Abstract
The emphasis of this paper will be on Marx's position on property and labor, illustrating the similarities to the thoughts of his predecessor John Locke, known as the father of modern socialism in England. But while showing that the two theories have a great deal in common descriptively and analytically, there is also a great deal that separates them; such as their perspectives on private property.

Tags:marx, locke, labor

Abstract
. Locke believed in private property rights and the state's obligation to protect them. Within this context, he extolled individual rights and the concept of the citizen's sovereignty. In his perspective, the state served the citizens and had to guarantee life, liberty and property. Marx, meanwhile, saw society through the lens of the "class struggle". He believed that the liberation of citizens would only come through the abolition of private property and, eventually, of the state itself.

Abstract
John Locke wrote at a time of social unrest and questioning, at a time when the long-standing sovereignty of kings as ordained by God was being questioned. Locke did not see the power of kings as derived from the will of God but rather as developing as the result of some social condition. The paper shows that Locke asked first what state man would be in if there were no government and he found that human beings originated in the state of nature, the state that existed before human beings came together to form a society and a government. It shows that Locke saw this state of nature as placing the individual into a state of perfect freedom, with no necessity to ask any other person before determining his or her own actions or disposing of their own property. Property was an essential element in Locke's thinking, with the relationship of the individual to his property as being of paramount importance. The paper shows that the ownership of property was seen as a fundamental right, meaning that it was a right born in the state of nature. For Locke, the defense of individual liberty is inseparable from the defense of private property.

From the Paper
"The individual in society does not have absolute freedom, showing that something has been lost from the state of nature. Locke sees human beings as having agreed to give up certain rights and powers through some form of agreement. Society is thus formed when men cede certain powers to a central authority. Private property rights are to be protected by this state that has been created--human beings have given up certain rights in order to assure the protection of their property from the depredations of others. Locke traces the concept of private property from the time when God gave the world to Adam and his posterity. Locke sees political power as being "for the regulating and preserving of property" (Locke 4), among other things."

Tags:joint, ownership, Adam

Abstract
A look at the ways in which the "Second Treatise of Government" by John Locke helped form the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. It explains how people like Jefferson cited Locke's writings many times in forming their philosophy on government.

From the Paper
""Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness," from the United States Declaration of Independence, and other famous phrases from U.S. documents have become kinds of rhetorical ideals that this country is founded upon. Along with the Constitution of the United States, The Declaration of Independence brought fruition to the beliefs of European political thought from the late 17th century. The writers of America's government documents learned from these famous theorist, and recent history in Europe, that rule by way of absolute monarchy was not the best model of government. One of the main influences of these American ideals was John Locke, whose thought is deeply rooted into this country's break from Great Britain and its formation of a democracy."

Tags:america, jefferson, locke

Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the political beliefs of the two philosophers and theorists Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. It looks at how Hobbes' political theory is illustrated in the Leviathan which discusses the matter, form and power of a commonwealth. Hobbes was a social contract theorist who believed that a commonwealth was "but an artificial man." It shows how Locke was also a social contract theorist who believed that the purpose of government was to protect the lives of subjects.

Outline
Hobbes
Locke
The Most Fundamental Differences
Weaknesses and Strengths

From the Paper
"Though both of these philosophers are social contract theorist there are some small differences in their ideals. Hobbes believed that once subjects gave consent to be governed they must abide by the laws set forth by that sovereign. He believed that subjects should be certain that the sovereign is going to do everything in his power to preserve their lives before they transfer their rights and wills to him. Once the rights and wills of the subjects are transferred the sovereign becomes the voice of the commonwealth and his authority must be respected--the sovereign was the supreme power."

Tags:social, contract, theory, government, freedom

Abstract
This paper looks at this philosophy whereby Locke's perception of mankind was an extremely optimistic one, and he viewed natural law and the state of nature as being where all men are naturally moral and reasonable, and are born free, equal and possessing the inalienable rights to protect their life, their freedom, and their property.

From the Paper
""Nature is a state of perfect equality amongst all men. In this state, no one man has more power or jurisdiction than any other man." (Locke 1690)
John Locke (1632 - 1704) was a qualified physician and a respected Oxford academic, in addition to being one of several political philosophers who focused on the theories of natural rights and natural law during the pre-Enlightenment era of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Locke's theory of natural law, and of the aims and purposes of government, were detailed in his work, "Two Treatises of Government" (1690), and proved to be influential, not only in Britain, but across the world, especially in America, where his views formed the foundation of the Declaration of Independence and the American system of government."

