Abstract
This paper discusses some of the many issues that have been raised in the debate between the protection of civil liberties and national security that has arisen since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States. The paper looks at how and why the framers of the U.S. Constitution made the protection of civil liberties such an important part of the moral fabric of the country and how this may have in some way contributed to the difficulties in preventing such a devastating attack. The question of what needs to be done in order to prevent this from happening again, including discussion that may require changes in this basic tenet in American society, is also discussed. The author looks at some proposals for increased national security including profiling, that may, because of the nature of the Constitution, become impossible to enact. The paper also discusses why these changes must become necessary in order to protect the population against forces in society that were not in existence at the time the framers wrote the Constitution.

From the Paper
"With the attacks of the World Trade Center the society saw the government investigators beginning to randomly eavesdrop on phone calls. They began to read mails that had before remained confidential; suspects were rounded up in thousands and detained without warrants and without any charges being made against them. New rules have since been established that claim that the administration has the right to monitor the communication that is considered with "reasonable suspicion." Racial profiling is being done as the FBI questions foreign nations within US soil on different visa statuses. Lists are drawn up and any person with even a remote link to the nations of the terrorist network al-Qaida is being rounded up. Justice officials say the men, all age 18 to 33 and with non-immigrant visas, are not suspects but are wanted for voluntary interviews."

Tags:constitution, rights, government, protection, laws, priority, infrastructure, radical, impact, world, trade, fbi, profiling, racial, interviews, 911

Abstract
On January 8th, 2001, President Bush signed the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 into law. This law is a summation of Bush's reform of education platform and contains some of the most sweeping of all changes and modifications to the Elementary and Secondary Education Acct (ESEA) since it was put into law in 1965. The paper shows that this act has resulted in a great deal of controversy on all sides of the issue. The paper examines the nature of the NCLB, its impact and the controversy over the issue.

From the Paper
"The new requirements for accountability include documentation of the program's effectiveness in supporting technology integration into curriculum and instruction and the intervention's influence on instructional practice. Research is showing that technology can effectively capture information about change in teachers' use of technology. For example, the California Department of Education developed the California Technology Assistance Project/Technology Assessment Profile, a tool for teachers to self-assess their competency in integrating technology into instruction. Typically, teachers complete CTA online before and after staff development. Results are graphically reported online as well. The state recommends that school districts use CTA as part of the overall assessment strategy and to assess the effects of the NCLB-EETT requirement that 25% of the technology funding be used for staff development (Cradler and Cradler, 2002)."

Tags:republican, NCLB-EETT, IDEA

Abstract
This essay discusses the history of expansion of the power of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) jurisprudence over the legislation of European Union member states, and examines several explanations for this expansion. The author then considers how this application of ECJ law impresses on the integration of the acquis communitaire into the administration of both the existing member states and the accession states. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the implications that the expanded role of the European Court of Justice may hold for the future of the European Union.

Introduction
Expanding Role of the European Court of Justice
Role of the ECJ in the Integration of EU Policy
into "Sovereign" States & Implications for the Future of
the European Union
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Since the 1950's the European Court of Justice's role in European society has grown dramatically. This growth has perhaps been unnoticed by politicians in the various member states of the European Union. Additionally, most political scientists have largely ignored the European Court of Justice.[1] The expansion of the ECJ has reached a point where ECJ jurisprudence is being used by national courts to overrule some laws promulgated by national legislatures![2] Given that no existing treaty within the EU provides this sort of autonomy or authority to the ECJ [3], one would not be silly to question how such a situation has come about."

Tags:community, court, european, union, enlarge, effect, law

Abstract
The paper analyzes the book, which looks at the U.S. government's involvement in the tobacco industry. It discusses shifts in policy making with regard to tobacco and the influence and power of the tobacco industry to fight anti-smoking policies. The effect of federalism on product regulation is discussed, as is the release of the report by the Surgeon General, Luther Terry, in 1964; claiming smoking as a health risk. The Federal Trade Commission's role in regulating cigarettes is looked at and the interference of politics in neutral, scientific, and impartial regulation is raised. The paper concludes with recommendations for the future, such as the rationalization of public policy and the monitoring of policy changes.

