Abstract
This paper considers the thesis put forward by Samuel Huntington that the world can now best be described as divided into separate cultures and that future conflicts will occur between these different cultures. It examines what he considers the major civilizations of the world and gives six reasons why he believes that the most important conflicts of the future will occur along the cultural fault lines separating these civilizations from one another.

From the Paper
"His third argument is that as globalization to some extent separates peoples from their local identities, and weakens the nation state a source of identity, this gap is filled by religion, often quite extreme or fundamentalist in nature. George Weigel has noted that the "Unsecularisation of the world is one of the dominant social facts of life in the late twentieth century." The revival of religion, then, unites civilizations by providing a basis for identity that transcends state boundaries as the movements within western Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism and most documented, Islam, attest to."

Tags:samuel, huntington, islam, war, globalization

Abstract
This essay discusses the motivations behind Bush's war on terror and the role the U.S. plays in a global war. The paper suggests that the 'war on terror' is not altruistic and that there are ulterior motives behind it and, in pursuing these goals, the actions of the U.S. government are not far removed from terrorism.

From the Paper
"September 11th 2001 was considered, by most, to be the day that the worst ever terrorist attack took place. Millions of people throughout the world watched as the media brought us live coverage of the events unfolding in New York, Washington and Pennsylvania. Our TV's were dominated with visions of people jumping from extreme heights in a desperate attempt for a chance of survival and then, with the eventual collapse of the twin towers of the World Trade Centre and the knowledge that thousands of lives had been taken right before our eyes. We heard the calls made by those on the flight that was brought down in Pennsylvania, as they phoned family members to say goodbye, aware that they were going to die. For most of us, this was the type of act that occurred in films and the only emotion that outweighed the shock was anger, as there appeared to be no reason for this atrocity. The sympathy of people all over the world went out to the Americans as the media coverage of the aftermath continued."

Tags:al, quaida, fear, regimes, funds, supports, trains, cruel, brutal, methods, counter-insurgency

Abstract
The paper discusses democracy and states that democracy is the best form of political construction for both government and governance as there is no other system that is capable of guarding against authoritarian despotism and all the unfortunate characteristics that accompany it. The author of the paper feels it is fair to conclude that the desirability of democracy in developing countries is unquestionable but questions whether it is achievable. The paper thus focuses far more on whether democracy is achievable in developing countries rather than whether it is desirable. The paper states that there currently exists a growing number who consider democracy in any form to be abhorrent and this belief is often espoused by the proponents of Islamic fundamentalism. The paper then gives brief consideration to this issue and to the impact it has on the global spread of democracy. The paper concludes that a secure democracy is a positive basis on which to construct political and social life.

From the Paper
"The fundamental tenets of social democracy, as laid down by Huber et al is I believe the base line of what we should consider to be fully a formed and sustainable democratic system. The question that logically follows from this must be, is social democracy in developing countries achievable? I believe that it is, provided that its emergence and progress is nurtured by a profound wish to improve the lives of ordinary people, a process that cannot be rushed. It is when such foundations are sacrificed in order to maintain the economic, strategic and political interests of the world's leading democracies that the process is impeded. Similarly, quick fix solutions, however well motivated are not the answer. The developed democracies have an opportunity to play an enormously positive role in the spread of social democracy in the worlds less fortunate nations, an opportunity that is being squandered."

Tags:equal, franchise, Islamic, fundamentalism, global, economic, forces

Abstract
Our society needs and survives by information. The governments can rule and protect the flow of personal data when private sector is involved, but they cannot renounce to the decisive source of power of our society. The paper shows that the reduction of our right to be left alone was already an ongoing process. It discusses the forecast for a post-September 11 world, what the actual interaction between power, society and technology is, how privacy is threatened and what remains of our right to be left alone.

Table of Contents:

Introduction
Concept of Privacy
Governmental Surveillance
Authoritarianism and Technology
The Great Fear - Security Measures after September 11
The United States
Europe
Worldwide Scenario
Black Surveillance - Intelligence Actions and Projects
Surveillance Connection - Private & Public and The Global Database
The Daily Intrusion into the Average Man's Privacy
Protecting Privacy - Human Rights Advocates' Activity and Privacy-Enhancing Strategies
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Different resources can be used to find if our computers are running spyware software: spyware lookup databases, such as Spychecker , allow to check whether the free software we are about to download comes with spyware software; Ad Aware from Lavasoft is a free utility that scans the memory, registry and hard drive for spyware; OptOut of SpinRite is a free software that cleans the system registry of spyware.
Furthermore we can route our communications through anonymizers which are technology permitting to hide our identity on line. Among the different resources available Anonymizer is an anonymous browsing service and its technology blocks cookies, Java and JavaScript, encrypts cookies, email, and Web addresses in the user's browser history and conceals the user's identity while the user chats and browses the Internet. Other anonymizing tools are SuperProxy platform System from Lumeria and ZeroKnowledge Freedom WebSecure."

