Abstract
This essay looks at purpose of the pre-colonial economy in Latin America and the methods employed by the Spaniards to control the natives and production under colonization. It examines the diverse population the Spaniards found upon arrival, and how the Spaniards simply superimposed themselves upon existing structures. The four main labor systems used by the Spanish are outlined. The exploitation based on the economic systems implemented by the Spaniards is explored.

From the Paper
"The process of colonization within any one country or group of countries was conditioned by the pre-existing historical circumstances and the attractiveness of its resources to the colonizers. In turn, these affected the degree of exploitation and the nature of the developments that took place and consequently the level of marginalization that occurred within the economy and society. The conquest of Latin America was carried out by the Spanish, Portuguese, French, Dutch and British. But it was Spain who secured the largest, richest and most diverse territory, and did so with great rapidity. Within 70 years of Columbus's arrival in the Caribbean, Spain had overthrown the Aztec and Inca empires and occupied most of middle and western South America."

Tags:indians, slavery, exploit, colonial, Encomienda, Repartimiento

Abstract
Politics in Britain have greatly influenced the public in many ways, not least in their opinions. The following discussion looks at British immigration and asylum policies and their effect on the existence of prejudice and discrimination against minorities. It outlines the importance of the terms ?race? and ?racism? and the explanations and types that have been identified. An outline is provided of how the different types have been encompassed into immigration policies and the effect they had on popular and accepted views and what, if anything, has changed. A timeline of political events and legislation is analysed in depth to provide evidence and reasons for the existence of racism in contemporary Britain.

From the Paper
"Biologically race is a false concept, but it is real in sociological terms, in that people classify others as belonging to various races. Thus, some argue that there are no races but "social processes through which social relationships become racialised: represented ideologically as entailing race" . Thus, discrimination (i.e. political exclusion of migrants due to ?cultural incompatibility) is explained by some social scientists in terms of New Racism. It has its origins in the political crisis affecting Britain with the ascendancy of the political right in the 1980's. Its focus is ?the defence of the mythic "British/English way of life" in the face of attack from enemies outside ("Argies", "Iraqis"), and within ("black communities")? . Racism, in these terms, is defined as discrimination based on the notion that it is justifiable to demand physical separation due to different cultural ways of living. There are downfalls to this theory. Although it talks of culture, it primarily concerns itself with colour. Some argue that the notion of new racism produces blackness and Englishness as "mutually exclusive categories" . Thus the argument arises that there is nothing new about new racism and its notions are fundamentally based around that of old biological racism."

Tags:discrimination, prejudice, sociology, minority, immigration, asylum

Abstract
The paper discusses in detail the current approaches to the manner in which people learn and of the classification of these groups. It states there are many theories on learning and how people learn and that there are elements of cross over between many of the theories. The paper explores the factors that can influence the way people learn in relation to learning theories.

Outline:
Introduction
Behaviourism
Learning environment
How this theory relates to my own practice and communication
Cognitive development
Learning environment
How this theory relates to my own practice and communication
Humanism
Learning environment
How this theory relates to my own practice and communication
Gestalt
Learning environment
How this theory relates to my own practice and communication
Ways in which theories and principles of learning and communication will apply to promote inclusive practice
Conclusion

From the Paper
"To communicate effectively to all of my learners, I will always bear the Hierarchy of Needs in mind when lesson planning by providing adequate support and resources, including help, respect, and encouragement to assist the various learning styles and domains. This will include sensory learning experiences using facts and general concepts relating to their own culture and background, visual and verbal prompting, experiential learning and time for evaluation and analysis through active reflection, in a detailed structured way "

Tags:learing, teaching, communication, Dewey, humanistic, theory

Abstract
A look at the origins of Indian culture with emphasis on Indian music and dance. The author examines the roots of music and dance from legends, myths and ancient scripts and provides an understanding of the historical foundation of Indian music and dance.