From the Paper
"The tobacco issue has been a difficult one in the American political system from the beginning of tobacco as a cash crop. The issue has become even more complex in recent years, with one arm of the government offering subsidies and other support to tobacco growers while another is challenging the health risks involved and still another is seeking legal redress. The government has for some time in effect been on both sides of the issue at the same time. Many of the reasons for this can be found in the book Smoking and Politics: Policy Making and the Federal Bureaucracy by A. Lee Fritschler and James M. Hoefler, most recently in its 5th Edition as the authors update their analysis every few years."

Tags:U.S., government, tobacco, industry, policy, making, shifts, anti-smoking, federalism, regulation, health, risk, recommendations

Abstract
This paper analyses the often uneasy relationship between liberal democracies and political violence. First, the paper traces the rise of the modern liberal democratic states, further discussing the elements necessary for it to exist. Various political philosophers are cited regarding their views on government. Then, the paper considers the role of might in a liberal democracy. The paper concludes by stating that in any modern liberal democratic state, the state itself must retain a capacity for violence for the protection of the majority of its own citizens.

From the Paper
"Liberal democracy and the 'Modern State' is about the search for economic prosperity and stability in any form. However if the state is to have an effect globally in a legitimate manner it has to be seen to be stable by the people at home. Even when government edicts turn inward to destroy an enemy (Note Terrorism, unstable economics found in banking, unemployment) this can be legitimate if it is in the interests of the majority of the citizens and is not excessive. There may be the use of some force that some would define as violence. However this is still seen as extremely controversial.
"We must also note that any state is made up of systems, organizations and bureaucracies. It is these that define what the state should be; who controls what; and how it should be controlled. The state must retain power to succeed in policies regardless of Liberal Democratic principles. Otherwise it would be virtually impossible for government to function. There has been compromise and negotiation in the history of democracy but in practice there is a need for the state to retain strong powers."

Tags:modern state, John Stuart Mill, Max Weber, citizens

Abstract
Our society needs and survives by information. The governments can rule and protect the flow of personal data when private sector is involved, but they cannot renounce to the decisive source of power of our society. The paper shows that the reduction of our right to be left alone was already an ongoing process. It discusses the forecast for a post-September 11 world, what the actual interaction between power, society and technology is, how privacy is threatened and what remains of our right to be left alone.

Table of Contents:

Introduction
Concept of Privacy
Governmental Surveillance
Authoritarianism and Technology
The Great Fear - Security Measures after September 11
The United States
Europe
Worldwide Scenario
Black Surveillance - Intelligence Actions and Projects
Surveillance Connection - Private & Public and The Global Database
The Daily Intrusion into the Average Man's Privacy
Protecting Privacy - Human Rights Advocates' Activity and Privacy-Enhancing Strategies
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Different resources can be used to find if our computers are running spyware software: spyware lookup databases, such as Spychecker , allow to check whether the free software we are about to download comes with spyware software; Ad Aware from Lavasoft is a free utility that scans the memory, registry and hard drive for spyware; OptOut of SpinRite is a free software that cleans the system registry of spyware.
Furthermore we can route our communications through anonymizers which are technology permitting to hide our identity on line. Among the different resources available Anonymizer is an anonymous browsing service and its technology blocks cookies, Java and JavaScript, encrypts cookies, email, and Web addresses in the user's browser history and conceals the user's identity while the user chats and browses the Internet. Other anonymizing tools are SuperProxy platform System from Lumeria and ZeroKnowledge Freedom WebSecure."

Tags:database, fbi, patriot, surveillance

Abstract
The paper begins by discussing three trends and two factors that allow the bureaucracy to gain a powerful role within the political system. The paper reviews Max Weber's attempts to create a model for the bureaucracy that limits power, but highlights how bureaucratic power is inevitable. The paper explains the lack of desire on the part of the bureaucracy to regulate itself, the control of bureaucratic power by market forces and market controls, the force of public opinion and pressure group lobbying, and political methods of control. The paper reaches the conclusion that the bureaucracy is an inevitable institution, which instead of being on the decrease is on the increase. The paper contends that governments need to address this ever-increasing problem through long-term, successfully enforceable mechanisms.

