Abstract
This paper presents the arguments for and against the adoption of nuclear energy into the energy mix by the UK government. The paper addresses the key arguments that include ethical issues, long term nuclear waste and job creation opportunities as well as health and safety concerns. Ultimately, the paper comes to the conclusion that nuclear energy should be used in some form in the government's energy policy over the next 30 years.

Outline:
Executive Summary
Introduction
Ethical Issues and Frameworks
Arguments in Support of Nuclear Power
Arguments Against Nuclear Power
Conclusion and Recommendations

From the Paper
"In the first instance one may consider that the current problems in UK energy policy represent a quandary from the ethical perspective. On the one hand, successive governments have been committed to constant economic growth an objective which by its very nature is linked to the increasing consumption of energy (Howard 2007). This must then be considered against the background of the UK energy which is largely based around a mix of both imported and domestically based fossil fuels (DTI 2006). The problems facing those in the field of energy policy are several and numerous, firstly there is the consideration that fossil fuels are in the end a finite resource and so long term the policy of constant economic growth and the reliance on fossil fuels as a source of energy is simply unsustainable. Secondly, whilst fossil fuels at the moment present a cheap and relatively safe form of energy the long term effects of carbon emissions and other environmental effects may be seen as equally making the source of energy an unsustainable source even before resources run out.
"Despite this consideration there are also problems with the alternatives to fossil fuel based sources of energy. In the first instance one alternative is that of renewable sources such as wind and water power, whilst these sources may be seen as preferable there is also the consideration that such methods are at present still largely expensive and can in some instances be seen as an unreliable source of energy (Harding et al 2005)."

Tags:fossil, fuels, emissions, waste, safety, costs

Abstract
The paper defines black holes and explains what they are made up of. The paper explores common misconceptions surrounding black holes, as well as other mysteries. Finally the paper examines theories regarding how black holes eventually end.

From the Paper
"Black holes, one of space's greatest phenomenons, appear to be tremendous concentrations of matter, usually at the center of a galaxy; however, smaller back holes are possible. The matter is in the form of neutrons, protons, and electrons, tightly packed together by their mutual gravitational attraction. The beautifully descriptive name comes from the fact that light cannot exit from a Black hole. They are suspected to form in the death and collapse of a star that began with more than10 times the sun's mass (those with less mass become white dwarfs or neutron stars)."

Tags:galaxy, Albert Einstein, radiation

Abstract
This is an informative paper on what exactly a black hole is and what scientists have theorized about black holes. The paper examines the formation of black holes, past research on black holes and pondering questions still unanswered today.

From the Paper
"Ever since you were old enough to know what the sky, moon and stars were, you have always imagined what is actually up there? One of the most fascinating ideas of all is the mysterious and scary thought of a BLACK HOLE! This is perfectly normal because even today scientists are still pondering over that same question - what is a black hole and does it exist? Theories that at one time seemed reasonable are now laughed at, our skies hold an infinite space which we will never be able to explore, as a result, our questions will be infinite as well."

Tags:astronomy, black, holes, science, stars, universe, infinity

Abstract
This paper details how Galileo Galilei affected history by discovering the potential of the telescope, pioneering new approaches to science, and challenging the authority of the Catholic Church.

From the Paper
"Galileo Galilei was a mathematician, an astronomer, and a physicist who made several significant contributions to modern scientific thought. During his life, he made many scientific discoveries, often in contradiction with the centuries-old ideas of the Greek philosopher Aristotle. These contradictions led to great conflict with the Catholic Church; however, he emerged as a symbol to others who oppose unyielding authority and champion scientific progress. As James Reston's biography Galileo makes clear, Galileo is a historical figure who affected history by discovering the potential of the telescope, pioneering new approaches to science, and challenging the authority of the Catholic Church."

Tags:astronomy, galilei, galileo, mathematics, physics, science

Abstract
This paper is an introductory essay on the physics behind holography and the growing number of applications, paying particular attention to the emerging field of data storage. It offers comparisons with more traditional methods, such as optical and magnetic data storage, and gives an historical context for the whole field.

From the Paper
"In today's society most people are familiar with the concept of a hologram. They are a well known security feature and can be seen on bank notes, credit cards and video labels to name but a few. They hold a fascination for many people, perhaps largely because they seem so mysterious, and yet the closest many people get to understanding how they are made is to think of them as a trick of lights and mirrors."

Tags:hologram, interferometry

Abstract
This paper explores how the problem of the anomalous advance of the perihelion of mercury and the bending of light near massive bodies led to one of the most famous theories ever. It discusses the historical context of the two problems and how Einstein's theory was accepted on the strength of the two pieces of evidence. It also looks at how Einstein, when he published his general theory of relativity in 1916, was essentially following the latter method of explaining Mercury's orbit and how Newton's inverse square law of gravity was eliminated. Instead, Einstein introduced a gravitational field equation in which energy, as well as mass, could lead to gravitational effects.

