Abstract
This essay looks at two out the the six approaches to psychology - the psychoanalyst and behaviorist approaches . Freud's theories are examined with relation to the psychoanalyst approach while the theories of Skinner and Watson are also discussed in terms of the behaviorist approach. These theories are compared for the similarities while they are also contrasted. The writer shows how each approach contributes in a different way to the understanding of psychology.

From the Paper
"For this essay it will subsequently be beneficial to compare and contrast Psychoanalysis and Behaviorism in retrospect; as these perspectives have been associated with important figures in the world of psychology. Sigmund Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis, while J.B Watson was one of the main leaders of the behaviorist movement; Burrus Skinner looked keen on developing behaviorism further. In order to achieve this it is imperative to research into the history of psychoanalysis and behaviorism, and it is imperative to consider how they have been developed and the fundamental principles on which they rely. As a result it is essential to present any similarities and differences in the two approaches. (Hayes, N (2000))"

Tags:behaviorism, freud, psychoanaliysis, skinner, watson

Abstract
The three-dimensional Rubik's Cube - an icon of the 1980s brought a certain cerebral quality to the modern toy. This paper shows the similarities in the mechanism of the Rubik's cube and the way in which humor functions. It shows these similarities with reference to relevant academics such as Sigmund Freud and Henry Bergson. Examples used to illustrate the argument are drawn from a variety of sources including novels, live stage performance, theater and cinema.

From the Paper
"Freud's work Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious dissects the technique, purposes and motives of jokes and reveals a remarkably similar mechanism to that of Rubik's Cube. The jumble of colors into matching sets may be likened to "the ability to find similarity in dissimilar things." A joke begins in the mind as a puzzle for the audience as they try to guess its outcome or make sense of nonsense. Humor has to be expressed physically - whether it is through voice, mime or writing - but is essentially a materialization of intellectual thought (behind bumbling Mr. Bean in fact lies Cambridge-educated Rowan Atkinson)."

Tags:blackadder, Sgt., Henderson

Abstract
In 1950, Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswick, and Levinson and Sanford delved into the concept of the authoritarian personality (TAP). Some of their prime assumptions include that those with TAP are submissive to authority and look to them for the definitions of right and wrong; that they are prejudiced towards an out-group, which they consider weak and inferior. The present study is based on these assumptions. An opportune sample of 100 male students of "hard sciences" were given a questionnaire assessing their susceptibility to an authoritarian source of information over that of a non-authoritarian source, along with Rokeach's Dogmatism scale (measuring authoritarianism). No significant correlation was found between the two factors. Although the findings do not support Adorno, et. al.'s assumptions, they provide evidence for forthcoming theories.

From the Paper
"Hitler, Mussolini and many other political and national leaders of the 1930-1950 period adopted and pushed authoritarianism as a strong challenge to democracy. Followers flocked to their banners" (Whitten, 1976, p.622). In an attempt to explain this phenomenon, Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswick, Levinson and Sanford (1950, which will be referred to in the text as AFLS) carried out a search for possible roots and causes of the Authoritarian Personality (TAP) type. Starting at the roots of anti-Semitism, it became a psychological study of ethnocentrism based on Freudian Psychodynamic theory. A person with TAP was defined as "a potentially fascistic individual, one whose structure is such as to render him particularly susceptible to anti-democratic propaganda" and these individuals "exhibit numerous characteristics that go together to form a syndrome", Adorno et al (1950, p.1). These were conventionalism, authoritarian submission, authoritarian aggression, superstition and stereotypy, power and toughness, destructiveness and cynicism, projectivity, concern with sexual goings-on and dogmatism. Some argued that this definition was too limited and too concerned with political opinion, thus defining it as "the desire to impose one's will on others" Ray (1976 cited in Louw-Potgieter (2001), p.78)."