From the Paper
"The history of Indian music and dance is one of the oldest unbroken artistic traditions in the world. It is said that the origins of this system go back to the Vedas, the ancient scripts of the Hindus. Numerous legends have grown up concerning the origins and development of Indian classical music and dance. Such legends illustrate the importance both that music and dance have had in defining Indian culture, especially from a religious perspective. This investigation is meant to explore the historical foundation of Indian music to ascertain a better understanding of the classical form."

Tags:continent, india, sub

Abstract
This paper examines the strengths of Soviet organization, as well as the weakness of the Whites, who were backed by western intervention. The paper looks at measures taken, such as "War Communism" used to supply food to the army and the ruthless structure of communist forces, which lead to the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War.

From the Paper
"In 1917 Lenin and the Bolsheviks, known as the Communists or Reds, had seized control over Petrograd and Moscow quite easily. However, they controlled only part of Russia and many groups opposed them. Could they hang on to power? The Mensheviks, Social Revolutionaries and supporters of the Tsar said they had no right to rule. Collectively, these opponents became known as the Whites. The Whites were opposed to the Reds for two main reasons: they seized the land, property and factories of the well off and they attacked religious beliefs. By the end of 1918 civil war had broken out in Russia between the Whites and the Reds. The Whites were supported from abroad by the Allies; Britain, France, the USA and Japan. The Allies opposed Lenin in retaliation for his Brest-Litovsk peace treaty with Germany in March 1918. They had also lost capital and property as the Reds refused to repay loans which had been made to the Tsar's government, and had nationalized foreign owned businesses' in Russia without compensation. Yet, despite a large number of anti-Bolshevik groups within Russia, who were backed by the most powerful countries in the world, the Bolsheviks did eventually win the Russian Civil War. But why?"

Tags:civil, communist, lenin, russia, trotsky, war, bolshevik, economic, political, military

Abstract
This paper studies the critical period hypothesis which suggests that languages cannot be learned after the age of twelve. However, an evaluation of evidence from many different sources suggests that this is not accurate. It examines sources such as: Studies of second language learning methods, wild children studies and the theories of Noam Chomsky and Stephen Krashen. Factors which make it easier for children to learn language, such as parentheses, are also discussed.

From the Paper
"The "critical period" hypothesis cites a commonly observable phenomenon, the fact that children find language learning much easier than adults, and learn language remarkably quickly, to claim that language learning is more difficult, or impossible after puberty. The concept of "critical periods" was initially introduced in the study of animal behavior, where it was noticed that certain behavioral responses only emerged when stimulus was given within a particular time frame. This concept has been applied to many species, including humans, with regard to the development of specific emotional responses such as stress. In 1967 Lenneberg proposed that this concept also applied to human linguistic development, seeing language as a response, and exposure to language as the stimulus. There are two versions of this hypothesis: the "strong" version, which claims that no language acquisition is possible after puberty, and the "weak" version, which maintains that language learning will be much more difficult. A distinction is often made between "language acquisition", the way in which children unconsciously learn their native tongue, and "language learning" which implies formal instruction, and Lenneberg maintains this distinction himself."

Tags:chomsky, immersion, krashen, language, learning, linguistics, pinker, second, teaching

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of Dorothy Johnson's behavioral system model. The writer explores the model itself and then uses case study examples to apply the theory to real life situations in a critical care nursing role. It presents the positive outcomes for nurses and family members, of using the model in critical care nursing.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Johnson's Life
The Model
Case Study
Conclusion

From the Paper
"One of the most well known nursing theorists in modern history was Dorothy Johnson. Johnson ideas about the field of nursing and how that field relates to the care of individual patients, including her well known Behavior Model theory (Fruschwirth, 2000). The theory encompasses many of the medical systems in the human body and how they relate to behaviors of individuals to provide a measurable blueprint as to how to apply those functions and behaviors to the everyday practice of nursing. To understand how the Behavioral System Model was conceived and developed and how it pertains to today's nursing profession it is important to have a basic understanding of nursing itself and the life of Johnson."

Tags:critical, care, nursing, burden

Abstract
This paper addresses the question of whether the legal profession is justified in holding UK organisations liable for employees abuse of electronic mail systems in the workplace.

