model from both a theoretical and operational perspective. The conclusion of this author is that diversity management programs which have been well designed and implemented with the right access to resources, offer a considerable advantage over many of the current equal opportunities practises seen in organisations in the UK and US.

From the Paper
"In considering the equal opportunities methodology of achieving equality, it is necessary to understand the fundamental underpinning of the theory. The literature (Liff, 1997, Bratton and Gold, 2007) would seem to highlight the fact that when managing equality, there are two basic methods which a firm may adopt. On the one hand a firm may choose to attempt to create equality through the effective ignoring of diversity related issues, in other words a firm will choose to ignore the fact that a person is female, from an ethnic minority or of a certain religious persuasion arguing that such details are irrelevant and that the only issues which should matter are those which pertain to a person's ability to carry out a job (Webb, 1997). The second approach may be seen as one in which the firm actively recognises that individuals do have traits of diversity and that it is then the role of the organisation to recognise such traits and accommodate such traits within the organisation for the benefit of both the employer and employee (Liff, 1999).
"When the equal opportunities method of generating equality is considered, the method would seem to adopt the former philosophy considering that individuals should effectively be striped of their diversity based identities and judged solely against the back drop of a objective criteria (Liff, 1999). Thus in recruitment and selection, managers responsible for recruiting would consider how suitable an employee is for a job based solely upon the collection and evaluation of performance based data, ignoring other factors such as race, cultural backgrounds or gender issues. From the perspective of simplicity and fairness, there would be few in the literature or otherwise that would criticise the underlying logic of such a model which encourages appointment, pay and rewards based upon an objective set of criteria which uses merit as the basic yard stick for evaluation (Carroll, 1990)."

Tags:equal, opportunities, affirmative, action

Abstract
The paper outlines the pessimistic approach of cultural imperialism that believes that western culture is displacing local customs, leading to homogenisation. The paper looks at the ideas of critical theorists such as Ritzer, who fear that mass produced brand-goods such as Coca-Cola and Starbucks will obliterate local cultures. The paper then explains how others argue for hybridity and indigenisation, emphasising how local consumers adapt the products being sold to them to fit with their culture. The paper highlights the problem with the cultural imperialism approach and reaches the conclusion that the reality of a global monoculture suffocating diversity and difference is unlikely.

From the Paper
"Among pessimistic globalist critiques are George Ritzer's McDonaldization theory (1993) and Ulf Hannerz' Coca-Colonisation (1992). Their titles refer to global cultural products (both originally American) that can be seen as 'central symbols of "cultural imperialism"'. For Ritzer the US influence lies in the principles of the fast food restaurant - efficiency, calculability and predictability. At the core of his thesis is the premise that this mass production-related ideology is spreading not only throughout American society, but also globally."

Tags:imperialism, homogenisation, hybridity, indigenisation, Ritzer, mcDonaldization

Abstract
This paper commences by explaining the underlying foundations on which the concept of liberal egalitarianism is based, especially as outlined by John Rawls. Next, the author evaluates various arguments that are tendered in both support and condemnation of this theoretical approach. The paper concludes that the concept of liberal egalitarianism does not account for the various facets contained within multiculturalism; therefore, attempting to theorize multiculturalism by using liberal egalitarian theory has little value.

From the Paper
"As such, Rawls' conception of social and political functions draws a distinct difference between society in the political sense, and wider background culture. Thus, provided that political culture ensures the liberty of all in terms of its institutional structure, then all individuals will enjoy the same level of freedom and equality regardless of their own personal cultural background.. Moreover, Rawls determines that it is simply not possible for individuals to enjoy this level of freedom and equality in the face of different and competing cultural pressures which impact upon the political sphere."

Tags:commentators, dilemma, individualism, tenets, cultures

Abstract
This paper argues that the politics of sub continental Asia do continue to put forth significant pressure upon the nature and characteristics of community relations between British South Asians. The paper explains the meaning of inter-community and intra-community relations and the nature of communalism within British South Asian communities. The paper also stresses that the impact of protracted and concerted religious and ethnic differences has been translated negatively into the political realm and has been given a wholly British dimension.

From the Paper
"Firstly, the issue of the global Islamic resurgence is of vital importance here. Since the 1970s the Muslim faith has undergone a relative transformation, as personified by the Iranian revolution in 1979. Now we must be very careful not to overemphasize the scope and magnitude of Islamic fundamentalism. However, it nevertheless remains the case that in recent decades a fundamentalist interpretation of Islam has been propelled in many areas of world and often taken to be the real understanding of the Islamic faith. It is not necessary here to examine in detail the nature of this fundamentalism or the validity it achieves across the world."

Tags:immigration colonial communalism, historical religious differences, islamic resurgence

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the three works reviewed in this paper are all varying responses to the problems that multiculturalism, both in theory and in practice, has produced. The writer notes that, published all within the last decade, Tariq Modood's 'Is Multiculturalism Appropriate for the Twenty-First Century', Bhikhu Parekh's 'Rethinking Multiculturalism, Cultural Diversity and Political Theory', and Sasja Templeman's 'Constructions of Cultural Identity: Multiculturalism and Exclusion', address the fundamental question of what one means by multiculturalism, uncover both the explicit and implicit problems this essentially woolly doctrine embodies, and point to a more inclusive, refined and sophisticated way in which multiculturalism can be advocated as a political ideal. The writer concludes that ultimately, the writers of these works feel that multiculturalism, as it is understood and propagated today, is unsatisfactory as a doctrine of inclusion.

From the Paper
"Much of the awkwardness arises, perhaps, less from the underdeveloped nature of multiculturalism than from the difficulties it presents to conventional political philosophy. Since traditional political theory believes in the universal validity of a good life, acceptance of multiculturalism necessarily presupposes a plurality of goods that would not be the same for everyone. By contrast to monists, who claimed to arrive at one true or rational way of understanding man and the world and the leading of the good life, pluralists, inspired initially by the German romantics, took a more relativist view of human nature that did not see one size fitting all. But the problem even with the romantic movement, which had been responsible for promoting the specificities of a nation, is that its basic assumption of cultural homogeneity within one nation has been cast into doubt by the variety of different cultural entities that co-exist in modern nations."

Tags:diversity, tensions, nation, conflict, differences