Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the feature of transference actions and reactions in the counseling relationship is of particular importance in the therapeutic situation. These expressions can have different consequences regarding the forming and upholding of the therapeutic relationship. Bearing in mind the significance of transference and its possible effects in therapy, this feature of the therapeutic relationship is discussed, its various presentations in the therapy environment discussed, and directives for comprehending such presentations offered.
The writer maintains that the styles reviewed here, while not including the whole range, seem to point out a number of the huge consequences expressions have for the progression and results of therapy. The writer concludes that per se, the subject of transference appears to be of huge importance in the therapeutic alliance and, thus, deserves the therapist's awareness, consideration, analysis and intervention. Three tables are included with the paper.

Outline:
Subheadings
Intrduction
Therapist as a Fosterer
Therapist as Perfect
Therapist as an Oracle
Therapist as an Irritator
Therapist as an Insignificant
References
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3

From the Paper
" Effective management of this type of transference with can be particularly difficult, mostly because these clients are so good at directing and having power over and the conversational flow. Subsequently, for any type of therapeutic connection and therapist empathy to be formed, the therapist regularly has to hold a firm and consistent approach with the client. This may include going over questions, interpretations, and feedback to the client again, especially if these carry on being unacknowledged. More frankly attention can be placed on the client's continuous pattern of ignoring the therapist's expressions. This approach can help the therapist and client evaluate their communication and, thus, could set the foundation for a more efficient, real therapeutic alliance."

Tags:psychodynamic, psychotherapy, counselling, psychoanalysis

Abstract
This paper explains the many types of schizophrenia and how it effect the patient's life. The paper outlines the development of medications to treat this disease but stresses that these drugs are not without problems. The paper concludes that the treatment goal for schizophrenia is to discover a medication that enables the patient to live a normal life with no risk of relapse; however, at present, there is no such drug.

From the Paper
"Although these drug treatments have been able to mask the symptoms of schizophrenia and for some that may give access to a normal way of life away from living in hospitals but they have yet to find a cure. And these drugs, especially the classical antipsychotics, are associated with a variety of different side effects. Due to these side effects causing so much distress to patients they often they stop taking their medication which leads to relapses in their symptoms, which in turn leads to repeated hospitalizations."

Tags:symptoms neuroleptics chlorpromazine clozapine, side effects

Abstract
This study examines online and face-to-face support groups to determine which factors best predict participant's satisfaction with the group experience. The paper examines how differences between face-to-face and online groups may be accounted for by differences in severity of disorders among clients. The writer proposes that this research is important, as online support groups expand their role in the provision of eating disorder support. The paper concludes that, in order to ensure that individuals with eating disorders have access to the best treatment available, it is advantageous to the mental health profession to determine who can benefit most from low-cost treatment resources.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement Of The Problem
Definition Of Terms
Literature Review
Dsm-Iv Diagnostic Criteria For Anorexia Nervosa
Dsm_Iv Diagnostic Criteria For Bulimia Nervosa
Dsm-Iv Research Criteria For Binge Eating Disorder
Bodywhy's Eating Disorder Support Group Services: An Overview
Factors Contributing To The Effectiveness Of Eating Disorder Groups: Review Of Current Research
Methodology
Design
Sample
Results
Data Analysis
Chapter 5
Discussion
Summary Of Findings And Implications For Future Research
Group Participant Variables
Group Variables
Limitations Of Study
Implications Of Research
Conclusion
Appendices
Informed Consent Letters For Group Participants
Appendix B
Demographic Information, Group Participation History And Eating Disorder History.
Client Satisfaction Inventory
Eating Attitudes Test
Catharsis Scale
References

From the Paper
"Bodywhys, The Eating Disorders Association of Ireland's face to face and online support groups, which are facilitated by trained volunteers, aims to provide eating disorder suffers and their families with an economically and geographically accessible environment for discussing feelings and common concerns, the expression of which Meehan, Wikes, and Howard (1995) identified as one of the foundations of recovery from eating disorders. Despite the longevity of this and other eating disorder support group programs, however, systematic research with such groups has been scant."

Tags:intervention, recovery, psychopathology, pathology, psychiatrist, therapist, anorexia, bulimia

Abstract
This paper discusses the need for continuing professional development (CPD) among psychologists. The paper discusses the differing CPD requirements for psychologists in various countries and compares and contrasts these differences. The paper then discusses the arguments for and against CPD, including financial issues and adherence to theories learned.