Tags:database, fbi, patriot, surveillance

Abstract
This paper considers how the power and supremacy of the U.S. was threatened by the September 11th attacks and how the resulting 'war on terror' is simply revenge by the U.S. for threatening their status as a superpower. It outlines the events the occurred after the attacks and argues that the so-called, "war on terror" appears to be nothing more than a mission to re-assert the dominance of the U.S. over nations. It puts forward the stance that the attack on Afghanistan was unjust to hold a whole country responsible for the actions of one group.

From the Paper
"Bush portrayed his "war on terror" as a fight for freedom and justified his attack on Afghanistan by suggesting that ridding the country of Taliban rule and terrorist activity would free its citizens and benefit citizens all over the world. However, Hudson (2002) suggests that freedom of citizens is not at the forefront of US policy: "Human rights violations are likely to be ignored if they take place in a country that does not have any material or strategic importance to the US." (Scraton, 2002, p197). This issue is backed further by the sudden US acknowledgment of the suppression caused by the Taliban. Soon after the September 11 attacks Cherie Blair and Barbara Bush started lecturing the world about the suppression of women under Taliban rule."

Tags:9/11, taliban, afghanistan, al-qaida, osama, bin, laden

Abstract
This research offers a critical approach to different anti-terrorism measures, that are or were used by democratic states in the 20th century. The author provides a descriptive approach based on the existing academic literature on terrorism and democratic states.

Table Of Contents


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Abstract and Acknowledgments p. i
Table Of Contents p. ii
Introduction: Describing Terrorism In Function Of Its Finality p. 1
Anti -Terrorism Measures: An Overview p. 7
Proactive, Reactive And Preemptive Measures p. 8
Specific Anti-Terrorism Measures p. 11
Legal Measures: Emergency Or Exception Legislation p. 11
Definition Of New Penal Offenses p. 11
Creation Of State Security Or Anti-Terrorism Courts p. 12
Extension Of Law Enforcement Powers p. 13
Critical Comments On Legislative Anti-Terrorism Measures p. 14
Security Measures p. 16
Target Hardening p. 16
Anti-Terrorism Intelligence p. 17
Involvement Of The Military p. 20
Conclusion: Lessons Learned p. 25
The Need For A Good Definition p. 27
The Illusion Of A No-Compromise Policy p. 28
Law Enforcement And Intelligence Services Should Concentrate On The Financing Of Terrorism p. 29
Accepting A Certain Level Of Terrorism p. 30
Addendum: In Terms Of European Security p. 31
Bibliography p. 33

From the Paper
"The problem of defining terrorism is probably the most difficult tasks facing students of terrorism. I are therefore hesitant to add to the considerable volume that has been written on this specific subject. This first section will briefly discuss several definitional aspects of the social phenomenon we call terrorism. Interestingly, the first time the term terrorism was used, it referred to state-terrorism or terrorism from above. The regime of the Jacobins, between March 1793 and July 1794 received the qualification of "system regime de la terreur", referring to the many executions that occurred during the French Revolution. The term implied an organized system of coercion, based on fear and violence. However, with exception maybe of the two latter elements, it can easily be said that terrorism has no such specific meaning today. The term is used and abused quite frequently, for political and ideological purposes alike. A variety of situations and actions are labeled terrorist. Yet another considerable problem is the fact that a majority of terrorism definitions have been designed in the specific purpose of fitting a particular ideology."

Tags:law, politics, terrorism, fight, terror, violence, war

Abstract
This paper analyzes the question of whether the 21st Century has seen a dramatic shift in the principles of US foreign policy, examining the foreign policy principles adopted by both G.W. Bush's and Obama's administrations. The paper asserts that both administrations, while following similar goals in general, showed distinctive differences in the approaches to the foreign policy. The paper explains that Bush's initial approach to the foreign affairs was drastically transformed by the attacks of 9/11 and changed to a hybrid mixture of realism and idealism and that Obama has demonstrated his commitment to embrace diplomatic and multilateral relations while building partnerships and cooperating with allies. The paper goes on to clarify that although Obama still promotes continued American leadership, development of democratic societies and shows commitment to American values as the foundation for his actions, his approach to the foreign policy is pragmatic and not ideological, which can be seen as another shift from the previous administrations. The paper concludes that, with the second year of the new administration unfolding, it remains to be seen whether these changes will last and how great the transformation will be at the end.

