Abstract
This paper discusses the controversial issue of cloning. It analyzes the moral and ethical implications of cloning and whether it is correct to conduct cloning at all. The paper describes the origins of cloning, the methods currently used and the problems with the process.

From the Paper
" Cloning can basically be described as the copying of genes and other pieces of chromosomes to generate identical material. Two other types of cloning produce complete, genetically identical animals. Blastomere separation (sometimes called "twinning" after the naturally occurring process that creates identical twins) involves splitting a developing embryo soon after fertilization of the egg by a sperm (sexual reproduction) to give rise to two or more embryos (Wilmut, 998). The resulting organisms are identical twins (clones) containing DNA from both the mother and the father. The second type of cloning that is more controversial in terms of its moral and ethical implications is when the identical material that has been generated consists of the DNA of only one parent. With the innovation of the second type of cloning that came primarily with the birth of Dolly, a number of moral, social, ethical and legal issues were raised with regard to it. Religious and social organizations were outraged at the prospect of creating animals (not to forget humans) that did not involve the natural process of conception. The right to create a life, they claimed was after all ultimately in the hands of the Creator and to play around with that was tantamount to interrupting the path of Nature (Wilmut, 1998). However before one moves on to discuss the moral and ethical dilemmas of cloning, it is important to briefly study the history of this controversial process."

Tags:genes, biology, medicine, egg, generic, scientists, research, cell, DNA, oval, offspring, chromosomes, fertilization

Abstract
The following paper examines why many theorists reject the existence of natural law as well as why many agree to its being defined as a set of innate moral principles which are common to all human beings. It is the aim of this paper to identify and discuss the important similarities and differences that exist between the two theories making reference to the theories of Thomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679) and St.Thomas Aquinas (1224/25 - 1274).

From the Paper
Aquinas proposed that the essential quality setting human beings apart from the rest of the animal world was that of reason. In a development of Aristotle s theory.Aquinas asserts that all men naturally possess an internalized divine spark of reason,which serves as the guide to an autonomous and responsible decision making process.

Tags:academic, world's, influential, thinkers, ideas, theories, natural, law, Aquinas, drawing, equality, methods, forces

From the Paper
"Science can be broadly defined as the development of knowledge about the physical world. The history of science is the explanation of the development of this knowledge. Science is often viewed as cumulative and progressive by its nature. Such views, however, can have profound implications because not all scientists or theorists follow the cumulative view. Scientists use both deductive and inductive reasoning to hypothesize the possibility of a useful theory. They also seem to be able to decide or discover more easily which theories are false rather than which theories are true. While the proving or disproving of scientific theory plays a vital part in the growth of science and scientific inquiry, the way that the actual progress or creation and discovery of new ideas and paradigms of thought is at the center of scientific research. Does science move forward in a cumulative and progressive manner or does it move forward in leaps and bounds? "

Tags:kuhn, paradigm, shift, scientific, revolution, theory, statistics, inductive, reasoning

Abstract
A detailed discussion of the theories of evolution (naturalistic, theistic and creation science), and a comparison to the Christian belief of the world as G-d 's creation. The author analyzes whether a Christian can truly believe in the theories of evolution.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Evolution

A. Charles Darwin ? ?Origin of Species?

B. Supporting Evidence



II. Creationism

A. Definition

B. Bible

C. Supporting Evidence



III. Conclusion

A. Survey

Summary

From the Paper
From the paper:

There are three main views of how the universe came to be. Naturalistic evolution proclaims that the universe was driven by purely natural forces, without input from God. Theistic evolution states that evolution was a tool used by God. Creation Science states that everything was created by God in six days and six nights less than 10,000 years ago. What do people believe? Can a Christian, believing in God's miraculous creation, also believe in evolution?

Tags:belief, religion, creation, world, G-d, science, nature, universe

From the Paper
" Introduction
This paper compares and contrasts qualitative and quantitative research methods in three basic areas. These are: epistemological foundations, data collection methods, and data analysis methods. The paper ends with a brief summary of the primary points made.

Comparison
Gall, Borg and Gall (1996) discuss several similarities and differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods. With respect to similarities, both kinds of research formulate epistemological positions regarding the nature of causation and reality and both comprise a set of methods for designing research, collecting data, analyzing data, and..."

Abstract
This paper compares the definitions of human and natural sciences stressing that human sciences are compatible with the fourth way of knowing emotion; however, the natural sciences are not. Next, the author explains that the ways of knowing must be compatible or closely linked with the theory. Whereas the human sciences are appealing because humans want to understand themselves, the paper underscores that because natural sciences are incompatible with emotion, they must appeal almost entirely to reason, perception and language.