From the Paper
"Regularly undertaking CPD activity of an appropriate type and quality should keep them safe to practice and fit for purpose throughout their careers. No matter where someone is on the hierarchy, whether they have just qualified or have been qualified for 30 years, CPD is just as important, every professional needs to ensure that they are fit for purpose, safe to practice and up to date throughout their careers, QAA, (2003)"
"The majority of Psychologists know that their continuing professional development is important. But for some, when they hear the phrase 'continuing professional development' this is met by a yawn and an attempt to tot up the number of hours spent on activities which could count as CPD along with worries about where they will find the time to pursue CPD activities, APS (2006)."

Tags:ethical, education, social

Abstract
This paper attempts to compare two effective models of counseling, rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) and psychodynamic therapy. It looks at how they work, the role of the counselor and various actions the models have on the client. It evaluates which of the two models is best suited the field of herbal medicine by considering their strengths and weaknesses.

From the Paper
"The role of the counselor within REBT counseling appears to be to help facilitate the reconstruction/rearrangement, by the client, of how they consider themselves, their view of the world and his/her individual experiences by employing various methods. Hill & Dryden (1993) briefly explain how the counselor's role is one of guide and instigator of a regime of self-change and self-help sustained by the client's own energy with the counselor maintaining an authoritative but not authoritarian, guidance role. In contrast, during Psychodynamic counseling, the counselor helps the client achieve insight by interpreting the client's unconscious mental content. One of the main tools of psychodynamic counseling is "the Transference"; the use of this tool is also one of the main differences between psychodynamic counseling and other forms of counseling."

Tags:ego, herbal, rational, relationship, superego, transference, client

Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is lifelong, notoriously hard to treat, and includes aspects that have long puzzled researchers. Yet despite this, BPD is a relatively common disorder found in 11% of all psychiatric outpatients and 19% of all psychiatric inpatients. This paper discusses the characteristics of the disorder and then presents the Beck-Young cognitive models and Kernberg's psychodynamic model, of understanding and treating BPD for comparison. In the final part, the author presents his view as to which framework he would prefer to use and why.

From the Paper
"The treatment models proposed by the two frameworks first appear to be very different from one another. Psychoanalysis proposes that we are protected from our unconscious thoughts by a variety of defence mechanisms to disguise any unconscious material that might leak into our consciousness. Therefore in therapy, psychoanalysis attempts to expose the unconscious processes and assumes that the ego, relieved of its burden of trying to seal off the unconscious material, will then provide realistic corrections. In cognitive therapy, the distorted/illogical thought processes are exposed to the patient through reality testing and thus relies to the patient to use her rationality to correct her irrationality (Beck, 1985). Because psychoanalysis for BPD probes into the patient's unconscious and is primarily a 'transference' based technique that does not focus on specific symptoms, it can typically take up to 7 years to complete. On the other hand cognitive therapy for BPD targets symptoms directly and produces results on a much shorter time scale - typically 1-2 years (Beck et al., 1990). "

Tags:psychoanalysis, psychiatric, cognitive, therapy

Abstract
This paper provides insight into anorexia nervosa, a mental illness where individuals refuse to eat in pursuit of losing weight due to their intense fear of being fat. It looks at the two types of anorexia nervosa, the primary and secondary form and examines some of the physical symptoms that patients incur such as pallor, emaciation, weakness, muscle fatigue, lanugo (a growth of fine body hair) and amenorrhoea as well as heart complications. It looks at how there are several psychological models which can describe anorexia and focuses on the cognitive model and the behaviorist model. It shows how behavioral therapies are based on the assumption that mental disorders are maladaptive behaviors which have resulted from faulty learning and how the cognitive model concerns itself with the internal processes of thought and the role played by expectations, attitudes and the interpretation of events.

From the Paper
"Anorexia nervosa is not the result of an overnight decision. This is why it is so difficult to become aware of until it has advanced to a substantial degree. It generally starts off as a harmless diet, usually without the intentions to starve oneself. In spite of that, if a person has certain predispositions, it may gradually result in anorexia. This is because as the diet progresses, the individual may experience some kind of "dieting euphoria" because this kind of lifestyle provides them with a sense of control for two reasons; an external and an internal. The external reason is that it provides a sense of "mastery and euphoria to a person who previously not only felt weak but depressed and empty" (Richard A. Gordon). And the internal reason is the accomplishment of a thin body is appraised by today's society. However the feeling of euphoria that is experienced is relatively short-lived. In fact, the longer the fasting lasts, a sense of depression gradually takes over to the degree where it becomes a dominant mood. Eventually, the anorexic will go to any extremes in order to conceal and defend her low weight and minimum appetite."