Outline:
Introduction
Bush's Administration and 9/11
National Security Policy
Global Economy and Environment
A Change Under Obama Administration?
Conclusions
References

From the Paper
"A distinct departure from the previous administrations appears to be Obama's approach towards the issue of nuclear proliferation. He has adopted a view that is popular among many security experts - that the vision of a nuclear weapons-free world along with practical steps to achieve this is the best protection against the rising nuclear threats (Cirincione, 2010, p.122). However, from a different perspective, Thayer (2010, p.3-4) argues, that, despite Obama's initial rhetoric, his administration is a purely realist one. Having realised the problems with Iran, US is quietly preparing for a nuclear-armed Iran and adjusting alliances and military force structure accordingly. He further identifies similarities between the Bush's and Obama's administrations not only with regards to Afghanistan and Iraq but also in the foreign policies towards Russia and China."

Tags:unilaterial, idealism, realism, idealogy, pragmatic, reaction, nuclear, 9, 11

Abstract
Freedom of expression is one of the crucial ideas, if not the crucial idea, behind modern concepts of liberty and democracy. This paper discusses the issues surrounding the limitations on free speech with reference to John Stuart Mill, John Rawls, Thomas Hobbes and other philosophers.

From the Paper
"This issue of whether and to what extent to curtail free speech has a clear role in that most historical significant of liberal documents, the American constitution. Its first amendment prevents the executive or Congress from passing legislation which curtails freedom of expression, freedom of the press or the right to openly petition the government for any grievance. The United States, does, of course have a slightly contrary relationship with freedom; for all its commitment to "life, liberty and happiness" it took until the 1960s to get rid of institutionalised racism, and it still lags behind Europe in its attitudes on gay marriage and abortion. However, of most relevance to this essay is the Patriot act of 2001, which sought to use the power of the state to curtail unnecessary liberties which created fertile ground for terrorism."

Tags:hobbes, rawls, democracy, philosophy, civil, liberty, rights, islam, terrorism

Abstract
This paper examines how, in recent years, there has been much debate in the intelligence community relating to the balance between human intelligence (humint), and technical intelligence (techint), in satisfying a state's intelligence requirements. This paper addresses the argument from both sides and suggests that there has been an over reliance on techint in recent years, leading to inadequacies in intelligence gathering.

From the Paper
"The current debate, although not unique to the post 9/11 period, is certainly prevalent today, and has generally involved the advocates of techint in disagreement with those that suggest humint has been neglected as a result of this. Perhaps typical of those advocates is Turner (1985. p92. cited in Shulsky. p34. 2002), who states that 'One way or another, we should soon be able to keep track of most activities on the surface of the earth, day or night, good weather or bad.' As we shall see, the idea that one collection method is favoured over the other is not helpful to the ongoing debate on intelligence reform in the U.S. and that supporters of techint's superiority are misguided, perhaps because of what Emerson (2003. p2) describes as the 'American love affair with technology.' "

Tags:Humint, Techint, CIA, MI6, Mossad, 9/11

Abstract
This paper focuses on the way counter terrorism and terrorism have changed since 9/11 and the growing role of the U.S. It also looks at the development of 'modern' terrorism and the possible consequences of the continuing War on Terror. It debates whether or not September 11th, 2001 can be seen as a day that changed the face of terrorism. It also discusses how since the invasion of Afghanistan, terrorist attacks have become more numerous and high profile although their basic purpose remains the same, to gain attention. It puts forward the view that what has changed about terrorism since 9/11 is the amount of media attention it now controls.

From the Paper
"As well as presenting a recent point of reference for terrorist activity, the conflicts in Palestine and Northern Ireland also show two different ways of dealing with the problem, certain aspects of which have been adopted by the United States. In the case of Britain and Northern Ireland, the conflict is one of territory and security for those who want British rule. In Palestine and Israel however, the situation is based purely on territory. This difference in the foundation for the terrorist action seems to have dictated the way in which terrorism has been dealt with. Because of the presence of British citizens in Northern Ireland, and the small section of society that is involved in the unrest , it has been British policy in recent years to try and settle the situation through political sanctions and increased security measures to prevent terrorism."

Tags:war, palestine, israel, ireland, afganistan