Abstract
The writer analyzes and examines influence, power and politics in business organizations firstly by distinguishing between social influence, power, and organizational politics. Thereafter he characterizes the major varieties of social influence and discusses the conditions under which various forms of social influence are used. The major types of individual power in organizations are identified and the two major approaches to the development of subunit power in organizations are explained Finally, organizational politics and major ethical issues surrounding political behavior in organizations are discussed

From the Paper
"Position power refers to formal powers that remain vested in the position and are available to any individual who holds a certain position or title. Coercive power is used to control punishments that others receive. Information power is used to control information needed by subordinates to do their jobs. Technological advances have made information more widely available, and so information power is not as crucial as it used to be. Legitimate power covers a relatively narrow range of influence and refers to power individuals have because others accept and recognize their authority. Reward power is used to control the rewards that subordinates receive."

Tags:social, technology, individual, employee

Abstract
This paper discusses why cell phones are so dangerous by looking at a variety of accidents and injuries caused by cell phones. The author argues for the necessity of national legislation banning hand held cell phones while driving. Includes an a persuasive discussion of the way that advanced technology and communication has affected society.

From the Paper
"Radios, pets, other people in your cars. What do these things have in common? They are all distractions to a person that is driving a car. However there is one other distraction that is worse than any of these combined. This distraction can make you 4 times as likely to crash. It can be just as harmful as drunk driving (Frankfield 1). What is this distraction? It is a simple device that millions upon millions of people in our country own and use daily. It is a device that can ironically save our lives in times of danger. It is a cellular phone. It is for this reason that legislation must be passed nationally banning the use of hand held cell phones while driving."

Tags:communication, hazard, dabger, safety, inhury, accident, concentration, technology

Abstract
This paper examines the trend in America to totally separate religion from the state in as many ways as possible. The writer presents arguments for and against the recent court ruling calling the phrase "under God" as unconstitutional. Critics argue that the reference to God infringes on their personal freedoms, while supporters argue that the reference is part of the greater American character, and that the Court's decision simply reflects the views of a small, vocal minority of Americans.

From the Paper
"Supporters of the 9th Court's ruling argue that the phrase amounts to a government endorsement of a specific religion, and is in direct opposition to the constitution that guarantees religious freedom. Critics of the 9th Court's decision, argue that the religious content of the phrase "under God" is minimal, and that the Court's decision paves the way for the removal of all religious references from the Constitution, the Star Spangled Banner and other quintessentially American areas. Critics argue that the Court's decision is the worst kind of political correctness, and simply reflects the will of a small minority, imposed on the rights of the large majority of Americans who want the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance."

Tags:religion, court, state, united, minority, character, freedom, expression, infringement

Abstract
This paper discusses discrimination and the history of affirmative action in combating it. The author mentions various presidents in American history and their attempts to make a difference in leveling the playing field for all races. Pros and cons for affirmative action are presented by the author.

From the Paper
"For many years minorities were discriminated against in the job market. People in our country felt something must be done to fix this problem in our society. That solution was affirmative action. Affirmative action is a group of policies used by the United States to give minorities jobs and job advancement opportunities by favoring them (Encarta). This affirmative action is in place to make up for years of discrimination in the past, either by the country as a whole or specific companies. The history of affirmative action is a long and interesting one."

Tags:argumentative, discrimination, jackie, policy, presidential, race, robinson

Abstract
This paper examines the pros and cons of lowering the legal drinking age from 21 to 18. The author looks at several issues including the issue of binge drinking, and the amount of alcohol consumed among 18 to 21 year old. The author points out the absurdity by showing that at 18 you can get married, vote, be drafted, assume debt and even buy a gun, but in many states, you cannot drink. The political debate over lowering the drinking age is also examined.

From the Paper
"The problems associated with driving and drinking have not decreased due to raising the legal drinking age to 21 years old.Among the "binge" drinkers (those consuming over five drinks at one sitting at least once a week), eighteen percent of students over age 21 classify themselves as heavy drinkers compared to twenty-two percent of those under 21 years of age (Engs 1b). So even though drunk driving problems have decreased over the last two decades, there has been an increase in lower grades, missing classes, getting into fights and vomiting after drinking (Engs 1b). Society's approach to controlling underage drinking is not working and is in fact counterproductive(Engs)."

Tags:drinking, age, federal, funds, wisconsin, alcohol, consumption, legal, beer, age, laws, marriage, voting, debt, military

Abstract
This paper discusses the views of both gun advocates and gun eradicates. This paper is slightly biased towards the views of gun advocates and their fight to protect their "right to bear arms". However several key points are discussed in favor of those who wish to abolish our right to bear arms.

From the Paper
"The government has attempted to propose new gun regulations in order to decrease such crimes, violating the Bill of Rights. The 2nd amendment has protected the peoples right to bear arms for over 200 years, yet government policies are attempting to dismantle the ideas formed by our founding fathers to maintain a free democracy. They feel that depriving us of the right to possess firearms will solve all crime related issues. Contrary to their beliefs statistics and logic prove that firearms are the primary weapons against crime."

Tags:argumentation, civil, control, gun, rights

Abstract
This research offers a critical approach to different anti-terrorism measures, that are or were used by democratic states in the 20th century. The author provides a descriptive approach based on the existing academic literature on terrorism and democratic states.