From the Paper
"Should an employer be deemed liable for e-mail messages written by one employee, and sent to another employee, without the employers knowledge or consent, this has begun to happen over the past few years. Employers are finding themselves facing spiralling legal costs when employees sue for sexual or racial harassment. UK governments have been reluctant to lay down laws with respect to electronic communications and employees rights in the workplace, inevitably this has led to an increase in cases brought against employers. Organisations are beginning to fight back, with covert monitoring of personal e-mail sent by employees. Recent legal cases are reported and particular attention is paid to both employees and employers perspectives, with consideration to relevant statute."

Tags:communication, technology, computer, data, employee, employer, ethic, fraud, government, guidelines, harassment, law, monitoring, policy, protection, racial, sexual, surveillance

Abstract
This paper examines how, as increasing numbers of businesses look to expand and develop their consumer and market base through the internationalisation of their operations, managers are recognising the importance of effective international marketing to counter the increased levels of uncertainty and complexity. It focuses specifically on the role of culture in the formulation of international marketing strategies, using a number of examples to highlight the points raised. Firstly, international marketing strategies are considered in more detail, followed by an exploration of the concept of culture and its influence on international marketing strategies.

Outline
Introduction
What are International Marketing Strategies?
Understanding Culture
The Role of Culture in International Marketing Strategy Formulation
Hofstede?s Five Dimensions
Hall and Hall?s High-Low Context
Direct Influence on Marketing Mix
Product
Price
Place
Promotion
Importance of Ethics
Critiquing the Role of Culture
Conclusions
References
Appendix 1

From the Paper
"Since value judgements vary between and within cultures, perceptions of what constitutes acceptable behaviour also differ: for example a gift in one country may be considered a bribe in another (Cateora and Ghauri, 2000; Doole and Lowe, 2001). Kotabe and Helsen (2004 p.171) highlight the significance of this for international marketers who "must understand and respect cultural subtleties, whilst finding the limits of ethical behaviour"; since a company's ethical stance may affect its ability to do business in some countries. For example, Motorola's lengthy "Code of Business Conduct", sets out standards for accepted behaviour throughout the organisation (see www.motorola.com). They recognise the "ethical legitimacy" of gift-giving in Japan, but decline to "participate in the practice" (Hamilton and Knouse, 2001 p.87). This allows the company to show respect for Japanese culture, whilst maintaining its own corporate values. Similarly, consideration should be given to product usage and production processes, which may not be appropriate in certain cultures or environments."

Tags:culture, hofstede, business

Abstract
This paper discusses how a great number of students with learning disabilities are at high risk for educational failure because they often have difficulty remembering materials covered in school and how their teachers can help these students improve their performance and their long term success through mnemonic instruction. It examines various studies on the topic and reviews relevant literature. It evaluates how the majority of research indicates that using basic phonetic instruction alone is insufficient, especially for students with learning disabilities. When basic skills are taught in conjunction with mnemonic strategies, memory improves because well established pictures in the memory bank to link new information and trigger a strong electrical impulse to help recall the new information. The research studies have consistently shown that mnemonic strategies can be taught to students of all ages and of all levels of learning disabilities. Studies have also shown that when students are taught mnemonics to help them study, they begin to use mnemonics on a regular basis and also begin to make up their own memorization techniques.

From the Paper
"The traditional theory of learning, which has been used in the past as a supplement to the mass schooling approach of the early 19th century, is that in order for a student to learn complex skills such as reading, he must first become adept at making sense of the smallest components of the language (for example letters) and then advancing to larger components (for example sounds, words, and sentences). Phonics supporters generally agree that by employing "the direct approach" in regards to instruction, as well as providing an undeviating focus on logical sequencing, students will effectively learn to identify words quickly and consistently, as well as improving their spelling, vocabulary, handwriting, listening, and thinking skills (Share and Stanovich, 1995)."

Tags:children, memory, bank, teachers, phonetic, language, skills