Tags:disorders, psychology, treatments, diet, mental

Abstract
This paper discusses the background and current status of cognitive behavior therapy. It lists the challenges facing cognitive behavior therapy and discusses the need for this form of therapy to address these issues. The paper then describes three cognitive restructuring therapies and discusses how they are implemented in practice. It also discusses the theory and practice of the problem-solving therapies and the cognitive learning theory.

Table of Contents:
Current Status
Theory
Methodology
Applications
Summary

From the Paper
"If Cognitive Behaviour Therapy can effectively deal with these concerns, it will unquestionably develop into a key force within clinical psychology. Nevertheless, in spite of its recognition amongst several therapists, not all behaviourally oriented researchers are in favour of this form of therapy. For instance, Eysenck (1979), a staunch S-R theorist, cautioned that "Although cognitive theories seem fashionable at the moment among some behaviour therapists who should know better. . . being fashionable is not the same as being correct, or useful, or in line with the evidence." He indicated that "Cognitive theory, per contra, does not even exist as a 'theory' that could meaningfully be criticized or tested; it is an aspiration, born of mentalistic preconceptions, in search of hypotheses."
"Wolpe (1978, p. 442) stated that that, "Behaviour therapists have deliberately influenced their patients' thinking ever since formal behaviour therapy of the neuroses came into existence"; for this reason he believed that cognitive approaches to therapy had always been incorporated with the behavioural techniques. "Thought," wrote Wolpe, "obeys the same 'mechanistic' laws as motor or autonomic behaviour" (p. 438). The principles of conditioning are adequate to account for cognition, and overt behaviour is an adequate indicator of this conditioning."

Tags:CBT counseling treatment

Abstract
This paper discusses how Freud has been regarded as one of the most influential figures of the twentieth century and how his published works and theories still remain as a major source of inspiration and contention for modern day psychiatrists and psychotherapists and continue to be widely discussed and queried by scholars and practitioners. It looks at how his ideas and theories have filtered into the mainstream and become an accepted part of modern psychology. It also discusses how he reached his beliefs, how his predecessors and contemporaries influenced him and how his theories became so widespread.

From the Paper
"He further proposed that infants enter the world as fully sexualised beings without inhibition (the incarnation of the id) and then, as they go through the growing up process, defined in the psychodynamic stages of development, slowly become educated into repressing these desires and become a civilised member of society. These stages all correspond to an erogenous zone, which the child needs to satisfy and repress before moving to the next phase in order to maintain a functional personality. According to Freud, incomplete repression at any stage of these desires will result in either perversion (a term used by Freud to include homosexuality and masochism), hysteria, or unhappiness. These people become trapped by their infantile appetites, fixated at a particular stage, unable to move forward until they have dealt with these feelings through psychoanalysis by rationally condemning them."

Tags:breuer, catharsis, charcot, ego, hypnosis, psychoanalysis, psychology, repression, resistance

Abstract
This paper focuses on two theoretical approaches of psychopathology concerning abnormal behavior in humans, the behavioral approach and the cognitive approach. These two approaches are compared and contrasted. The paper considers their effectiveness in both explaining the origins of, and treating mental disorders. The paper's explanation of the behavioral approach includes a look at modeling, operant conditioning and classical conditioning. The cognitive model is portrayed as an evolved behaviorist model. The paper explains that cognitive psychologists believe that cognitive processes, such as thoughts and emotions, drive behavior. The conclusion drawn by the paper is that the therapies that work best are ones that use combinations and treatments of these models, such as the cognitive-behaviorist model.

From the Paper
"The first theoretical approach that shall be focused on is behaviorism. The underlying connotations of this approach is that all human behavior, whether it being internal (mental) or external (observable), is determined by the experiences a person has undergone, and how they have learned from them. One of the positive aspects of behaviorism is that it can be tested, observed and measured easily, unlike most psychological theories and models. Behaviorists have come to the conclusion that all human behavior has been conditioned. This belief originated in the 1950's where psychologists performed experiments on the behavior of organisms and through conditioning they could be taught how to act or behave in certain predicted ways. Through this method they applied several of these methods as being the cause of human functioning and if done incorrectly then could be the cause for abnormal functioning."

Tags:psychology, cognitive, behaviorism, bandura, beck