Table Of Contents


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Abstract and Acknowledgments p. i
Table Of Contents p. ii
Introduction: Describing Terrorism In Function Of Its Finality p. 1
Anti -Terrorism Measures: An Overview p. 7
Proactive, Reactive And Preemptive Measures p. 8
Specific Anti-Terrorism Measures p. 11
Legal Measures: Emergency Or Exception Legislation p. 11
Definition Of New Penal Offenses p. 11
Creation Of State Security Or Anti-Terrorism Courts p. 12
Extension Of Law Enforcement Powers p. 13
Critical Comments On Legislative Anti-Terrorism Measures p. 14
Security Measures p. 16
Target Hardening p. 16
Anti-Terrorism Intelligence p. 17
Involvement Of The Military p. 20
Conclusion: Lessons Learned p. 25
The Need For A Good Definition p. 27
The Illusion Of A No-Compromise Policy p. 28
Law Enforcement And Intelligence Services Should Concentrate On The Financing Of Terrorism p. 29
Accepting A Certain Level Of Terrorism p. 30
Addendum: In Terms Of European Security p. 31
Bibliography p. 33

From the Paper
"The problem of defining terrorism is probably the most difficult tasks facing students of terrorism. I are therefore hesitant to add to the considerable volume that has been written on this specific subject. This first section will briefly discuss several definitional aspects of the social phenomenon we call terrorism. Interestingly, the first time the term terrorism was used, it referred to state-terrorism or terrorism from above. The regime of the Jacobins, between March 1793 and July 1794 received the qualification of "system regime de la terreur", referring to the many executions that occurred during the French Revolution. The term implied an organized system of coercion, based on fear and violence. However, with exception maybe of the two latter elements, it can easily be said that terrorism has no such specific meaning today. The term is used and abused quite frequently, for political and ideological purposes alike. A variety of situations and actions are labeled terrorist. Yet another considerable problem is the fact that a majority of terrorism definitions have been designed in the specific purpose of fitting a particular ideology."

Tags:law, politics, terrorism, fight, terror, violence, war

Abstract
The paper examines how Ccartism was perhaps the most significant radical movement of the nineteenth century and how it was created in the aftermath of the great reform act and flourished at a time of political uncertainty across Europe. It looks at how it created a fear of popular insurrection in the governing classes which is unparalleled in modern British history and how it has begat a wealth of historiography, in which the debates and controversies of its nature and origins still remain hotly disputed. In particular, it explores whether chartism could be considered backward-looking in its demands yet, conversley, innovative in its methods. It includes a history of British radicalism and the culture of chartism and a relevant analysis of Victorian society and politics.

From the Paper
"Perhaps the most significant aspect of the working class intellectualism of the movement was the press, which became a cornerstone of the movement. The Chartist leaders firmly believed in the importance of newspapers in the organisations desire to create an educated working class political society. The Northern Star was formed in November 1837, originally to "stoke the fires of the anti-poor law campaign", but fast became the most influential organ of the Chartists. The extent to which Chartism had become a union of the literate working classes was demonstrated by the fact the "oracle of the movement" the Northern Star sold 60,000 copies a week, and before the Poor Man's Guardian had sold 16,000 which were estimated to be read by an average of ten people each."

Tags:radicalism, victorians, reform, movement, poor, law

Abstract
The paper documents the changing reactions to the revolution by England, with the first years being greeted with a patronising good humour by almost all in England, even George III. It looks at how, with the revolution moving into the terror, Francophobia in Britain grew, especially once British forces were at war with the French and how this prompted William Pitt the Younger to take unpopular repressive measures.

From the Paper
"Pitt, in power at the time, said little about his views, but was likely to have been pleased with the events. The main reason probably was that the change in order and government and the subsequent disruption would give Britain a slight advantage over her neighbour and rival, rather than anything ideological. This was the general, quite pragmatic, feeling amongst his supporters. King George III, also, was mildly pleased with the Revolution, for, although it involved the deposition of a monarch, he recognised that the government of pre-1789 France was very backward, and was not too fond of the Ancien Regime's monarchy, who had been his ancestors' rivals in Germany. Both Pitt and king would experience a surge of popularity as the French Revolution progressed."

Tags:george, napoleon, paine, pitt, terror, tom, whig, younger

Abstract
The paper begins by discussing three trends and two factors that allow the bureaucracy to gain a powerful role within the political system. The paper reviews Max Weber's attempts to create a model for the bureaucracy that limits power, but highlights how bureaucratic power is inevitable. The paper explains the lack of desire on the part of the bureaucracy to regulate itself, the control of bureaucratic power by market forces and market controls, the force of public opinion and pressure group lobbying, and political methods of control. The paper reaches the conclusion that the bureaucracy is an inevitable institution, which instead of being on the decrease is on the increase. The paper contends that governments need to address this ever-increasing problem through long-term, successfully enforceable mechanisms.

From the Paper
"The first trend that allows the bureaucracy to become powerful can be seen to be that of the government's dependency on the bureaucracy. Since the growth of the welfare state, the government has relied on the bureaucracy due to its practical resources such as the ability to regulate policy. The bureaucracy has therefore steadily grown to deal with the increasing workload, which the ever-developing welfare state brings. The functional demand that the bureaucracy provides therefore illustrates one of the possible reasons for the increasing power of the bureaucracy. A second reason is that of the highly specialised nature of the bureaucracy. The bureaucracy provides the knowledge in which the politicians need in order to create policy. Politicians lack the expertise, the information and the time to decide all the various detailed policy issues; the bureaucrat is thus allocated these tasks."

Tags:politics, Weber, government, market, power, agenda, pressure, groups, public, opinion, regulation