From the Paper
"Perception is difficult to study within the realm of the sciences. Certainly, within quantitative theories it can be difficult to see how perception can fit in. However, even here a person's perception can affect how scientific findings are viewed. A simple example of this is the question "Is the glass half empty, or half full?" Though this is partially linked with language, it is nonetheless linked with a person's perception of a situation. As in Human Sciences, Natural Sciences also require language in order to be explained. Although this is not sufficient alone, it is necessary and also has an interesting effect on perception and reason. An interesting example of this is remnant in the language in which this essay is written. Historically, on the British Isles two different languages were spoken. One, a romance language (Old French or Latin) were used to communicate concepts in upper class dealings, i.e. Politics, History and most importantly Science. However, the peasantry spoke in a Germanic dialect (Old English or Middle English) using day to day language. This separation forms the basis of our language today. More interestingly however is that it was two language strands that communicated two entirely different levels of knowledge. Does this mean that one language may be superior to another at communication in a certain field?"

Tags:emotion, reason, perception, language, perception

Abstract
The historical and intellectual background of inter-war Europe is mentioned and the formation of the Vienna Circle explained. The main aims and philosophies of the Circle are discussed - the main philosophy being logical positivism which is explained that any conclusive or meaningful statement must be based on observation and experimental evidence. Any assertion that is impossible to prove or disprove is scientifically useless. Problems with this are mentioned and the nature of scientific knowledge discussed.

From the Paper
"In order to properly discuss the Vienna Circle I must first briefly describe the social, scientific and philosophical situations that led to its formation and greatly influenced the views of its supporters. I will then outline the reasons for its formation, its general philosophy (one of empiricism and logical positivism) and some of the ideas put forward by its members regarding the nature of scientific knowledge. Many problems (both practical and semantic) arose from new ideas of what constituted "scientific knowledge" and I shall try and discuss these before concluding."

Tags:empiricism, experimental, feigl, frank, godel, moritz, schlick, theory, wittgenstein

Abstract
This paper examines the controversy surrounding specific organ recipients and the moral arguments about assessment of who should receive new organs. It puts forward the argument that the system lets people down by being too "lenient" and how those of us who are born with properly working bodies should be taught to look after them and not just look to the "safety net" of the National Health Service when we abuse them and they breakdown.

From the Paper
"On the 30th of July 2002 George Best had a liver transplant after finding out the previous December that his liver function was down to 20%. Earlier that year he was admitted to Limassol hospital in Cyprus with fever and gastro-intestinal infection. Prior to this, in February 2001, he was treated in Belfast city hospital for pneumonia and two years ago he was treated in the Cromwell hospital for liver damage. In 1984 he was arrested for drink driving and assaulting a police officer. (www.news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2161540.stm) Each time he received warnings from doctors about his health, yet he repeatedly went back to drinking. These are either the actions of an irresponsible man who should be dealt with severely to protect himself and others, or someone who cannot control himself and needs extensive help. Either way is it right to release him back into society just to repeatedly offend and/or drink excessively, and eventually costing society more money either through medical treatment or policing."

Tags:alcoholism, cirhossis, liver, national, health, hospital

Abstract
This essay examines the evolving role of a nurse in the nursing profession. It focuses on issues such as the origin of professional nursing, roles and characteristics of the professional nurse, nursing education and factors influencing contemporary professional practice. The role of NPs and socio-political influence on nursing are evaluated for the changing role of a nurse within the medical community. The paper finds that in nursing today, the main stress is on producing nursing practitioners with critical thinking and appraisal skills. Further, the paper finds that, by definition, nursing has different themes that include preventing illness and promoting the health of the public.

From the Paper
"In this century, the nursing practice is influenced by many social, economical and political factors such as economics, consumer demands, health policy formulations and others. Firstly, increase in the health care cost present challenges for nursing and this forces the nursing practice to move from in-patient to outpatient care such as post-hospitalisation rehabilitation, health education settings and community clinics (Kozier et al., 2008)."

Tags:nursing profession, public health. philosophy of science, nursing education

Abstract
This paper examines the emergence in 19th century Britain of science as a respected body of professionals, rather than as an amateur hobby of the idle rich. The paper reviews the article "The Victorian Conflict between Science and Religion: A Professional Dimension" by F. Turner. It looks at how the drive to raise professional standards within the new disciplines led to an increasing refusal to compromise scientific integrity to fit in with Church doctrine. This paper examines whether this conflict was caused by a fundamental opposition of science and religion or merely by individuals trying to resist or encourage the huge social changes occurring at the time.

From the Paper
"At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the clergy had a huge amount of influence on British society in terms of government, school and University education, patronage and the prestige, authority and reverence given to them by all social classes. Science, on the other hand, was nothing but a disunited collection of amateurs, who were not even granted their own collective noun. The term "scientist", although coined in 1834 by Reverend Whewell, did not come into popular use until the 1890s. Science in this early period was very much influenced by religion and many (though increasingly not all) both within and outside the scientific community considered it perfectly acceptable and natural for research to be conducted under the authority of and be limited by Church doctrine."

Tags:church, clergy, social, upheaval