From the Paper
"Kepler's first law of planetary motion states that all planets have an elliptical orbit of the Sun. When orbits are set up as a two body problem involving just the Sun and the planet, the orbit forms a closed ellipse. However, when the influence of the other planets in the solar system is taken into account the ellipse does not form a closed loop. Instead, the perihelion, (point of closest approach to the Sun) recesses around the Sun giving rise to a rosette shaped orbit (see fig 1). This is known as an advance of the perihelion."

Tags:eclipse, eddington, mercury, perihelion, verrier

Abstract
This paper introduces some of fundamental concepts of electrostatics including: electric surface charge density, electric flux density, Coulomb's Law and the Gauss's Theorem.

Paper Outline:
Electric Charge
Electric Surface Charge Density
Electric Flux and Electric Flux Density
Fields and Potential
Electric Potential
Electric Field Strength
Coulomb's Law
The E Field for a Point of Change
Electric Potential in a Field Due to a Single Point Charge
Surface Charge Density and Curvature
Electric Field as the (Negative) Gradient of Potential
Gauss's Theorem
References

From the Paper
"In some substances, particularly metals, negatively charged particles (electrons) can move easily. Such substances are called electrical conductors. Other substances, in which electrons do not move freely, are called electrical insulators. There is another group of substances which are neither good conductors nor good insulators but which have become increasingly important in the last 50 years; these are called semiconductors."

Tags:electromagnetic, electron, electronic, physics

Abstract
This paper expounds the "Theory of Everything," starting with the pioneering theories of Newton's "Laws of Motion" and Einstein's "General Theory of Relativity," developing right through to the cutting-edge "string theory" research currently being conducted around the world today. It shows the importance of fields of study as seemingly diverse as calculus, differential geometry, electromagnetism, particle physics and quantum mechanics to the development of a "Theory of Everything". It also demonstrates how those with access to this theory can use the knowledge as power for anything, such as understanding stock markets using the premise that the stock market moving up over time means that these are not random movements and therefore should be explainable.

From the Paper
"Stock markets exist over time and space (the geographical markets) that we are able to quantify and understand to a degree. Therefore, as with Einstein, we are fairly comfortable with the stock market in its familiar four dimensions. We have become accustomed to inflation; the rising of prices of goods rise over time and this is obviously a major reason for at least part of the upward rise of share prices. However, what happens when we explore the smaller dimensions " like the six unknown dimensions string theorists grapple with" Like the string theorists who know that subatomic matter exists but can't explain or predict its behavior, we often know what influences the stock market but are usually unable to predict it."

Tags:einstein, gravity, investment, newton, relativity, shares, stocks, string

Abstract
An article about various theories which describe the origin of the universe. The author investigates each theory: steady state theory, geometric theory, small bang theory and big bang theory and provides a personal opinion about the relevance of each.

From the Paper
"Since the dawn of intelligent man, humanity has speculated about the origins of the universe. There is evidence, which indicates that the universe started around 15 billion years ago. This is probably the greatest discovery imaginable; however, the universe still seems to be a very controversial subject. Most scientists agree that there was a beginning but there is a lot of speculation of how it (the universe) actually started. The much-celebrated Greek philosopher, Aristotle, denied the fact that there ever was a beginning. He and his associates believed in the eternal existence of the universe, they also tried to prove that the universe was static, and was unchanging in time. However, there is evidence, which suggests that the universe is changing with time."

Tags:evolution, bang, geometry, physics, science, world

Abstract
This paper expounds the "Theory of Everything," starting with the pioneering theories of Newton's "Laws of Motion" and Einstein's "General Theory of Relativity," developing right through to the cutting-edge "string theory" research currently being conducted around the world today. It shows the importance of fields of study as seemingly diverse as calculus, differential geometry, electromagnetism, particle physics and quantum mechanics to the development of a "Theory of Everything."

From the Paper
"However, there is a fundamental discord between Einstein's "Theory of General Relativity" and quantum mechanics. Einstein saw the universe in four dimensions (the three dimensions of space plus time). The gravitational force that binds matter to the earth stems from this space-time continuum. Since quantum mechanic's subatomic particles only exist theoretically, they cannot be located in space-time and their motion can only be hypothesized. Thus, we have two theories that work individually but not together. There are also many unanswered questions. Relativity cannot tell us how the big bang created the universe or what black holes consist of. Similarly, quantum theory is not able to make order or sense of the assortment of miniscule matter it describes."

Tags:calculus, differential, einstein, electromagnetism, geometry, gravity, mechanics, motion, newton, particle, physics, quantum, relativity, string