Abstract
The paper contends that advances in imaging technology, made over the past five decades, have enabled the recognition of many of the cognitive and behavioural correlates of organic brain impairments. As a result, a new range of psychological tools has been developed that have proven effective as diagnostic indicators of lesions or other malfunctions. The paper concentrates on the frontal lobe regions. It reviews the types of damage that occur and the behavioural patterns and problems associated with them. The paper then examines and reviews measures that have been formulated to assess the nature and extent of that frontal lobe damage.

From the Paper
"The idea of cerebral localisation of psychological functions has existed in various forms since Gall (1935), but only recently have researchers been able to locate specific psychological processes to particular brain structures with any confidence; and studies of malfunction have been found to hold critical value here in identifying normal functioning. Kolb and Whishaw (2003) offer five discrete categories of psychological abnormality associated with frontal lobe lesions: (1) disturbances of motor functions; (2) loss of divergent thinking; (3) impaired response inhibition and inflexible behaviour; (4) poor temporal memory, and (5) impaired social and sexual behaviour imaging. Evidence, however, suggests a degree of overlap and interaction between categories. For the present analysis, the 'cognitive' categories, (2) and (4), will be discussed together, as will the categories relating to social behaviour and inhibition: (3) and (5)."

Tags:brain, psychological, abnormality, cognitive, cortex, dysfunctional

Abstract
A comprehensive look at a four year old boy?s performance using the Denver II Developmental screening test which assesses personal-social, fine-motor- adaptive, language, and gross motor development. Primarily used to compare children to other children, the test it to alert clinician?s of possible difficulties in certain areas. Includes child history, testing observations, performance, assessment, and evaluation.

Tags:chess, development, evaluation, physical, piaget, social, stage

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present a brief overview of personality assessment. To this end, the paper discusses the definition of personality: some of the major differences in the tests use to assess personality; validity and reliability concerns associated with different categories of assessment; and the advantages and disadvantages associated with assessment differences.

From the Paper
"PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT

Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to present a brief overview of personality assessment. To this end, the paper discusses the definition of personality: some of the major differences in the tests use to assess personality; validity and reliability concerns associated with different categories of assessment; and the advantages and disadvantages associated with assessment differences.

Definitions
Although, generally, personality refers to certain stable patterns of behavioral and psychoemotional traits (Samuel, 1992), there is a lack of consensus in terms of establishing a precise definition of the construct. This is because theorists ..."

Abstract
This paper looks at the issue of increased violent tendencies found in increasingly younger children in today's society. The author reviews several different studies that have been conducted on the subject and substantiate the thesis that violence on television has a profound impact on younger children. Television has become more violent and children are, watching more of it, which in this author's opinion, has contributed to the increase in violent behavior in children. Several studies and their results are presented in order to help the reader understand the possible roots of the problem, to present possible solutions to present and future problems that plague society because of the increasing influence of television in our lives.

From the Paper
"Children are much smarter these days than children of the previous generation. Children are bombarded with images on TV, the Internet, etc. and parents have less time these days to filter out any negative or adverse images and experiences. And with the exponentially-advancing technological age, in many cases children derive their education, not just from school or their family but through nameless, faceless CEOs who want to sell a product, service or form of entertainment any which way they can. Children are expected to digest and analyze a lot of information thrown at them everyday. In that sense, children today are more streetwise and discerning than the children in previous generations. Therefore, it stands to reason that effects of media violence on younger children would be more pronounced than for children who are in their pre- or post-adolescent years."

Tags:television, younger, parent, school, research, behavior, changes, aggressive, older, adolescent, internet, information, cartoons, violence, moral, deterioration, criminal

Abstract
This paper argues in favor of a combination of quantitative and qualitative data when evaluating cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) programs. Qualitative research methods are presented in the essay, including self-report questionnaires and rating scales, observational measures and interviewing. This is followed by a discussion on quantitative methods, which include meta-analysis and control groups. The qualitative methods focus mainly on the research methods of CBT in clinical practice, while the quantitative methods investigate the research methods of CBT in theory. Various approaches to evaluating CBT and issues arising from these methods are examined in the paper in order to encourage therapists to evaluate CBT program with extreme care.