From the Paper
"The first trend that allows the bureaucracy to become powerful can be seen to be that of the government's dependency on the bureaucracy. Since the growth of the welfare state, the government has relied on the bureaucracy due to its practical resources such as the ability to regulate policy. The bureaucracy has therefore steadily grown to deal with the increasing workload, which the ever-developing welfare state brings. The functional demand that the bureaucracy provides therefore illustrates one of the possible reasons for the increasing power of the bureaucracy. A second reason is that of the highly specialised nature of the bureaucracy. The bureaucracy provides the knowledge in which the politicians need in order to create policy. Politicians lack the expertise, the information and the time to decide all the various detailed policy issues; the bureaucrat is thus allocated these tasks."

Tags:politics, Weber, government, market, power, agenda, pressure, groups, public, opinion, regulation

Abstract
The papers asks whether community services in the United Kingdom should be provided by grass roots organisations and groups within the community , or by central and local government. From the outset, the author takes the position that communities, rather than the government should be responsible for social service. To back up this position, the paper's writer briefly reviews the development of the welfare state in the UK. The paper then continues to show how, over the years, this has impacted local communities and encouraged them to take more responsibility for social services.

From the Paper
"Community based action is one of the most pivotal levers in accurately assessing and combating the problems faced in a particular geographic region. Indeed, many point to the breakdown in community fabrics as the prime factor behind the general lack of social cohesion and harmony in modern Britain. This view contends that the lack of social provision and support not only drastically limits the possibilities of community members, but also plays a significant role in social breakdown and anti social activities.
"Therefore, at the outset we can be sure that the provision of social services to communities lies at the heart of any socially based problem solving initiative. However, the manner in which these services should be provided and by whom, is a question that has caused consternation among authorities in social policy (Fitzpatrick, 2001). Above all, the central question is whether community services should be provided by grass roots organisations and groups within the actual community itself, or by central and local government. Such is the ultimate concern of this piece."

Tags:political, development, voluntary, management, nation

Abstract
This paper compares the highly centralized government planning system in the UK as compared to the control of development in the USA. It shows how the US has a stronger localized tradition, with more layers of government that understand local planning matters, while the UK reserves the right to become involved in conflicts where 'the national interest' is concerned. Ultimately, the author contends, the differences between the two countries' constitutions can be detected in their planning systems.

From the Paper
"The ownership of property, at first glance, appears to confer certain rights to the owner in respect of the development of that land. But in reality the situation is more complicated, especially within the British planning system. In this country the ownership of land rights does not bring with it the right to develop that land. The government at both a local and national level ultimately decide whether or not development can go ahead. However, the government itself is not constrained by specific regulations or constitutional considerations. The state in Britain has significant discretion in the control of development. Here I shall discuss the advantages and limitations of giving a central role to governmental discretion in the control of development. For comparative analysis, planing practice in the USA shall also be discussed".

Tags:comparative, planning, spatial, town, urban, usa, uk, united, states, america, britain, british, united, kingdom, local, national, government, constitution

Abstract
This paper examines how, in recent years, there has been much debate in the intelligence community relating to the balance between human intelligence (humint), and technical intelligence (techint), in satisfying a state's intelligence requirements. This paper addresses the argument from both sides and suggests that there has been an over reliance on techint in recent years, leading to inadequacies in intelligence gathering.

From the Paper
"The current debate, although not unique to the post 9/11 period, is certainly prevalent today, and has generally involved the advocates of techint in disagreement with those that suggest humint has been neglected as a result of this. Perhaps typical of those advocates is Turner (1985. p92. cited in Shulsky. p34. 2002), who states that 'One way or another, we should soon be able to keep track of most activities on the surface of the earth, day or night, good weather or bad.' As we shall see, the idea that one collection method is favoured over the other is not helpful to the ongoing debate on intelligence reform in the U.S. and that supporters of techint's superiority are misguided, perhaps because of what Emerson (2003. p2) describes as the 'American love affair with technology.' "

Tags:Humint, Techint, CIA, MI6, Mossad, 9/11