Tags:authoritarianism, sample, study

Abstract
This paper examines how modern drama works closely with the concept of the repression of fear and aggression and how Freudian theory had a direct impact on dramatists after the 1920s. It looks at how Beckett's drama portrays the human condition through the depreciation of psychological forces and how, conversely, Chekhov allows his characters a sense of realization through negative capability whereby the characters are respectively voiced without emphasis on any one viewpoint. It also shows how like Ibsen he allows the characters the freedom to speak almost randomly, in what Freud would term the technique of free association used to cure patients by articulating their repressed fears and aggressions.

From the Paper
"Freud formed a theory of the id and the ego which attempted to explain the unconscious psychological forces of an individual, and can be illustrated through Beckett's Waiting for Godot (1952). Vladimir and Estragon are embodiments of a mind and body duality. By reversing Vladimir's epithet Didi it is possible to form Id-Id, where, by psychological definition id represents the desire for physical contact and body warmth, characteristic of babies. Estragon, or "Gogo" can be reversed to (e)go-(e)go, the ego, which forms the conscious and socially aware psyche developed in adulthood. The mind is purely conscious, and can detach itself from the more base instincts of the body, an extended reality, which is controlled by specific laws."

Tags:freud, aggression, fear, id, uncle, vanya, dolls, house

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the feature of transference actions and reactions in the counseling relationship is of particular importance in the therapeutic situation. These expressions can have different consequences regarding the forming and upholding of the therapeutic relationship. Bearing in mind the significance of transference and its possible effects in therapy, this feature of the therapeutic relationship is discussed, its various presentations in the therapy environment discussed, and directives for comprehending such presentations offered.
The writer maintains that the styles reviewed here, while not including the whole range, seem to point out a number of the huge consequences expressions have for the progression and results of therapy. The writer concludes that per se, the subject of transference appears to be of huge importance in the therapeutic alliance and, thus, deserves the therapist's awareness, consideration, analysis and intervention. Three tables are included with the paper.

Outline:
Subheadings
Intrduction
Therapist as a Fosterer
Therapist as Perfect
Therapist as an Oracle
Therapist as an Irritator
Therapist as an Insignificant
References
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3

From the Paper
" Effective management of this type of transference with can be particularly difficult, mostly because these clients are so good at directing and having power over and the conversational flow. Subsequently, for any type of therapeutic connection and therapist empathy to be formed, the therapist regularly has to hold a firm and consistent approach with the client. This may include going over questions, interpretations, and feedback to the client again, especially if these carry on being unacknowledged. More frankly attention can be placed on the client's continuous pattern of ignoring the therapist's expressions. This approach can help the therapist and client evaluate their communication and, thus, could set the foundation for a more efficient, real therapeutic alliance."

Tags:psychodynamic, psychotherapy, counselling, psychoanalysis

Abstract
This paper examines and substantiates Freud's theory of the 'unconscious' and with reference to his own work, offers a justification for ones belief in its existence. It also draws attention to the infamous case of the Rat Man, a discussion of which inevitably highlights a number of key Freudian concepts fundamental to the development of psychoanalysis.

From the Paper
"According to Freud, the "unconscious" consists of a great many mental states, beliefs and desires of which the individual is unaware, and such beliefs or desires are deeply submerged within the individuals mind, indeed it can be said that they are actively 'repressed'. These unconscious thoughts often reveal themselves in dreams, or can produce hysterical symptoms within the individual, yet such revelations arrive often in metaphors or symbols, the translation of which is a necessary factor in the comprehension of such beliefs or desires. It should also be understood that the 'unconscious' is 'autonomous to the relative activity of the brain' , and this concept helps one to understand the notion of 'conflict' within the individual."

Tags:complex, fulfilment, man, neuroses, oedipus, rat, wish

Abstract
The paper analyses the novella "Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" first as a straightforward "shilling shocker" horror story and then discusses it as a Gothic work for the Victorian era. Finally, a large proportion of the paper deals with Freudian readings of the text as a conflict between the superego, ego and id and the duality of man.