Outline:
Single-case Experimental Designs (SCEDs
Qualitative Evaluation
Self-Report Questionnaires and Rating Scales
Observational Measures
Time Sampling
Self-Observation
Interviewing
Quantitative Evaluation
Meta-Analysis
Control Groups
Conclusions
References
Table 1
Questionnaires Frequently used in CBT
Table 2
Types of Control Group Used in CBT Outcome Studies.

From the Paper
"In a many Counselling and Psychotherapy studies, research is often conducted through qualitative evaluation (attempts to assess what kind of change has occurred), rather than with quantitative methods, (deciding how much change has occurred). Conversely, CBT has, until quite recently, been dominated by the latter consideration (Ward, et al., 2000). At various points in this essay I will argue for a combination of quantitative and qualitative data as the sensible basis of evaluation for example with single-case experimental designs. Qualitative research methods discussed in this essay are: self-report questionnaires and rating scales, observational measures and interviewing, this is followed by a discussion on quantitative methods, which will include meta-analysis and control groups. The qualitative methods dealt with in this essay will focus mainly on the research methods of CBT in clinical practise, while the quantitative methods will investigate primarily the research methods of CBT in theory. Various methods of evaluating CBT and issues arising from these methods will be handled in this essay to emphasize the need for therapists to choose methods of evaluating CBT programmes with extreme care."

Tags:cognitive, behavioral, therapy, CBT, clinical, practice, theory, measures

Abstract
This study examines online and face-to-face support groups to determine which factors best predict participant's satisfaction with the group experience. The paper examines how differences between face-to-face and online groups may be accounted for by differences in severity of disorders among clients. The writer proposes that this research is important, as online support groups expand their role in the provision of eating disorder support. The paper concludes that, in order to ensure that individuals with eating disorders have access to the best treatment available, it is advantageous to the mental health profession to determine who can benefit most from low-cost treatment resources.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement Of The Problem
Definition Of Terms
Literature Review
Dsm-Iv Diagnostic Criteria For Anorexia Nervosa
Dsm_Iv Diagnostic Criteria For Bulimia Nervosa
Dsm-Iv Research Criteria For Binge Eating Disorder
Bodywhy's Eating Disorder Support Group Services: An Overview
Factors Contributing To The Effectiveness Of Eating Disorder Groups: Review Of Current Research
Methodology
Design
Sample
Results
Data Analysis
Chapter 5
Discussion
Summary Of Findings And Implications For Future Research
Group Participant Variables
Group Variables
Limitations Of Study
Implications Of Research
Conclusion
Appendices
Informed Consent Letters For Group Participants
Appendix B
Demographic Information, Group Participation History And Eating Disorder History.
Client Satisfaction Inventory
Eating Attitudes Test
Catharsis Scale
References

From the Paper
"Bodywhys, The Eating Disorders Association of Ireland's face to face and online support groups, which are facilitated by trained volunteers, aims to provide eating disorder suffers and their families with an economically and geographically accessible environment for discussing feelings and common concerns, the expression of which Meehan, Wikes, and Howard (1995) identified as one of the foundations of recovery from eating disorders. Despite the longevity of this and other eating disorder support group programs, however, systematic research with such groups has been scant."

Tags:intervention, recovery, psychopathology, pathology, psychiatrist, therapist, anorexia, bulimia

Abstract
This paper outlines the steps involved in constructing a Likert (1932) scale to evaluate university students' attitude towards vivisection and addresses issues both within the scale itself and in the broader context of all measurements of attitude. Ultimately, it questions the usefulness of attitude scales in light of their unavoidable limitations given the complexity of the hypothetical construct they seek to evaluate.

