Abstract
The paper explains how state constitutions tend to show deviation from the structure of federal rule maintained by the U. S. Constitution. The paper describes how, in the case of the Nevada State Constitution, there is ample evidence that this document sets forth a policy of law that is far more democratic in tone and in application than the constitution. The paper further discusses how there are strong similarities between the two documents, both, for example, stress the rights of the citizenry and even focus on issues such as the right to assemble and a citizen's ability to refuse to quarter other citizens in their homes upon order from the government.

From the Paper
"It is generally understood that the United States is built upon the principles of democracy, in which the majority consensus of the citizens helps to define the shape of issues or elections. However, in assuming that the Constitution - the document upon which such practices are founded - is inherently democratic is only partially accurate. Indeed, it has been frequently argued that the U. S. Constitution is representative of the rule of law from a federation as opposed to a pure democracy; in a federation, elections occur among the majority of the citizenry but this process results in elected officials who then determine the direction of the country. In short, a federation transforms a democracy from the rule of the many back into the rule of the few, with the "few" in this sense being the elected officials selected through an elections process."

Tags:constitution, nevada, democracy

From the Paper
"Twenty-five percent of the American consumer dollar is spent on products regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Each day in America there can hardly be an individual or, for that matter, a pet or stock animal that does not eat foods, take drugs or use devices that have been, at some stage, regulated by the FDA. The control of such a vast array of products has generated a large bureaucracy that has been under intensifying siege for the last fifteen years. The terms of the siege vary considerably. The deregulating impulses motivating the Reagan-Bush administrations produced as much criticism of the FDA as have the pro-regulation feelings of consumer advocacy groups. The agency has been criticized for its excessive indulgence of the industries it regulates and it has been accused by these same industries of producing pointless barriers to economic and..."

From the Paper
"This research examines the validity of the statement: there is more ethical accountability in local government than at the federal level. This issue will be addressed first by describing the movement toward developing ethical codes for governmental officials, followed by an analysis of the reinventing government movement that has heightened the accountability of local governments.

Talking about ethical issues is easier than defining ethics to everyone's satisfaction. As subjective judgments of competing values are involved, individual interpretations are characterized by continuing disagreement, ambiguity, and uncertainty. However within societies there tends to be acceptance that ethical issues are linked to a code of conduct. In the case of business associations and government bodies, this ..."

Abstract
This paper looks at the history of policing in general and of community policing in particular. It discusses how the elevating of one group of citizens over another is a problematic issue in any democracy and how the police force needs to overcome this problem. It discusses why community policing is such a sensitive issue and is often faced with claims of inequality and racial profiling.

From the Paper
"This paradox how some may have authority over others within a system of governance that holds all people to be equal, is one of the reasons that many police forces within the United States now at least in some part use a strategy called community policing. Community policing is simply collaborative policing in which the concerns (and to some extent the standards) of the local community are taken into account (Trojanowicz, 1998, p. 11). For example, if race relations are even more fragile in a particular community than in general in the United States, the issue of racial profiling will no doubt be of concern to the community, and community leaders and police will come together on a regular basis to discuss the issue of how the community can be kept safe while the rights of minority members living in that community can also be safeguarded. This paper looks at precisely this issue " racial profiling " and how community policing methods can be used to reduce rather than increase racial tensions in a community while also controlling crime and maintaining public safety."

Tags:public, safety, crime, racial, law, enforcement

Abstract
This essay looks at how the Electoral College works. The writer examines how a president of the United States is chosen. The writer discusses the importance of the Electoral College in the election process. In this paper, the writer also discusses the history of the Electoral College and the pros and cons regarding its existence.

From the Paper
"The United States is not a direct democracy. Our nation selects its president not through the popular vote but rather through the Electoral College. The Electoral College and its machinations became nationally prominent during the presidential election, when Democratic Candidate Al Gore won the popular vote, but lost the election because he lost the Electoral College. This paper will outline the history of the Electoral College and analyze its workings in order to determine whether or not it is a viable method to choose a president."

Tags:electoral college, pros, cons, history, mechanics

Abstract
A brief argumentative paper which presents the views of sports colleges in Nevada wanting to allow for legalized gambling on its campus. The paper shows that even though gambling is legal throughout the State, if legislation comes into effect, it could put an end to gambling on campus all together. The writer examines the pros and cons of such a law.

From the Paper
"In Nevada sports books, gambling on college sports is currently allowed for every team in the nation, except Nevada's own college teams. Legislators have proposed new laws that would outlaw gambling on any college sports. This would affect Nevada's economy in a wide variety of ways.

"For the year 2001, total gaming revenue in the State of Nevada totaled $9,468,598,681. Of that total, "More than one-half of total General Fund [$105.85 million] spending is targeted for education. Of that, $1.2 billion represents the State's General Fund obligation to the Distributive School Account, the funding mechanism through which State monies are distributed to school districts" (Comeaux). The amount budgeted for education in the 2001-2003 biennium is $2,000.3 million dollars, half of which is $1,000,150, which is 10.5 percent of the annual gaming revenue."