From the Paper
"The story includes many of the signature characteristics of Gothic fiction, such as supernatural events, horror and stylistic, complex narrative. Usually in works of Gothic fiction, the supernatural elements are subtly intermingled with realistic aspects of the story, and this text is no exception. The fantastical idea that a drug could transform a person into the physical form of the pure evil in their soul is juxtaposed with the everyday actions of Utterson, such as his walks and dinner parties. This is very similar to the method Shelley uses in Frankenstein to develop the plot : the creating of a creature from dead tissue in a lab is utterly fantastical but necessary for the plot to progress. Another way in which supernatural forces are brought into the plot is the constant references by everyone to Mr Hyde as Satanic, such as Enfield describes him "really like Satan". This gives a sense that Hyde is allied with the devil, a strong supernatural force."

Tags:ego, freud, gothic, horror

Abstract
This paper discusses how Freud has been regarded as one of the most influential figures of the twentieth century and how his published works and theories still remain as a major source of inspiration and contention for modern day psychiatrists and psychotherapists and continue to be widely discussed and queried by scholars and practitioners. It looks at how his ideas and theories have filtered into the mainstream and become an accepted part of modern psychology. It also discusses how he reached his beliefs, how his predecessors and contemporaries influenced him and how his theories became so widespread.

From the Paper
"He further proposed that infants enter the world as fully sexualised beings without inhibition (the incarnation of the id) and then, as they go through the growing up process, defined in the psychodynamic stages of development, slowly become educated into repressing these desires and become a civilised member of society. These stages all correspond to an erogenous zone, which the child needs to satisfy and repress before moving to the next phase in order to maintain a functional personality. According to Freud, incomplete repression at any stage of these desires will result in either perversion (a term used by Freud to include homosexuality and masochism), hysteria, or unhappiness. These people become trapped by their infantile appetites, fixated at a particular stage, unable to move forward until they have dealt with these feelings through psychoanalysis by rationally condemning them."

Tags:breuer, catharsis, charcot, ego, hypnosis, psychoanalysis, psychology, repression, resistance

Abstract
This paper on Freud introduces you to the father of psychoanalysis and his work. This paper explores Freud's background and the times he lived in. It also discusses the development of psychoanalysis and then looks at the ideas surrounding Freud's work on the unconscious.

From the Paper
"A prolific and gifted writer, whose broad learning extended from neurophysiology and evolution to the literature of six languages, Sigmund Freud (1826-1939) was one of the most influential scientists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He was also one of the most controversial scientists of any time, so much so that both his critics and admirers have occasionally succumbed to the temptation to deny that he was a scientist at all."

Tags:freud, psychoanalysis, psychology

Abstract
This paper reviews Henry James' novel "The Turn of the Screw", a pure and simple ghost story in which the depraved pair Quint and Miss Jessel have a passion to possess the souls of the innocent children by returning to their old haunts after death and infecting them with their evil. It shows how by analyzing the novel using different approaches, it can offer the reader other ways of looking at the story, providing alternative explanations for many of the events. It analyzes the structure of the novel and attempts to interpret it using a psychoanalytic approach, focusing on the train of thought associated with Lacan and Freud. It also discusses the concept of male homosocial desire and applies this to the prologue which precedes the story.

From the Paper
"Letters in The Turn of the Screw become an important dramatic element in the narrative plot and can be related to the unconscious. The narrative written by the governess has to be sent to the narrator. The text is addressed so the story itself is essentially a letter. The first event in the narrative plot is a letter telling of Mile's dismissal from school. It fails to disclose the precise reasons for his expulsion thus the suspense within the narrative arises from what the letter does not include. Other letters within the plot are intercepted; the governess does not allow the children to contact their uncle by writing, she becomes troubled when Mrs Grose wants to send a letter to the Master and finally the governess? letter to the Master is destroyed by Miles. The story then is structured and set in motion by a chain of letters which are unreadable, and like the unconscious, they govern a course of action yet are impenetrable and inaccessible to the reader."

Tags:freud, lacan, horror, letters, ghost, death, evil