From the Paper
"Reliability interacts with validity and where reliability is high ("equal to or more than .80" - Oppenheim, B, 1988), as with the Likert scale, validity will tend to be also, but its fundamental shortcoming, which it shares with other attitude scales, is that construct validity of the attitude concept itself is questionable. No external factual criterion exists against which declared attitudes may be defined and calibrated: for example, group membership or voting habits - seemingly objective measures - may be mediated by situational or pragmatic factors (Oppenheim, 1966). Declared attitude, as measured by self-report rating scales, may not wholly - or at all - correspond to the attitude held and thus it follows that predictive validity also tends to be poor."

Tags:vivisection, thurstone

Abstract
This paper is a research study to assess whether Stroop interference does indeed occur and whether automatic processing does indeed cause reaction times to congruent conditions to be quicker, substantiating Stroop's (1935) findings. The original Stroop test is a psychological test of a person's mental energy, vitality and flexibility and over the years it has been revised and adapted, yet the basic principles remain constant.

Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Method
Materials/Apparatus
Procedure
Results
The Stroop Effect
The Gender Effect
Discussion and Conclusion

From the Paper
"It is suggested that "cognitive processes become automatic as a result of frequent practice" (Schneider and Shiffrin, 1977) for example reading, writing, bike riding, swimming and driving. Hasher and Zacks (1979), and Posner (1978) defined automatic processes as being attention free, unconscious, and involuntary and the Stroop effect is usually taken as an indication for the automaticity of the reading process, at least in the sense of "automatic" as processing without monitoring. In other words a word that reads the same as the colour in which it is written, should be easier to process than a word in a conflicting colour. Much research into the Stroop effect has ultimately coincided with this view. (Stroop, 1935; Macleod, 1991)"

Tags:cognitive, mental, energy, vitality, flexibility

Abstract
This paper examines how a new means of assessing vision known as the Contrast Sensitivity Function (CSF) has emerged and how it is vital to calculate the sensitivity of the visual system for humans and other animals as it presents information regarding individual visual function capabilities. It looks at how a programme called Gabori attack was used to test the contrast sensitivity function of 8 participants. The experiment was performed to test the accuracy of the programme and to find if there was any significant differences in spatial frequencies for individuals and between individuals.

Outline
Abstract, Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
References

From the Paper
"Contrast sensitivity testing adds to and extends the measurement of visual function provided by simple acuity tests. Contrast sensitivity measurements offer information about an individual's ability to see low contrast targets over an extensive range of target size and orientation. Modern vision research has undoubtedly demonstrated that the capacity to detect and identify spatial form varies widely as a function of target size, contrast, and spatial orientation (Campbell & Atkinson, 1978)."

Tags:attack, function, gabori, psychology

Abstract
This paper examines the Hawthorne studies and the two main experiments that took place between 1924 ? 1933 at the Hawthorne plant of the Western electric company-- the illumination study and the relay assembly test room study. It describes how testing was carried out, how the data was collected and the results of the research. The experiments were paid for by General Electric (GE) and were originally implemented to see the correlation between productivity of workers and the light levels used while working.

From the Paper
"There were many problems with the Relay Assembly Test Room Experiment and these problems have caused much controversy on whether or not the Hawthorne effect actually exists or not. Dr H. McIlvaine Parsons researched the theory in 1972 and even went back to the Hawthorne Plant where the experiments took place. He discovered some very interesting flaws in the published reports. He discovered that the test room was better ventilated, quieter and brighter than the relay assembly floor, and the observers were gentle friendly people unlike their normal supervisors. He also discovered that two women were replaced from the experiment after eight months because they were becoming disruptive and their work rates were dropping. It is also possible that the steady rate of increase could be explained by the mere fact that as time passed the women simply became more talented and confident in their jobs."

Tags:electric, general, light, levels