Tags:gambling, sport, revenue, college, legal, law, legislation

Abstract
This paper discusses both 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' methods of policy implementation and the problems with each. It draws on theorists such as Babel and Lipsky.

From the Paper
"Once a decision is made with regard to a policy a method of putting it into effect is required. Implementation is a complex process whereby the means must make the goals achievable. Adding to the confusion is the number of agencies (and therefore individuals) involved. Each of these individuals can have an affect on the outcome that can complicate the process further."

Tags:bureaucrats, level, street, interaction, settings, goals, actions, achieve, forward, mapping, backward

Abstract
The paper uses the regeneration of the Manchester city centre in recent years as a case study to highlight the wider issues in and around the subject of community engagement in town and city planning. The paper specifically considers whether or not the local residents have in future benefited from the regeneration and to what extent this is due to community engagement. The paper provides a literature review and outlines the methodology used, the findings and conclusions.

Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Primary Research
Analysis
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Again, community engagement in relation to both town planning and regeneration may be seen as a broad and wide topic including a varied number of methods. In the first instance, there is the consideration that in relation to any planning activities a community has a legal right to a minimum level of engagement as prescribed by the law such as those provided by laws including the Inner Urban Areas Act 1978 (Ward 2004). Despite these legal considerations, this may be seen as the bear minimums of community engagement, true community engagement may be seen as those activities which attempt not to meet the minimums but really help to engage the community in shaping the re-development of a city, town or area.
"Methods of community engagement are wide and varied but may be seen as representative of any other form of consumer based research in which quantitative and qualitative data is extracted (Kearney 2003). As such community engagement in the field of regeneration or town planning may see the use of such methods as questionnaires, focus groups, interviews and town hall style meetings held in community facilities. The conductors of such research will often be either that of local planning or official authorities such as the local council or their agents. Alternatively private companies involved heavily in a regeneration may also engage in community engagement to a greater or lesser degree."

Tags:residents, businesses, planning

Abstract
This paper presents an argument in support of the right of civilians to bear arms in America. It states that misleading information is used to support gun control and refutes some of the common myths. It explains the historical evidence regarding unarmed citizens and looks at the importance of guns in self-defense.

From the Paper
"It is not an eye opening fact; guns used by people kill more people than guns by themselves. Yet politicians want to ban guns that look as if they may be more dangerous than other guns, and even more radical, ban guns altogether. NRAILA.ORG quotes Josh Sugarman, leader of the radical Violence Policy Center as saying, "The public's confusion over fully-automatic machine guns versus semi-automatic assault weapons " anthing that looks like a machine gun is assumed to be a machine gun " we can only increase the chance of public support for restrictions on these weapons." (n.p.) Guns have been an important tool in our country, both in the survival of early setters, and in our independence. In fact, without guns the United States of America would have probably continued to be held by the British. Militias during the establishment of our country are obviously the reasoning placed behind the Second Amendment. In the absence of an established military, it was the responsibility of a militia to defend the country. While the threat of an invasion by another country may not be as much of a concern in modern times, gun control overlooks too many of the benefits of an armed civilian."

Tags:libeterian, nra, pro

Abstract
Politics in Britain have greatly influenced the public in many ways, not least in their opinions. The following discussion looks at British immigration and asylum policies and their effect on the existence of prejudice and discrimination against minorities. It outlines the importance of the terms ?race? and ?racism? and the explanations and types that have been identified. An outline is provided of how the different types have been encompassed into immigration policies and the effect they had on popular and accepted views and what, if anything, has changed. A timeline of political events and legislation is analysed in depth to provide evidence and reasons for the existence of racism in contemporary Britain.

From the Paper
"Biologically race is a false concept, but it is real in sociological terms, in that people classify others as belonging to various races. Thus, some argue that there are no races but "social processes through which social relationships become racialised: represented ideologically as entailing race" . Thus, discrimination (i.e. political exclusion of migrants due to ?cultural incompatibility) is explained by some social scientists in terms of New Racism. It has its origins in the political crisis affecting Britain with the ascendancy of the political right in the 1980's. Its focus is ?the defence of the mythic "British/English way of life" in the face of attack from enemies outside ("Argies", "Iraqis"), and within ("black communities")? . Racism, in these terms, is defined as discrimination based on the notion that it is justifiable to demand physical separation due to different cultural ways of living. There are downfalls to this theory. Although it talks of culture, it primarily concerns itself with colour. Some argue that the notion of new racism produces blackness and Englishness as "mutually exclusive categories" . Thus the argument arises that there is nothing new about new racism and its notions are fundamentally based around that of old biological racism."

Tags:discrimination, prejudice, sociology, minority, immigration, asylum