Tags:nature, natural, law, philosophy, enlightenment, knowledge, freedom, independence

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to assess the extent to which John Locke is correct when he determines that we have a natural right to life, liberty and property. In order to do so, the paper outlines Locke's essential thesis as laid down in his "Two Treaties of Government", published in 1689. It analyses how Locke understood and conceptualised rights and freedom and how this conception was based on the fundamental idea of natural rights that are provided to all men equally by god.

From the Paper
"From this basis Locke moved onto the second treatise. Here is asserts the argument that every person has a series of natural rights that are placed upon them by god himself. Locke determines that as all men are born through god then that god bestows upon them certain rights as a result of their very existence (Bennett, 1971). As such, the concept of nature is pivotal to Locke's understanding. Although like Hobbes before him Locke sees the state of nature itself to be inherently based on anarchy, he nonetheless suggests that the natural state of man is freedom. Men are essentially born free with the basic rights to live their lives within the confines of the state of nature. As such, the natural state of freedom is confined by the state of nature itself (Bennett, 1971). In this sense, Locke is able to account for the manner in which one person's free will impacts upon another's. "

Tags:Two, Treaties, of, Government

Abstract
This paper explains that the nature-nurture controversy is the continuing debate over whether the individual's various traits and characteristics are influenced more by inborn factors, or nature, or by cultural influences and other aspects of experience, or nurture. The author points out that, today, scientists view human development as a combination of nature and nurture, while the British philosopher, John Locke, in the 1690s, suggested that the human infant is like a blank slate, or "tabula rasa", on which experience in the form of human learning writes messages on the infant's unformed mind. The paper relates that Sigmund Freud's theory of development states that human development is the product of both internal urges and external conditions, particularly children's sexual and aggressive urges, and how parents handle them.

From the Paper
"Many professions have solicited the assistance of psychologists in trying to predetermine the psyche of potential persons for areas such as employment and placement. The legal profession has sought out psychologists on both sides to prove their theories of the mental abilities, behavior explanations or predictions of behavior of a defendant or plaintiff. "Society has let the pendulum swing wildly back from nurture to nature, leaving behind a number of bewildered social scientist. Yet we still love to phrase everything in terms of one influence or the other, rather than both." In the educational profession, understanding the balance or affect of both nature and nurture is essential to designing an effective plan for each pupil's advancement."

Tags:Piaget, freud, locke, erickson, watson

Abstract
This paper presents an examination of the foundation of life as developed by two famous philosophers. John Locke and Renee Descartes both believed they had come up with an understandable and scientific philosophy about the foundation of life. The writer of this paper compares and contrasts those beliefs.

From the Paper
"Throughout history, mankind has tried to develop a philosophy that will explain the existence of life. There have been abstract ideas, concrete ideas, spiritual ideas and others to try and explain the foundation of life in a way that can be understood in future generations. Two of the most scientifically respected men in history worked to develop theories about the foundation of life that could be understood in a scientific manner. John Locke and Renee Descartes are well known for their theories about life. The theories have several similarities as well as several differences. The men made history with their theories about the foundations of life, though Descartes theory seems to be the easiest to understand."

Tags:theory, scientific

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the concept of interdependence was borne out of the emerging Cold War liberal tradition from the 1960s to 1980s. The writer maintains that although the answer that the world is becoming increasingly independent seems evident, both empirical and theoretical groundwork on the concept is contestable. The writer discusses that liberal thinking can be tracked back as far as John Locke in the 17th century, but it is not until recently in the 20th century that liberalism has emerged as a rivalling paradigm to traditionalist or realist theory and has stirred such great debate. The writer concludes with the belief that the changing relations of this time are best analysed, explained and interpreted with a changing variety of tools.

From the Paper
"Keohane and Nye's concept of interdependence was in this sense less radical, because they incorporated many traditional aspects that would steal the thunder out of the realist critique levelled against Burton. Within their analysis they maintained a highly state-centric focus and also incorporated traditional concepts of power. While complex interdependence was certainly an ideal function, for the theoretical groundwork they ascribed interdependence as less omnipresent than Burton did. The significance of interdependence was restricted to international regimes, which were argues to can make a difference through enabling deepened levels of cooperation in areas of mutual interest. Although being more cautious than Burton, they did endorse a win-win logic rather than the zero-sum mechanism and thereby picked up on earlier ideas of harmony of interest. Their main stipulations, however, was that this was not an inevitable logic for international relations as a whole - it was rather applicable to certain transnational relations and not to others. Power remained a key emphasis and indeed an analytical tool in the array of theories."

Tags:tradition, theorists, paradigms, state